Вступительный письменный экзамен по английскому языку. Учебные материалы, методические указания и рекомендации. Пособие для абитуриентов
.pdfэтому никакого отношения.
4)У нее было квадратное лицо, которое, вероятно, никогда не выглядело молодым.
5)Я подождал с полчаса, и, когда я уже начал думать, что чтото, должно быть, случилось с Китти, она приехала на такси.
Task 26а
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Elizabethan Dramatists Contemporary with Shakespeare
When we study Shakespeare at school, we have a vague picture of him as not merely dominating the Elizabethan theatre, but standing alone. This is because plays by his contemporaries are so rarely set for examinations below the University or University Entrance level. It should be the task of a history like this to correct the impression of Shakespeare’s ‘uniqueness’ and to show the richness of the Elizabethan theatre generally. The trouble is that the richness is so incredible, the men of talent so many, and space so short, that only the most superficial impression of the dramatic achievements of that age can be given. I shall attempt to do little more than mention plays that are worthy to stand by plays of Shakespeare, and to give the names of their authors. Shakespeare’s greatest contemporary (after Marlowe) was Ben Jonson (1574−1637). Jonson’s aims were different from those of his friend: indeed, so different, that we feel from Jonson’s writings about Shakespeare that he did not fully appreciate, or even like, the works of his senior. Shakespeare followed no rules and had no dramatic theory; Jonson was a classicist, whose masters were the ancients, and whose every play was composed on an established ancient pattern. Jonson’s plays generally obey the rules of ‘unity’: the action takes less than a day and the scene never moves from the initial setting — Venice in Volpone, a London house in The Alchemist. Moreover, Jonson had a theory of dramatic character already out-of-date in his own day.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)«А, это ты!» — сказал он, взглянув с удивлением. Он, должно быть, забыл, как меня зовут.
2)Никто не заметил, как ребенок уснул.
3)Переводчица заявила, что никто никогда не разговаривал
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сней таким образом.
4)Мне бы не хотелось зависеть материально от своих детей в старости.
5)На экзамене мне попались вопросы, о которых я могла только мечтать.
Task 27а
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The Split between Conservatives and Puritans under Charles I
After the death of Shakespeare great changes took place in English life and thought. With the removal of the threat of Catholic Spain — one of whose missions had been to re-impose Catholicism on Protestant England — a certain division began to show itself strongly: England began to split into two warring camps. This division had, under Queen Elizabeth I, not seemed very dangerous, but under Charles I it grew and led to Civil War. Briefly speaking, we may say that the division was between the old way of life and the new. On the one hand was the conservative element of the country — those who derived their wealth from the land, from old estates, and who supported the reigning monarch and accepted the established religion of England. On the other hand were those whose livelihood came from trade, who belonged to the towns, who wanted a greater share in the government of the country, and who thought that the Reformation of religion in England had not gone far enough. In other words, the split in the country was a threefold one — economic, political, religious — but it resolved itself into a simple issue of ‘party’: the great political parties of England emerged out of the struggle — the Tories and the Whigs. The new men of England, the men who gained their wealth from trade, were inclined to a sort of religious belief very different from the established faith of England. They were for the most part Puritans: they wanted a purer kind of Christianity than the Reformation had brought to the country.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Еще немного терпения — и те несколько вопросов, которые мы должны обсудить, будут решены.
2)Тебе лучше не носить ей шоколад, пока она лежит в больнице.
3)Вполне естественно, что он боится операции: случай
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серьезный.
4)Изучение иностранного языка — трудная, но интересная работа.
5)Мне нужен был недельный отпуск, но говорить об этом с шефом по телефону я не решился.
Task 28а
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Puritan Rule and Its Influence on the English
Way of Life
The reign of Charles I is a struggle for power on the part of the English Parliament, which mostly represents the new men — the ‘Roundheads’ — and a vain attempt on the King’s part to resist this new force. War comes, and the Parliamentary side wins. These Puritans, as might be expected, were not gentle victors: they executed the King, declared a republic which soon became a dictatorship under Cromwell, and imposed on England a way of life such as it had never known before. The Old Testament became the book of the law, pleasure was regarded as sinful, moral crimes were savagely punished. It was a way of life perhaps foreign to the English character. Certainly it did not last, and 1660 saw the restoration of the monarchy and an attempt to return to the old way. But England could never be the same again, and 1660 virtually starts a new era — an era in which the old land-owning class sinks and the new middle-class rises, an era too in which the English character seems to have become subtly changed. A sense of guilt seems to permeate all pleasure, and this has continued to the present day. The English Sunday — everything closed and nowhere to go except church — was, till very recently, one of the many living monuments to Puritan rule. Another perhaps, is the Englishman’s peculiar restraint — the coldness that repels so many Africans and Asians, an unwillingness to ‘let oneself go’. The literature we shall discuss briefly in this chapter, then, must be seen against this background of struggle and change.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Воспитывая своих детей, японцы предоставляют им полную свободу.
2)Его обвинили в хищении редких книг из библиотеки.
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3)Некоторые произведения Оскара Уайльда рассматриваются врачами-психиатрами как пособие по профессиональной деятельности.
4)Анна сказала, что в то утро она сложила свои вещи и ждала такси.
5)Отец Джека учил его математике и латинскому языку, не зная ни того ни другого, а тетушка учила его французскому и музыке.
Task 29а
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
John Milton
And so we come to John Milton (1608−1674), who has been towering over us like a mountain while we explored the houses of the village which lie in its shadow. Supreme in verse, as well as in prose, he is also perhaps the first great literary personality of England — it is Milton himself who shines through all his writings. He is too big for us to treat adequately here: all we can do is to discuss briefly his philosophy and his general significance.
Coming of a London family with a certain amount of money, Milton never had to earn his own living. He had leisure that Shakespeare never had, and was able, by hard study, to equip himself with more learning than any previous great poet. His father was a composer of music and Milton himself was blessed with a musical ear. In fact, he was destined by physical endowment and eventual physical loss to be a poet of the ear rather than the eye. After a lifetime of overworking already weak sight, he went blind, and his greatest work was written after this calamity struck him. But even in his early works it is the music of the language that strikes us first — a music like nothing ever heard before, suggesting the deep and grave tones of the instrument which Milton himself played — the organ. Milton’s exquisite ear and command over the sheer sound of language is manifested not only in his English poems, but in those in Latin and Italian as well: Italian scholars were astonished at his skill in weaving melodies in their language; his Latin poems might have been written by a Roman.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)В течение двух лет она является лучшей ученицей в классе.
2)Советуем вам лететь туда самолетом. Если вы поедете поез-
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дом, то можете опоздать.
3)Мы прожили в деревне два месяца, когда мой брат приехал навестить нас.
4)Шахтеры обвиняют правительство в нарушении их конституционных прав.
5)Глядя на танцы моей маленькой сестренки, нельзя не улыбаться.
Task 30а
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Differences between Speech and Writing
Although spoken language is diverse in its forms and functions, the norms of written grammar, spelling and vocabulary are much more uniform. As we have seen, the appeal to the authority of written usage is one way in which standardisation of speech is promoted. But we have also emphasised that the forms and functions of spoken language are very largely different from those of writing. These differences are now considered in greater detail.
The most obvious differences between speech and writing are formal. Speech is an auditory medium: it is produced orally and received by the ear; writing is a visual medium; it is produced manually and received by the eye. While speech activity can rely on a number of situational factors to help to convey meaning and intention, the act of writing is deprived of an immediate context of communication. It is most important that we recognise the implications of this difference. When we speak, we constantly use paralinguistic features to help us: these can be vocal (tone of voice, intonation, pause, emphasis) or non-vocal (gesture, facial expression). We may also rely on unspoken knowledge in order to interpret what is being said: if we overhear a conversation, it may well be difficult to understand what it is about unless we share in the mutual prior knowledge of the participants. It follows, therefore, that whereas vagueness, ellipsis and ambiguity can be tolerated in speech to a high degree, they can sometimes be quite properly criticised when they appear in writing.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Необходимо вовремя продлить арендный договор, так как срок его действия истекает через неделю.
2)Мне бы не хотелось полагаться на чье бы то ни было мне-
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ние. Я бы хотел принять решение самостоятельно.
3)Причина наводнения пока неизвестна.
4)Он спросил меня, читала я Теккерея в оригинале или в переводе.
5)Мою машину сейчас ремонтируют; она будет готова через
час.
4.3.Блок заданий № 3
Task 1b
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Language Ideology and People’s Attitudes to Accents
Evidence can readily be culled from newspaper reports and television programmes, from courtrooms and classrooms, that legitimised discrimination provides a useful resource for ‘gatekeepers’ who wish to restrict people’s access to goods and influence. To highlight the rather different flavours of British and American standard language ideologies, two examples are presented here, taken respectively from a British magazine article and a popular American television show. The feature article ‘Can your Accent Blight your Life?’ (Bella, 24 January 1996) describes the experiences of Helen, a Manchester woman who moved to London in search of employment: ‘… “in the arts where no-one has a regional accent… my curriculum vitae was good enough to get me interviews, but… as soon as they heard me speak… I wasn’t taken seriously”… and when Helen finally landed a job with a community theatre project in Islington, North London, she was told she’d only been selected because ‘the area would benefit from a common touch.’ Helen encounters similar reactions in casual interpersonal encounters: ‘People can’t see further than my voice and assume I’m aggressive and common. They think I should own pigeons and have an outside toilet.’
The comments reported in the Bella magazine covertly articulate class prejudice, as is clear from the expressions ‘common touch’, ‘aggressive and common’ and the reference to pigeons and outside toilets which stereotypically characterise northern English workingclass life-styles.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное
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содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Когда он придет, скажите, чтобы он подождал.
2)Так как было поздно, мы решили прекратить работу и идти домой.
3)Если вы можете уделить мне минуту, помогите мне перевести это предложение.
4)Олег рассказывал, что он не слышал, как подъехал автомобиль.
5)Вы настаиваете на том, чтобы окно было открыто?
Task 2b
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
‘English Only’ Movement in the US
The movement known as ‘US English’ emerged in the early 1980s and has remained active, although its precise objectives are unclear. Broadly speaking, it opposes the use at all official levels of languages other than English. Although it originated as and remains essentially an anti-Hispanic, anti-immigrant coalition, it is hostile also to official educational provision for the needs of children speaking African American English. Associated with right-wing political groups, US English has an extremely high public profile, characteristically eliciting and expressing intemperately strong, irrational and polarised reactions. Noting the prominence of language policy as an internal issue for the first time in American history in the years following the emergence of US English, Fishman (1992) identifies the English Only movement as uniquely and characteristically American:
‘No similar legislative effort to redress the internal insults to English, real or imaginary, have surfaced in any other core countries of English, such as England, Australia or New Zealand, all of which have substantial non-English-mother-tongue populations of their own. The general view toward non-English languages in governmental use in these countries is quite benevolent and even supportive in ways undreamt of here.’
While this is an overestimate of the level of government benevolence towards minorities in these countries, in Britain at least the language rights of ethnic minorities seldom emerge as a major public issue.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
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1)Я подождала, пока мой гость ушел, а затем поспешила на станцию.
2)Так как упражнение было очень длинное, я не могла написать его за полчаса.
3)Моя сестра хочет, чтобы я изучал испанский язык.
4)Жаль, что вы не поверили моему рассказу.
5)Они очень милы со мной. Просто невозможно быть более вежливыми и услужливыми.
Task 3b
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Sociolinguistic Hierarchies in Britain
and the US
These ideologies are neatly summarised by the observation of Patricia Williams, 1997 BBC Reith Lecturer, that ‘The United States deems itself classless with almost the same degree of self-congratulation that Britain prides itself as being free of racial animus’. The greater divisiveness of race in America is suggested by a comparison of black/ white interracial marriage rates: in Britain 30 per cent of all Britishborn men of Caribbean origin and 50 per cent of women have white partners, according to a recent policy document. Williams cites a parallel US figure of 2 per cent. The contrast between the British and American situations can be illustrated by an adaptation of the image of the sociolinguistic hierarchy as a layer cake. The monarchy and aristocracy constitute an elaborate, visually striking and rather heavy topping on the British cake, which is also rather taller and less broad based than the American one. In both countries, the upper layers are formed by relatively standardised speakers. But as the knife reaches the lower layers, another difference becomes apparent; in Britain the lowest layer consists of speakers of stigmatised urban dialects, and in the United States African American and perhaps some Spanish speakers. These differences in the constitution of the respective national cakes, particularly at the top and the bottom, give rise to the stereotypical perception that the United States is classless and Britain free of racial animus.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1) Ему не могло быть больше тридцати лет, когда мы с ним
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познакомились.
2)Милли ведь видела их. Она, должно быть, сказала вам об
этом.
3)Мы узнали, что это сообщение было объявлено по радио.
4)Я видел, как она вошла в читальный зал, взяла книги и принялась за работу.
5)Он написал диктант хуже всех.
Task 4b
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
‘English Only’ Movement and Discrimination of
Other Languages
It is not difficult to see why the massive increase in immigration at the turn of the century, along with other key developments in nineteenth-century America, cumulatively gave rise to a political climate where multilingualism became viewed less tolerantly and a philosophy of Anglo-conformity was able to surface. The Gold Rush attracted a wave of Chinese immigrants to the West who inspired violent xenophobia; the annexation in 1848 of the Mexican territories of the South-West forced under American rule a large Spanish speaking population who had been established in the region since the mid-sixteenth century. Although the Treaty of Hidalgo was intended to protect their political, civil, linguistic and religious rights, a massive increase in the English-speaking population created a Spanish-speaking minority and transformed the Mexican-Spanish-Indian life-style of the region. The resultant cultural conflict produced a series of laws which discriminated against Mexican American language and culture and affects Mexican Americans to this day. In 1878 California became the first English Only state; official proceedings were restricted to English and guarantees for Spanish language publications agreed at the Treaty of Hidalgo were eliminated. Nor did the Native American population fare any better in the climate of fear, intolerance and repression accompanying the conquest of the West.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Здание вокзала, двери которого были широко распахнуты, было безлюдным.
2)Эта угроза Джона казалась ужасной для Елены и ее матери.
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3)Маленький Джон спустился вниз и сел на нижнюю ступеньку. Белла подошла вплотную и стала его рассматривать.
4)Я не уверен, что самолет сможет приземлиться, идет такой сильный дождь.
5)Учитель сказал, что, чем скорее вы прочтете книгу, тем лучше.
Task 5b
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Linguistic Folklore and Origins of Language
The gift of speech and a well-ordered language are characteristic of every known group of human beings. No tribe has ever been found which is without language and all statements to the contrary may be dismissed as mere folklore. There seems to be no warrant whatever for the statement which is sometimes made that there are certain peoples whose vocabulary is so limited that they cannot get on without the supplementary use of gesture, so that intelligible communication between members of such a group becomes impossible in the dark. The truth of the matter is that of all aspects of culture it is language that was the first to receive a highly developed form and that its essential perfection is a prerequisite to the development of culture as a whole…
Many attempts have been made to unravel the origin of language but most of these are hardly more than exercises of the speculative imagination. Linguists as a whole have lost interest in the problem and this for two reasons. In the first place, it has come to be realized that there exist no truly primitive languages in a psychological sense, the modern researches in archaeology have indefinitely extended the time of man’s cultural past and that it is therefore vain to go much beyond the perspective opened up by the study of actual languages. In the second place, our knowledge of psychology, particularly of the symbolic processes in general, is not felt to be sound enough or far reaching enough to help materially with the problem of the emergence of speech.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Ольга спросила бабушку, не чувствует ли она себя лучше сегодня.
2)Он вошел без стука, так как дверь была открыта.
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