Вступительный письменный экзамен по английскому языку. Учебные материалы, методические указания и рекомендации. Пособие для абитуриентов
.pdf3)Александр был прав, считая, что ты говоришь, как неграмотный человек.
4)Поскольку в доме было мало лекарств, он отправился в аптеку.
5)Мы узнали, что хозяин дома, окна которого плотно занавешены, не живет в нем, но иногда приезжает сюда на день или два.
Task 5
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Beginnings of the Theatre in England
The first purpose-built playhouse in Elizabethan London, constructed in 1576, was The Theatre. Its co-founders were John Brayne, an investor, and James Burbage, a carpenter turned actor. Like the six or seven ‘public’ (or outdoor) theatres which followed it over the next thirty years, it was situated outside the city, to avoid conflict with the authorities. They disapproved of players and play-going, partly on moral and political grounds, and partly because of the danger of spreading the plague. (There were two major epidemics during Shakespeare’s lifetime.)
The Theatre was a financial success, and Shakespeare’s company performed there until 1598, when a dispute over the lease of the land forced Burbage to take down the building. It was re-created in Southwark, as The Globe, with Shakespeare and several of his fellow-actors as the principal shareholders.
By modern standards, The Globe was small, but in spite of this it could accommodate an audience of between two and three thousand people.
Performances were advertised by means of playbills posted around the city, and they took place during the hours of daylight when the weather was suitable. A flag flew to show that all was well, to save playgoers a wasted journey.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Комната, окна которой выходят на юг, очень хорошая, но все же не такая большая, как мне хотелось бы.
2)Знания такого рода можно получить лишь в очень немногих учебных заведениях.
3)В твоем письменном столе никогда ничего не найдешь.
171
4)Да, я упоминала, что не могу забыть этого замечания Роя.
5)Он знал, что отвечает за то, чтобы сад содержался в порядке.
Task 6
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Early Modern English
Spelling is increasingly standardized over this period, chiefly through the influence of the printing presses. Most of these are concentrated in London. Again, therefore, the Southern, London-based variety associated with court, parliament and business is the one that is adopted as a model. In handwriting, however, people continue to spell in a wide variety of ways, often inconsistently and idiosyncratically.
The other major factors in moves both towards and (eventually) away from the concept of a single ‘standard’ in language are tied up with the development of Britain as a nation-state and imperial power. Britain is by now, notionally at least, a single nation-state presided over by a court and parliament based in England. It is also the centre of a rapidly growing empire, already with territories, settlements or strong commercial interests (chiefly based on slavery and plantations). The internal-external tensions of this situation can be felt in the sphere of language, in particular. Anxiety begins to be expressed about the ‘purity’ of the English language. From the late seventeenth century onwards, it becomes common, even fashionable, for middle-to-upper-class writers to declare that the language is becoming ‘barbarous’, ‘uncivilised’ and ‘improper’, and therefore needs ‘regulating’, ‘correcting’ and ‘improving’. Printed grammars and dictionaries soon appear, and there are repeated calls for the setting up of an ‘Academy’ to prescribe rules and to outlaw certain usages.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5-6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Чем больше человек имеет, тем больше ему хочется.
2)Мы шли уже больше часа, когда она огляделась и сказала, что потеряла дорогу.
3)Извини меня за нескромный вопрос: я мог бы взять у тебя взаймы немного денег?
4)У меня нет сомнения относительно личности человека, который живет по соседству.
172
5) Ричард рассказал мне, что он дал им много полезных советов.
Task 7
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Some Tendencies in English Pronunciation
There are numerous natural tendencies, and some of them are stronger than others. They can be triggered by social factors, or may be held at bay for centuries, perhaps held in check by other opposing tendencies.
A widespread tendency is for the ends of words to disappear. In cases where this has largely occurred already, as in Italian and French, many English speakers claim the language ‘sounds beautiful’, ‘has flowing sounds’. But when it begins to happen to our own language, and people leave [t] off the end of words such as hot, what, and replace it with a ‘glottal stop’ — a closure at the back of the vocal tract with no actual sound emitted — then many people get upset, and talk about ‘sloppiness’, and ‘disgraceful swallowing of sounds’. However, such an incident is certainly not ‘sloppiness’, since producing a glottal stop requires as much muscular tension as the sound it replaces. Furthermore, the change is creeping in inexorably: even those who criticize it usually fail to notice that they themselves are likely to replace [t] with a glottal stop in football, hot milk, a bit more. In some areas, the change has affected [k] as well, and also, to a lesser extent, [p]. At the rate at which it seems to be spreading, [p], [t] and [k] may have disappeared from the end of British English words by the middle of the next century.
Not all tendencies are major, noticeable ones. Others can be minor, affecting only one sound in a particular position.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Дедушка сказал, что погода изменится к лучшему.
2)Наш агент отметил, что на этот раз англичан в гостинице было меньше.
3)Вы не можете объяснить, почему это письмо не было отправлено вчера?
4)Проехав пару километров, нам пришлось выйти из такси, так как лопнуло колесо.
173
5) Детектив должен был провести расследование, но обстоятельства изменились.
Task 8
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The Relevance of Linguistics
From questions of validity we turn now to questions of utility. What is linguistics for? What good is it to anybody? What practical uses can it be put to? One response to such questions is, of course, to deny the presupposition that it needs any practical justification at all. Like other disciplines, linguistics is an intellectual enquiry, a quest for explanation, and that is sufficient justification in itself. Understanding does not have to be accountable to practical utility, particularly when it concerns the nature of language, which is so essential and distinctive a feature of the human species.
Whether or not linguistics should be accountable, it has been turned to practical account. Indeed, one important impetus for the development of linguistics in the first part of this century was the dedicated work done in translating the Bible into languages hitherto unwritten and undescribed. This practical task implied a prior exercise in descriptive linguistics, since it involved the analysis of the languages (through elicitation and observation) into which the scriptures were to be rendered. And this necessarily called for a continual reconsideration of established linguistic categories to ensure that they were relevant to languages other than those, like English, upon which they were originally based. The practical tasks of description and translation inevitably raised issues of wider theoretical import.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Неужели они играют в шахматы с самого утра?
2)Ни один ученый никогда не занимался этим вопросом.
3)Она видела, как он выходил из дома с чемоданом в каждой
руке.
4)Почему ты пришел так поздно? Поезд отправляется без четверти два; если мы не отправимся на вокзал тотчас же, то мы опоздаем.
5)Старик постучал в дверь небольшого домика, окна которого были ярко освещены.
174
Task 9
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
People’s Attitudes to Globalization of Their Language
When a language, like a nation, exercises a new-found influence in world affairs, several things happen. People begin to study it in unprecedented detail. Research projects flourish. Scholars write grammars, dictionaries, and manuals of its style. Courses in the teaching of the language proliferate, in a rapidly increasing number of (not always respectable) institutions. There is a general raising of consciousness, with new popular programmes on radio and television. And there is a rapid growth in popular books and magazines about the language, to help people keep pace with developments.
People also become increasingly critical and concerned about language matters. It is, after all, their language which is the focus of attention; and while all mother-tongue speakers inevitably feel a modicum of pride (and relief) that it is their language which is succeeding, there is also an element of concern, as they see what happens to the language as it spreads around the world. Public anxiety is expressed. Changes are perceived as instances of deterioration in standards. Tension grows between those who wish simply to observe and explain the process of change, and those who wish to halt it. Such anxiety is most keenly felt in Britain, where, after centuries of dominance in the use of English, many people who take pride in their use of English find it difficult to come to terms with the fact that British English is now, numerically speaking, a minority dialect, compared with American, or even Indian, English.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Василий сказал, что он не так молод, как вы.
2)Они позволили мне пользоваться их машиной, пока были в отпуске.
3)Работа по спасению пострадавших продолжалась до глубокой ночи.
4)На следующее утро я дала ребенку его первую бутылочку коровьего молока.
5)Олег сказал, что здесь слишком мало стульев. Он считает, что студентов будет так много, что им не на чем будет сидеть.
175
Task 10
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Words and How People Treat Them
Words come at us from all directions, from newspapers, magazines and books, incessantly from television and radio, down the telephone, across the desks of offices, in cinemas and theatres, at meetings, through the letter-box, in conversations wherever we are. They are used to inform, persuade, entertain, advise, sell, educate, transact business, ask questions, establish relationships, express or influence emotions. They chatter out by the billion every day in offices, factories, schools, streets, shops and homes, on air-waves, cables and satellite links, on computer screens and telex machines, on typewriters and visual display units, and over uncountable hectares of paper.
It is not surprising that some words give way under the strain. Savaged by people who do not always understand their meaning, stretched to breaking-point by advertisers and other persuaders, thrust into startling headlines and shrill news reports by journalists in pursuit of sensation, strait-jacketed into the private languages of sociologists, economists, salesmen and art critics, drained of meaning by sloganising politicians and others who live by evasion, once-colourful words grow pale, losing their power and often their very sense.
In order to be effective, vocabulary needs to be as fresh as possible, free from limp words, tired expressions and overworked devices denoting ready-made thoughts. This chapter lists some examples to watch: most belong to one of four main categories.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Эти новости для нас очень важны, так как они имеют отношение к будущему нашей школы.
2)Я согласилась с тем, что ты никогда мне ничего не рассказываешь.
3)Здесь слишком мало студентов — лекцию некому будет слушать.
4)Я все-таки купил эту картину молодого Грина!
5)Анна сказала, что эти упражнения уже исправлены нашим преподавателем.
176
Task 11
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
What Good Style should Be Like
The purpose of writing is to transfer thoughts and feelings to another person so that he experiences them as precisely as the writer does.
Because the writer feels the need to communicate, it does not follow that the reader feels the same need to be communicated with. The writer must therefore express himself not only accurately and correctly but in a manner that is best calculated to catch the reader’s attention and interest, and make the process of communication a stimulating one. This manner is what is known as ‘style’.
A stimulating style is not the same as a journalistically punchy or racy one. Nor is it the same as a familiar or chatty style, full of colloquialism, slang or loose expression, similar to the way many people speak. There are times when such styles are appropriate, just as there are times for seriousness, humour, formality, persuasion, provocativeness or firmness — all of which affect the manner of writing. Good style is having something to say, having it clearly formulated in the mind or feelings, and saying it, in one’s natural voice, in a way that suits the occasion, the purpose and the reader. The effective writer knows not only what words mean and what fine shades they are capable of, but also how they may be arranged in different patterns to make different effects.
Some people will argue that style cannot be taught: budding novelists, playwrights or poets, if they are any good, will have their own natural, instinctive, untaught style, acquired as mysteriously as genius always is.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Профессор спросил, когда будет напечатана эта книга.
2)Александр сказал, что они просят его о невозможном.
3)Она вспомнила, что когда-то провела лето на юге вместе с нами.
4)Прежде чем переписывать текст, вам следовало бы его внимательно прочесть.
5)Публика была недовольна тем, что, декламируя стихотворение, она пропустила одну строчку.
177
Task 12
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Length of Sentences
There can be no rule about how long a sentence should be: the length is governed by the thought or feeling that is to be expressed. But thoughts and feelings come in different shapes, sizes and weights; if they are accurately perceived by the writer, they will be reflected in the varying types, structures and lengths of his sentences.
Short sentences are quickly absorbed, which gives them a special vitality, an immediacy of impact on the reader’s mind. This is useful in certain types of writing. Novelists and short-story writers sometimes introduce a number of short sentences one after the other to build up a sense of excitement, expectancy or drama, for example. Speech-writers or people who write prose which is intended to persuade know that a short sentence coming after an involved one, or following a passage of several longer sentences, can neatly clinch a point. But short sentences, because of their very shortness, cannot express intricate thought, nor can they offer the variety — the rise and fall, the different speeds and emphases of voice — that the construction and punctuation of more complex sentences can provide.
Even so, long sentences cause more problems than short ones, for the reader who has to absorb them as for the writer who has to construct them correctly. Many long sentences are, in fact, shorter ones needlessly yoked together by semicolons and conjunctions when full stops would have provided useful breathing-spaces.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Почему вы мне не сказали, что были больны?
2)Суп хорошо пахнет, а на вкус он еще лучше.
3)В своей следующей лекции ученый будет говорить о сверхъестественных явлениях в этой области.
4)Миссис Темпл поднялась рано, чтобы успеть на первый автобус.
5)Если случится так, что я задержусь, мой управляющий может начать переговоры.
178
Task 13
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Length of Paragraphs
The coherence of a paragraph stems not only from its having a clearly recognizable topic, but from the ordering of sentences. If an argument is being presented, the deployment of pro’s and con’s will govern the disposition of sentences. Whatever the circumstances, the paragraph should develop smoothly, leading the reader confidently towards the next stage and giving him a sense that he is being steered by an orderly mind.
No rules can be given about how long a paragraph should be: all depends on the nature of the topic. The only rule is that paragraphing, like punctuation, should help the reader by indicating new stages in the thought and by providing a sort of breathing-space. Just as a full stop signals the end of one unit of sense and the beginning of another, the start of a new paragraph on an indented line is the heaviest punctuation of all.
What can be said is that too long a paragraph may over-tax the reader. Moreover, in the hands of an inexperienced writer, the longer a paragraph goes on, the more likely it is to break down or offend against the principle of unity. Conversely, if a paragraph is very short, what it contains may not be important enough to justify the prominence of a separate paragraph. Short paragraphs are not to be ruled out: carefully placed, they can be very effective — in providing a punchy opening to a piece of writing, or as a strong contrast after a long paragraph. A succession of short paragraphs may be needed because the sense demands a jagged or assertive effect.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Вы не знаете, как пройти к ближайшей почте?
2)После отъезда сына они перестали приглашать молодежь.
3)Что за сумасшедшая идея! Только никому не говори, а то над тобой будут смеяться.
4)В сегодняшней утренней газете очень мало рекламы.
5)Не люблю я эту новую приятельницу Ольги!
179
Task 14
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Informal English
Informal English is more akin to the language of normal conversation. Letters or telephone calls to friends, and the chatty tone in newspaper gossip columns, are more likely to contain the colloquialisms, slang and contractions of everyday English. This is not to say that it is bad English; bad English is that which is incorrect, unclear, unnecessarily long-winded, or inappropriate in style to the purpose it is intended to serve. Informal English is perfectly acceptable if it suits the occasion.
Because of social developments in the second half of the twentieth century there is now far more informality in the use of English, as there is in English social life. Those whose business it is to communicate with us — people in politics and the public service, for example — now use a language that is more popular and accessible than used to be the case. Whereas ‘good’ English used to be defined as a special, high-flown and rather artificial style thought to be suitable for public occasions, official correspondence and the like, it is now felt to lie in a more natural tone of voice. This trend has been reflected in novels, plays and poems, which are now written in a language much closer to people than was the more ‘literary’ style of those written in the earlier part of this century. One result of this trend is that the everyday user of written English must be on his guard to draw a line between natural plain English used as a tool in his job, or for some other important purpose, and the more jocular raw English that is now heard and read on all sides.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Во время приема на профессора не обратили внимания, а вокруг его хорошенькой жены поднялась суета.
2)Чем больше он думал о своем путешествии, тем больше оно ему нравилось.
3)Джон порезал большой палец и сильно плакал, когда мать вошла в детскую.
4)«Вечер будет посвящен вопросам и ответам», — сказал Ник. «Откровенно говоря, я не вижу нужды ни в том, ни в другом», — сказала Анна.
5)Начальник колонии сказал, что вас будут кормить три раза в день.
180