Вступительный письменный экзамен по английскому языку. Учебные материалы, методические указания и рекомендации. Пособие для абитуриентов
.pdfTask 6с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Restoration as the Beginning
of Scientific Age
The Restoration period marks the beginning of the scientific age. This age had already been prepared by Bacon and others, who insisted on rational argument and observation of nature as a prelude to the production of theories. Some scientific experimentation had been going on between his day and the Restoration, but not always with official approval (secret experiments suggested magic; chemistry smacked of alchemy). But with the return of Charles II from France in 1660, science became fashionable: Charles had become interested in anatomy on the Continent, members of his court developed similar interests, and it seemed quite natural for a charter to be given to a Royal Society for the advancement of scientific knowledge in 1662. This Royal Society was a meeting-ground for scientists of all kinds, but also laymen with an amateur interest in science were not debarred from membership: Dryden himself was interested, and one can see fruitful potentialities in the contact between literary men and scientists — certainly the development of ‘rational’ prose is partly a consequence of this spreading of scientific interest.
An interest in science usually goes with an interest in philosophy (indeed, it was perhaps impossible for a mind of this period to separate the two). By philosophy we mean an inquiry into the nature of reality, an attempt to answer such questions as ‘What do we mean when we say that “a thing exists?” or ‘What definite certainty can we find behind a universe of such diversity and change?’
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Вы не будете знать английского языка, пока не начнете много работать.
2)Можно повесить это объявление в коридоре?
3)Не успел я дойти до угла, как услышал сзади чьи-то
шаги.
4)Так как ночь была холодная, я надел теплое пальто.
5)Не получив ответа на свое письмо, он написал еще раз.
261
Task 7с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The 18th Century in England
The 18th century is sometimes called England’s Augustan Age. The reference is to that period of Roman history when the Emperor Augustus ruled, and when the Roman Empire enjoyed great power, prosperity, and stability. 18th-century England had all these things too: trade flourished, an empire was growing, two formidable rivals — Holland and France — had been soundly trounced, there was no more trouble between King and Parliament. The middle-class was firmly established and the Whig party dominated the century, but the middle-class, through marriages into the aristocracy, was drawing in something of aristocratic culture. The rule of reason seemed possible, progress was no empty myth, and with some satisfaction men looked back to that sunlit Roman age where order and taste ruled, wherein they saw clearly reflected an image of their own achievement.
In art, the spirit of the period was ‘classical’. This is not an easy term to define, but its implications are clear: social conventions are more important than individual convictions, reason is more important than emotion, form is more important than content. Despite the calm surface of order that ruled the 18th century, the opposite of the ‘classical’ was slowly being prepared, to burst out at the time of the French Revolution. This opposite we call ‘romantic’, and we associate it with the individual rebelling against society — against accepted good taste and good manners — and with an unwillingness to accept conventional artistic forms.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Было объявлено, что собрание должно состояться в понедельник.
2)Джон проверил сочинения своих учеников и читал книгу, которую он купил по дороге в школу.
3)Я уверен, что их торопили, иначе они нашли бы более удачное решение.
4)Я только что прослушал прогноз погоды: завтра пойдет
снег.
5)Ты не видела мою сумку? Я ищу ее уже целый час.
262
Task 8с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Lack of Balance between Reason and Emotion in the 18th Century
The ‘healthy’ human soul exhibits a perfect balance between intellect, emotion, and body. There is a time for reason, a time for deep feeling, a time for yielding to the demands of the senses; but no one faculty ever gets the better of the others for long. In Shakespeare which faculty rules? Is Shakespeare a writer from the brain, the heart, or the senses? The answer is, from all three; all three are in perfect balance, and, moreover, are capable of fusion, so that in a Shakespeare speech or sonnet we seem to be listening to thought and feeling and physical passion at one and the same time. In John Donne, too, we get this fusion: in a love-poem of his we find all the human faculties working hard together — his physical passion for his mistress, his affection for her, are presented in conjunction with a busily analytical brain trying to explain love and relate it to the rest of experience. Now, in the 18th century, reason and emotion no longer work together. Emotion is kept down, made into an inferior. Emotion sometimes resents this and then decides to break out and have a kind of drunken spree. But, having forgotten how to behave, emotion rarely makes a good job of expressing itself: unchecked by taste, it gives us works of ‘sentimentality’; determined to get away from the ‘town’ atmosphere, it broods on the abnormal, the wild and the rugged and produces, for instance, the ‘Gothic’ novels; trying to express itself, it cannot find the right language and, using instead the language of reason, produces something tasteless or even absurd.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Почему вы не упомянули об этом факте тогда?
2)Он спал и не слышал, как Джим тихонько вошел в комнату.
3)Роберт сказал, что в течение двух лет она была лучшей ученицей в классе.
4)К сожалению, мы вынуждены остаться в городе этим летом.
5)Олимпийские игры проходят каждые четыре года.
263
Task 9с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The 18th Century Verse and Prose
Despite the interesting body of verse that the 18th century produced, the works that have worn best and that still hold the general reader most are in prose. Defoe and Swift and Fielding hardly seem to have dated, while Pope and his followers seem artificial and require to be looked at through the glass of ‘historical perspective’.
Daniel Defoe (1660−1731) was a journalist. The development of the newspaper and the periodical is an interesting literary sideline of the 17th century. The Civil War undoubtedly stimulated a public appetite for up-to-the-minute news (such news then was vital) and the Restoration period, with its interest in men and affairs, was developing that wider interest in news — home and foreign — which is so alive today. Defoe is, in many ways, the father of the modern periodical, purveying opinion more than news. Defoe did not see himself primarily as a literary artist: he had things to say to the public, and he said them as clearly as he could, without troubling to polish and revise. There are no stylistic tricks in his writings, no airs and graces, but there is the flavour of colloquial speech, a ‘no-nonsense’, down-to-earth simplicity. He was — like Swift — capable of irony, however, and his Shortest Way with the Dissenters states gravely that those who do not belong to the Church of England should be hanged. (Defoe himself was a Dissenter, of course.) This pamphlet was taken seriously by many, but, when the authorities discovered they had been having their legs pulled, they put Defoe into prison.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Кстати, Тед знает, что моя сестра приезжает завтра?
2)Он еще не знал, что будет делать в Нью-Йорке.
3)Наше решение зависит от вашего согласия.
4)Я заметил, что ты в последнее время выглядишь усталым.
5)Я знаю имена всех жителей деревни. Я здесь живу всю свою жизнь.
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Task 10с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne (1713−1768) produced a remarkable and eccentric novel in his Tristram Shandy, which breaks all the rules, even of language and punctuation, and deliberately excludes all suggestions of a plot, so that — despite the considerable length of the book — nobody gets anywhere, nothing really happens, and the hero does not succeed even in getting himself born until half-way through! The author deliberately hinders all movement: just when we think a story is about to develop, Sterne introduces an incredible digression — a long piece of Latin (with translation on the opposite page), a blank sheet, a page with a marbled design on it, a collection of asterisks — anything to obstruct or mystify. Yet characters emerge: the learned Mr. Shandy, the gentle old soldier Uncle Toby and Trim, his corporal (these last two spend much time reconstructing the Battle of Namur on a bow- ling-green). There are lewd jokes, patches of sentimentality — often saved, just in time, from becoming mawkish by an ironical stroke — and grotesque Rabelaisian episodes. Sterne’s Sentimental journey is an account of travels through France and Italy, and here tears are shed freely — especially over animals, Sterne being perhaps the first of the English ‘poor-dumb-beast’ sentimentalists. It was through the copious shedding of tears of pity and sympathy, in writers like Sterne, that the humanitarianism which is now said to be a great characteristic of the English was able to develop. Sentimentality may injure art, but it can improve life.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Я решил не поступать в Кембридж. В течение шести месяцев я почти не заглядывал ни в одну книгу по математике.
2)Мы обсуждаем этот вопрос уже два часа. По-моему, пора остановиться.
3)У каждой звезды есть своя собственная орбита.
4)Я передумал, поняв, что он ничего не сделает, чтобы помочь мне.
5)Он догадывался, что она знает, о чем он думает.
265
Task 11с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Establishment of Romanticism
It would be convenient to believe that the Romantic Movement in Literature began with the storming of the Bastille in Paris. But, as we have seen, Romanticism was trying to stir all the way through the Age of Reason: the 18th century had a number of rebels, individualists, madmen, who — often unsuccessfully, because of the difficulty of language — worked at a literature of instinct, emotion, enthusiasm, tried to return to the old way of the Elizabethans and even the mediaeval poets. It was perhaps because of the influence of the great conservative classicist, Dr. Johnson, that a Romantic literature did not come earlier. Only when the philosophies of men like Rousseau began to be translated into revolutionary action did feeling stir sufficiently to make the new kind of literature seem natural. What had been unorthodox became orthodox. Romanticism developed its own rules and standards, and the rebels became the lawful government.
Nevertheless, there were still old conservatives to contend with. Wordsworth had to fight almost incessantly against those who still clung to the standards of the past; Keats was soundly trounced by the critics; Shelley was roundly condemned. But the very fact that, by about 1830, all the literary men of talent can be classified roughly as members of one movement, is a sign that they represent the new orthodoxy. The Romantics are still, in our own age, the orthodox writers: we are brought up at school on Wordsworth and Coleridge, not on Pope and Dryden, and Dylan Thomas fired the public imagination.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Удивительно, что он так себя ведет.
2)Что вы думаете о его решении уехать работать за грани-
цу?
3)«Чего ты ждешь?» — «Я жду открытия банка. Но он откроется только в 9 часов».
4)Обычно я легко учу языки, но сейчас у меня есть проблемы с немецким.
5)Он сказал, что уже забронировал билеты.
266
Task 12с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Jane Austen’s Uniqueness
The reputation of Jane Austen (1775−1817), on the other hand, has never been higher. She has not dated: her novels have a freshness and humour sadly lacking in Scott, a delicacy we can appreciate more than his ‘big bow-wow style’. The first important woman novelist, she stands above both the classical and romantic movements; in a sense she bridges the gap between the 18th and 19th centuries, but she can be assigned to no group — she is unique. In her novels she attempts no more than to show a small corner of English society as it was in her day — the sedate little world of the moderately well-to-do county families. This world provides her with all her material; the great historical movements rumbling outside mean little to her, and the Napoleonic Wars are hardly mentioned. Jane Austen’s primary interest is people, not ideas, and her achievement lies in the meticulously exact presentation of human situations, the delineation of characters who are really living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life. Her plots are straightforward; there is little action. In this, and in her preoccupation with character as opposed to ‘types’ she shows herself closer to our own day than any other novelist of the period. She has humour and is the creator of a gallery of richly and subtly comic portraits. Her prose flows easily and naturally, and her dialogue is admirably true to life. She is not afraid of ‘wasting words’ in the interests of naturalistic dialogue, but she can also write very concisely when she wishes.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Украденная машина была найдена случайно через две недели поисков.
2)Они сказали, что вчера успешно сдали экзамен по английскому языку и едут завтра за город.
3)Мы должны быть там завтра, не так ли?
4)Анна и Петр помолвлены. Нас пригласили на свадьбу.
5)Вчера на спектакле не было ни одного свободного места.
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Task 13с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The Victorian Era
In devoting only a single chapter to a period of immense literary activity — on both sides of the Atlantic — I am perhaps being unjust. But I am determined that we shall see the Victorian era as a whole, and the only way we can do this is by taking a bird’s-eye view, even if this means that certain great literary figures shrink to mere dots on the ground. Injustice is anyway, a cry that every historian hears as he approaches the modern period: we are still involved in the world that the Victorians built, and we have strong individual opinions about its architects. We do not devote space to a writer in proportion to the number of books he wrote, or in proportion to the reputation he had in his day. Our criterion is fixed by asking the question: Is this man still worth reading? or — Is this man still exerting an influence on modern writers? It would seem that quite a number of Victorian writers, once regarded as great, are no longer read because they no longer have much to say to us. Time may reverse all this, and writers I shall treat summarily here may well, in fifty or a hundred years from now, be seen to have recovered the immense reputations they had. But we cannot speak for the future; we can only speak for the present and, however much we try to be impartial, for ourselves. But the opinions held today about the Victorians — often most diverse — seem slowly to be coming together and forming a general attitude. Some of the old giants are becoming dwarfs, some of the dwarfs are becoming giants.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Мои дети, вероятно, поедут в Англию на летние каникулы.
2)Когда бы я к вам ни пришла, вы все время сидите за столом и работаете.
3)Она прокомментировала работы своих учеников, трое из которых получили высшие оценки.
4)Не торопись. Поезд отходит через полчаса.
5)В понедельник я уезжаю в командировку в Гаагу.
268
Task 14с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
An Age of Crusaders, Reformers
and Theorists
Philosophers were concerned with important political questions; Jeremy Bentham (1748−1832) taught the doctrine of ‘Utilitarianism’ — ‘it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong’. A bigger problem for writers was that presented by the challenge of the new science to the old Christian faith. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution hit at the Book of Genesis — man had evolved from lower forms of life; he had not been created complete by God. Materialism, which denied the existence of everything except matter — man has no soul, and even thought is secreted by the brain as bile is secreted by the liver — was another challenge to orthodox belief. Marx’s epoch-making Das Kapital, written in London and published in 1867, preached a new conception of society and of the distribution of wealth, and it was based on a ‘materialist interpretation of history’. The Victorian age thus had a large number of problems to face. In many ways, it was an age of progress — of railway-building, steamships, reforms of all kinds — but it was also an age of doubt. There was too much poverty, too much injustice, too much ugliness, and too little certainty about faith or morals — thus it became also an age of crusaders and reformers and theorists. It was also, with all its ideals, a curiously puritanical age: it was easily shocked, and subjects like sex were taboo. (Men like Bowdler, who published in 1818 his Family Shakespeare, from which all doubtful lines and words had been cut, anticipated the spirit of the period.)
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Были упомянуты очень немногие имена, но я слышал, как в связи с этим вопросом упоминалось именно его имя.
2)Разочарование матери невестой сына было слишком велико.
3)Моя сестра носит очки только тогда, когда читает или работает.
4)Мама сказала мне, что эта женщина — одна из двоюродных сестер дяди Тома.
5)Когда придет Джон, попроси его подождать 10 минут.
269
Task 15с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Carlyle and Ruskin
Carlyle’s masterpiece is The French Revolution, a work he had to write twice, because John Stuart Mill’s housemaid made the fire with the original manuscript — and his history is full of ardent moral teaching. He hated materialism and material progress: behind the suit of clothes of prosperity lay the naked truth of poverty. Life was real and earnest, and should be spent in trying to reform the world. The world could not be made a better place through democracy, however: chaos could only be overcome by obeying the born leaders, the ‘heroes’ of his Heroes and Hero-Worship. Carlyle anticipated the German Fascists in this doctrine, and indeed his very style seems permeated with the German spirit: he uses German words and constructions, exaggerating the Germanic element in English as Milton exaggerated the Latin. It is perhaps easy to understand why he is not popular in an age which has seen too much of Carlylian heroes in action, especially in Germany.
Ruskin’s concern was with beauty. His early works helped to set a new taste in art by praising, most eloquently, the works of the modern painters and Gothic art found at its best in the cathedrals of Europe. To Ruskin there was a close connection between art and faith and it is with religious fervour that he attacks the Utilitarian doctrine, which seems to Ruskin to be evil. Utilitarianism meant too much freedom in trade and industry, things working themselves out without reference to the problem of poverty or concern for the lot of the workers.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Студенты сообщили профессору, что нам не удалось найти Тома ни в одной из аудиторий, двери которых были открыты.
2)Я предпочитаю обедать дома, а не в столовой.
3)Давайте встретимся в другой раз, если это возможно.
4)Этот фильм о человеке, который бросил работу и отправился на поиски приключений.
5)Я была сердита на себя за то, что совершила такую глупую ошибку.
270