Основной язык (теоретический курс) Стилистика основного иностранного языка. Учебно-методическое пособие

•He expects the reader to try to understand...

•It makes an essential contribution to...

•He has a more practical outlook on...sometimes the tone is rather implied than stated explicitly.

•The writer makes it easy for the reader to guess...

•The writer appeals fairly/unfairly to...

•There’s quite a lot of evidence in the text to support the view that...

•When it comes to the question of the author’s tone...

•The information contained in the text helps to work out the author’s intent...

•The objectivity of this information is inseparable from...

4. Other useful expressions

In the extract chosen the effect is achieved both by… and chiefly in…

Her characterization is managed with great depth of

insight.

Her manner is highly emotional

Her mood is revealed through out the episode

These extracts focus our attention on her...

The scene gives the reader an idea

The specific feature of the style is that...

The irony of the situation is strengthened lexically by

In the present context they imply that

The use o f . . . . deserves special attention as it makes the meaning interplay

The medium of artistic impression

... are embodied in a series of metaphors

this atmosphere is reproduced with great precision testifying to a perfect knowledge and attachment of

The method of characterization mainly depends on

The realism is deepened by

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It is exposed in stylistically coloured elements

He passes on to

As the narration goes on the reader becomes aware that

The emphasis depends largely on

This is rendered in the contrast

...manifests itself in the ...

a device greatly favoured by ...

it is consistently enforced by

... is broken up by

After a variety of ... he makes a transition to

The synonymical pairs

The length of the period full o f . . .

is certainly meant for comical effect

The metaphor assumes the meaning disclosing

This effect is conveyed

it is portrayed in the opening lines

the representation is intensified by

... deserves special attention

...prevail,

this is clearly meant to create

it is extremely dynamic due to

here it serves to stress

the sources of his imagery are extremely

the syntax becomes more elaborate

it abounds in

... makes the first acquaintance with

a series of … unfolds ... representing

these symbols are displayed

its completetion is transferred

the leading stylistic characteristics are

balance is often achieved with the help of

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while depicting X in dark colours he stresses his extraordinary personality, this how he achieves a remarkable piece of realistic character drawing

to give the vivid sense o f . . .

he relies on a number of devices effective

for the sake of . . .

are brought into play

the scope of his personality is obvious from...

... brings out the inner

a variety of details, suggestive of the person’s

his personality is the embodiment of

it is a piece of a true-to-life description and the narrative

... is appropriately illustrated by

the fun of the situation lies in the

Her method confines itself to

She gives the setting of ....

The picture is vividly drawn

It is singular to reflect how much the participants feel

and act

She accordingly avoids

The syntactical pattern is made up chiefly of

The speech is utterly unemphatic

Suffice it to say that in the whole of the passage

He favours large rolling periods mostly used for the sake of …These periods seem to be packed with

Details form an important part of

The vocabulary matches the subject and keeps within the bounds of everyday

speech

... is rich in

she holds her character up to ridicule

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this is achieved both syntactically in the short even abrupt sentences and lexically in the abundance of the emotional words and expressions

the passage offers a wonderful example

the present passage displays the peculiar blend of the

Her speech is notable for...

He is particular in describing..

The atmosphere is created by the variety of

The hero embodies the most prominent and vital

features

...is written in the manner

The story opens with a long string of...

In a series of vivid and extremely colourful...

The moods of the character are enforced by the imagery

The narration goes on

Towards the end of the passage the imagery becomes more elaborate/ especially subtle

What is really implied is the following

...are extremely remarkable for the ...

balanced syntactical structure

The climax comes when..

The leading stylistic principle underlying the whole of

the…

This is embodied in the striking contrast

Images centered around., are summed up in

This is also rendered in

The effect is brought out by

If examined as the whole this period is a clear case of climax marked by the gradual increase of...

Beginning with... he goes on to and winds up with

Having reached the climax, he introduces .. .by means

o f . . .

Another obvious example is afforded by

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They serve to render

The passage clearly reveals the hero’s inner world

His ideas are evident enough from his choice of words and figures of speech ...

They are brought to bear the rich variety of associations

Her style is a model of clarity and purity and precision

The narration is carried on

... is introduced by means of the device much favoured

This device has the effect of emphasizing

The vocabulary is merged with words and phrases referring to

The phrase accompanied by., accentuates

An artistic effect is achieved by

It discloses

The choice of words conveys ...

The numerous ... contained in the ... lend a peculiar...making it exceedingly rhythmical

The sense o f . . .is strengethened by/ also add to

The syntactical organization of the

13.СЛОВАРЬ СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ И ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫХ ТЕРМИНОВ

Allegory – A story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a primary or surface meaning; and a secondary or under- the-surface meaning. Closely related to the fable and parable. Can be read on two or more levels.

Alliteration – A figure of speech in which the consonants, especially at the beginning of words, or stressed syllables, are repeated. Tends to be used for the achievement of the special effect.

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Allusion – Usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art, to a person or an event. It is often a kind of appeal to a reader to share some experience with the writer. An allusion may enrich the work by association and give it depth. When using an allusion the writer tends to assume an established literary tradition, a body of common knowledge with an audience sharing that tradition and an ability on the part of the audience to “pick up” the reference. Roughly, we can distinguish:

(a) a reference to events and people, (b) reference to facts about the author himself, (c) a metaphoric allusion, and (d) an imitative allusion.

Ambiguity – (William Empson – things are not what they seem) Words connote at lest as much as they denote – and very often more. We recognize that there could be another meaning / verbal nuance / alternative reaction to the word.

Anecdote – A brief account of or a story about an individual or an incident.

Antagonist – in drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist.

Anti-climax – The same as bathos. The last part of the sentence expresses something lower than the first. (Often comical.)

Anti-hero – A type of character who is incompetent, unlucky, tactless, stupid, buffoonish – the opposite of the oldfashioned hero who is considered capable of heroic deeds, who was dashing and strong, brave and resourceful.

Antonym – A word of opposite meaning to another. Apostrophe – A figure of speech in which a thing, a place,

an abstract quality, an idea, a dead or absent person, is addressed as if present and capable of understanding.

Aside – In drama a few words or a short passage spoken in an undertone or to the audience. It is a thetrical convention by which the words are presumed inaudible to other characters on stage.

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Assonance – Sometimes called “vocalic rhyme”, it consists of the repetition of similar vowel sounds, usually close together, to achieve a particular effect of euphony.

Asyntactic – (from the Greek “not arranged”) Applied to prose or verse which is loose, ungrammatical in structure and therefore which breaks the normal conventions governing word order.

Blank verse – Unrhymed five-stress lines; properly, iambic pentameters. Most widely used English verse form, closest in rhythm to everyday English speech.

Cacophony – The opposite of euphony. Harsh sounds are used deliberately by the writer, especially the poet, to achieve a particular effect.

Cadence – Refers to the melodic pattern preceding the end of a sentence; for instance, in an interrogation or an exhortation; and also the rhythm of accented units. (Also refers to the natural rhythm of language; its “inner tune”, rising and falling.)

Caesura – A break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated, usually, by the natural rhythm of the language.

Caricature – In literature (as in art) a portrait, which ridicules a person by exaggerating or distorting his most prominent features and characteristics. Quite often, the caricature evokes genial and not derisive laughter.

Catachresis – The misapplication of a word, especially in a mixed metaphor.

Catastrophe – (From Greek “overturning”) The tragic denouement of a play or story.

Catharsis – (Greek – purgation) Aristotle uses the word in his definition of tragedy. Through pity and fear there is a purging of the emotions at the end of a tragedy. So, the tragedy, having aroused powerful feelings in the spectator, has also a therapeutic effect; after the storm and climax there comes a sense of release from tension, of calm.

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Chiasmus – (Greek – “placing crosswise”) A reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses.

Cliché – A trite, over-used expression which is lifeless. Many idioms have become cliches through excessive use.

Climax – That part of a story or play at which a crisis is reached and a resolution achieved.

Colon – A metrical term which denotes a number of feet or metra. (In punctuation, a : denotes a list or series of terms.)

Comic relief – Comic episodes or interludes, usually in a tragedy, aimed to relieve tension and heighten the tragic element by contrast. The humor involved tends to by wry or sardonic.

Conceit – Has been used as a synonym for “thought”, “idea”, or “concept”. It also denotes a fanciful supposition, an ingenious act of deception or a witty or clever remark or idea. As a literary term, it denotes a fairly elaborate figurative device of a fanciful kind which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole or oxymoron and which is intended to surprise and delight by its wit and ingenuity. (The pleasure is an intellectual one.) Particularly associated with the metaphysical poets.

Conflict – The tension in a situation between characters, or the actual opposition of characters. External conflict = character vs. character, or character vs. environment. Internal conflict = character’s moral dilemma or predicament.

Connotation – The suggestion or implication evoked by a word or phrase, over and above what it means or actually denotes. May be personal and individual, or general and universal.

Consonance – The close repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels.

Contrast – The juxtaposition of disparate or opposed images, ideas, or both, to heighten or clarify a scene, theme or episode. Also as a technique (verb) refers to the differences between two pieces of literature.

Couplet – Two successive rhyming lines. One of the main verse units in Western literature.

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Denotation – The most literal and limited meaning of a word, regardless of what one may feel about it or the suggestions and ideas it connotes.

Denouement – (French – “unknotting”) It may be the event or events following the major climax of a plot, or the unraveling of a plot’s complications at the end of a story or play.

Diction – Diction denotes the vocabulary used by a writer. Poetic diction usually refers to that rather particular kind of language and artificial arrangement employed by many poets. (Especially Neoclassic poets.)

Dissonance – The arrangement of cacophonous sounds in words, or rhythmical patterns, for a particular effect.

Dithyramb – Originally a Greek choric hymn, with mime describing the adventures of Dionysus.

Dogma – A dogma is a tenet, doctrine, law or principle. Something laid down as being so.

Dramatic irony – When the audience understands the implication and meaning of a situation on stage, or what is being said, but the characters do not. Common in tragedy and comedy.

(Or when a character’s words “recoil” upon him.)

Dumb-show – a mimed dramatic performance whose purpose was to prepare the audience for the main action of the play to follow.

Ellipsis – (Greek – “leaving out”) A figurative device where a word (or several words) is left out in order to achieve more compact expression. (Modern poets like Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and W. H. Auden use the device frequently.)

Emotive language – Language intended to express or arouse emotional reactions towards the subject.

Empathy – When we experience empathy we identify ourselves, up to a point, with an animate or inanimate object. The experience might even be an involuntary projection of ourselves into an object.

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End-rhyme – This occurs at the end of a line or verse. Distinguished from head-rhyme or alliteration & internal rhyme.

Enjambement – Running on of the sense beyond the second line of one couplet into the first line of the next.

Epic – A long narrative poem, on a grand scale, about the deeds of warriors and heroes. It is a “herioc” story that incorporates myth, legend, folk tale and history.

Epic simile – An extended simile, in some cases running to fifteen or twenty lines, in which the comparisons made are elaborated in considerable detail.

Epiphany – (Greek – “manifestation”) Denotes the festival which commemorates the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles in the persons of the Magi. More generally, the term denotes a manifestation of God’s presence in the world. (See James Joyce –

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.) Used a symbol of a spiritual state. (I.e. An “awakening”.)

Epitasis (Greek – “near intensification”) The part of a play when the denouement or climax approaches, when the plot thickens. It precedes the catastrophe.

Epithet – Usually an adjective or phrase expressing some quality or attribute which is characteristic of a person or thing.

Euphony – The terms denotes pleasing, mellifluous sounds, usually produced by long vowels rather than consonants.

Existentialism – A vision of the condition and existence of man, his place and function in the world, and his relationship, or lack of one, with God. Existence precedes essence. Man fashions his own existence and only exists by so doing, and in that process, and by the choice of what he does or does not do, gives essence to that existence.

Falling action – That part of a play which follows the denouement or climax.

Fiction – A vague and general term for an imaginative work, usually in prose.

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