Вступительный письменный экзамен по английскому языку. Учебные материалы, методические указания и рекомендации. Пособие для абитуриентов
.pdfTask 26с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The Meaning of Compound Nouns
The main point to be noticed in a compound is that we have not only one word, but one conception, not the sum of the two conceptions expressed by the two elements. For example, the ‘high way’ was originally a way raised above the surrounding countryside for better drainage and ease of travel; later it became highway, and now we use highway without any idea of the original sense of the first elements, and without splitting the word into its component parts… The proof of the fusing of the two ideas into one may be seen in blackbird; admittedly a blackbird is a black bird, so long as we refer to the cock bird, but the fusing of two distinct ideas into a whole which is quite different from the sum of the parts is seen when the same word is used for the hen-bird, which is actually brown! Nowhere do we find a clearer expression of the way language is modified by thought than we do in the formation of compounds, for they are the result of the condensation of a mental image, two originally distinct images having been fused. Compounds should, therefore, clarify and simplify the original conception, though this is perhaps not always the case.
The most frequent type of compound is apparently that… one in which the general meaning of the final elements is made more specific by the limiting qualities of the first element. The commonest type is probably noun + noun, as in railway, apple-tree, weekend, but there are many other ways in which English may form compounds; for example, we have adjective + noun compounds; compounds of adverb + noun occur…
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Новая библиотека была построена до того, как вы поступили в институт?
2)Я им посоветовал купить билеты на вечерний поезд.
3)Когда наши друзья сели в такси, мы вернулись домой.
4)Ты собираешься делать ремонт самостоятельно?
5)В больнице дежурный нас предупредил: «Ведите себя потише, пожалуйста».
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Task 27с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Compound Words
in Poetry
The English of poetry differs considerably in its principles of word-composition from the English of ordinary prose. Most of the compounds that are in ordinary use are too lifeless or too trivial in association to be freely employed in poetry, while, on the other hand, our poets have generally assumed great liberty in the invention of compounds which in prose would be quite inadmissible. In this respect, however, there are great differences between poets. While Shakespeare abounds with splendid audacities such as ‘a heaven-kissing hill’, ‘the world-without-end hour’, Spenser’s inventions of this kind are comparatively few, though the exceeding felicity of some of them (as ‘silver-dropping tears’) causes them to make an impression that they are peculiarly characteristic of his style. ‘Rosyfingered Morn’, which occurs in Spenser, is a literal rendering of Homer’s phrase. The translators of Homer have naturally been led to initiate the compound epithets of the original; and, partly through this channel, and partly owing to the classical learning of our poets, the copious word-composition of Greek has had great influence on the diction of English poetry. Of the greater poets of the nineteenth century, Wordsworth is the most sparing in the use of compounds, and this characteristic may be accounted for by his love of simplicity and naturalness of expression, and his aversion to the production of poetic effect by any other means than the direct appeal of thought and feeling to the mind of the reader.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Ты узнаешь кого-нибудь на этой фотографии?
2)Он не позаботился о том, чтобы ответить на письмо матери.
3)Нора отвела сына в свою комнату. Мне было слышно, как они там разговаривали.
4)Чем больше людей будет на вечеринке, тем веселее.
5)Он заставил меня снять пальто и выпить чашку чая.
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Task 28с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Productive Morphological Patterns
The productivity of a pattern varies in time: some of our freer patterns were highly limited five hundred years ago, and conversely. There are also shorter-termed variations, of the sort we might call ‘fashion’. For example, twenty-odd years ago, when the type of restaurant called a cafeteria was spreading across the country, there was a short explosion of similarly-formed names for stores in which there was an element of self-service: groceteria, booketeria, and so on, to a total of well over a hundred, most of which are now completely in limbo.
It appears that, the less productive a pattern is, the more likely it is that if a new form does get coined by the pattern it will have idiomatic value. We do have idioms involving highly productive patterns: e.g. the coast is clear. But it is relatively difficult to create a new idiom by the subject-predicate pattern, as in the instance just given. On the other hand, consider the English derivational suffix — ward or — wards. We inherit a double-handful of perfectly ordinary words containing this suffix; northward(s) and so forth with names of com- pass-point, inward(s), backward(s). We do not freely say such things as He walked tablewards. Therefore, when P.G. Wodehouse wrote Lord Emsworth ambled off pigwards, the stretching of the pattern beyond its ordinary limits achieved some sort of special effect: pigwards was a new idiom.
In the above we see one reason why there has been the confusion between derivation and idiom formation: derived stems are often idioms.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Он считал, что его долг состоит в том, чтобы помочь бедняку.
2)Ничего не объяснив, она вышла из комнаты, ни с кем не попрощавшись.
3)У Анны волосы золотистого цвета.
4)В сегодняшней утренней газете очень мало рекламы.
5)Не стойте на ветру. Вы хотите заболеть?
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Task 29с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Shortened Forms
This process is still an active one, and there are today many words generally accepted in the standard language which are shortened forms of the words they have displaced. Few people, apart from a certain type, would use pianoforte rather than piano; an unmarried lady is miss, not mistress, and one asks for gin, never for Geneva; indeed, many names of drinks are abbreviations, an obvious convenience when long words have to be used frequently: examples are brandy (for brandy wine), port
(for Oporto), rum (for rumbullion), etc.
It is not easy to be certain when the shortened form is fully accepted in the standard language — possibly it is when only pedants use the full form; e.g. exam., lab., maths, pub. are not yet standard, but hardly anyone talks of going to the Zoological Gardens, though why zoo should have met with general approval, yet one always says botanical gardens, and never bot., is not clear. Both words are equally convenient, and it may be that zoo has a better sound than bot, and is also in more frequent use, thereby popularizing the abbreviation. Bus is now accepted — and the apostrophe which used to be common at the beginning of the word has almost disappeared — and bike, photo, and pram are becoming accepted, at any rate in conversation. Trike — a common term before the tricycle gave way to the bicycle — is still frequently used in families where there are young children, though it is today little used elsewhere. A more recent formation is the Proms, for the Promenade Concerts now so popular in London.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Что ты подарил своей маме на Рождество?
2)Смотрите, дом горит!
3)Анна поинтересовалась, много ли времени я трачу на домашнее задание.
4)Он только недавно начал учить немецкий, но уже сделал большие успехи.
5)Она почувствовала, что кто-то украдкой за ней наблюдает.
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Task 30с
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The Use of Two Synonymous Words
as a Stylistic Habit
The style of the Anglo-Saxon translator of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History is marked by a peculiar trick of repetition. Again and again he uses two synonymous nouns or verbs or adjectives, where one would suffice to convey his whole meaning. This may be called, then, an English literary habit of the 9th century. It came, perhaps, from an unskilful imitation of the Latin, or it may be due to some uncertainty as to the exact scope of the English words, then first applied to the finer shades of thought. At all events, the habit survived in English prose until the end of the 18th century. And, though out of favour at the moment, it has left a number of idiomatic or colloquial phrases in the language: as, ‘lord and master’, ‘act and deed’, ‘pure and simple’, ‘really and truly’, ‘honest and true’, ‘weak and feeble’, ‘clean and neat’.
Such double phrases occur very frequently in the Book of Common Prayer, where we find, for instance, ‘sins and wickedness’, ‘assemble and meet together’, ‘erred and strayed’, ‘declare and pronounce’, ‘bless and sanctify’, ‘offer and present’, ‘rule and govern’, ‘knowledge and understanding’ and many others.
In several of these instances, one word is native and the other foreign. The examples from the prayer-book show every kind of combination: sometimes both words are native (as was of course always the case in Anglo-Saxon), sometimes both are foreign, and sometimes the pair includes one word of each kind. Most of our older writers illustrate the same stylistic habit.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Говорят, что он завтра будет в городе.
2)Чем вы будете заниматься этим летом?
3)Извини, я пролил соус на скатерть. Я отнесу ее в химчистку.
4)Ты целый день ведешь машину. Позволь мне повести немного.
5)Что нужно сделать, чтобы получить водительские права?
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4.5.Блок заданий № 5
Task 1d
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Double Phrases in English
Such double phrases occur very frequently in the Book of Common Prayer, where we find, for instance, ‘sins and wickedness’, ‘assemble and meet together’, ‘erred and strayed’, ‘declare and pronounce’, ‘bless and sanctify’, ‘offer and present’, ‘rule and govern’, ‘knowledge and understanding’, ‘search and examine your consciences’ and many others.
Remembering the composite character of our vocabulary, we are not surprised that in a pair of synonyms one should be of native stock and the other borrowed. The examples from the prayer-book show every kind of combination: sometimes both words are native (as was of course always the case in Anglo-Saxon), sometimes both are foreign, and sometimes the pair includes one word of each kind.
The rationale of such phrases is evident enough. A single noun or verb seldom expresses the full scope of an idea. The pair of words covers the whole meaning intended by the writer, since the synonyms that he chooses have somewhat different senses. To be sure, some repetition is involved, since the second word repeats a large part of the meaning of the first, though adding some meaning of its own. Yet the author prefers to express his thought say one-and-a-quarter times to the opposite method of expressing three-quarters of it and leaving the rest to be inferred. In Modern English we take the latter course, though not uniformly. The older fashion conduces to dignity and copiousness of style, but easily betrays one into tiresome verbiage.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)На прошлой неделе правительство подало в отставку.
2)Что ты делаешь в выходные?
3)Мы взяли щенка. Он такой забавный!
4)Он, как и я, работает в этой компании.
5)К концу матча пошел дождь как из ведра. Футболисты вымокли до костей, но матч не был остановлен.
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Task 2d
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Clues for Reconstructing Old Pronunciations
People often ask me how linguists know the way people pronounced things in centuries past. After all, Chaucer, unlike Nixon, did not secretly tape his conversations for the benefit of future historians. Old pronunciations can be painstakingly inferred from a diverse set of clues. One of them is spelling. Before Samuel Johnson standardized English orthography, people spelled more or less as they pleased, trying to capture the sounds of language as they heard them. Spellings were more phonetic, and changes in spelling give clues to changes in pronunciation. For example, when writers started to spell Old English bi-healfe (behalf) as behaf, one can guess that people had stopped pronouncing the l. Other clues come from word-play. For example, Shakespeare rhymed or punned case and ease, say and sea, and shape and sheep, suggesting that speakers of Early Modern English pronounced the vowels in each pair in the same way. A third kind of clue is found in the writings of language snobs who criticize or lampoon the speech of their contemporaries, inadvertently immortalizing it to the good fortune of modern linguists. Other clues exist as well, and together they can determine the most common and most probable pronunciations.
We can never say for sure what the pronunciation of a given word at a given time actually was. Just as there are regional accents today, there were regional varieties of English centuries ago; indeed, many more of them, because people did not move around as much as we do, and had no dictionaries to consult.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Утром воздух был холодным и свежим. В саду чудесно пахла сирень.
2)Джон взял со стола бутылку, прочел этикетку на ней и молча подал бутылку мне.
3)Извините за опоздание, но я не ожидала, что дорога сюда займет столько времени.
4)Машинное оборудование было доставлено вовремя.
5)Эрмитаж — один из богатейших музеев мира.
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Task 3d
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Recognition of Foreign Words by Native
Speakers
Modern English speakers, of course, do not have a collective memory of the cadences of an ancient Saxon fatherland. There must be a source in a speaker’s own experience for the inkling that a word is not of native stock. Multilingual or cosmopolitan speakers may literally recognize a foreign word, which is probably how chiefs, succumbed, and mongooses began their English lives with regular plurals in centuries past. And if the first speakers of a new word use a regular plural, other speakers generally follow suit, because people pay attention to any irregular-sounding word that appears in a regular form. But even monolinguals can recognize loan words when they violate the canonical English sound pattern. Recent immigrant words like cappuccino immediately give themselves away, and even long-established French and Latin words have a distinctive sound: they tend to be bisyllabic with stress on the second syllable, such as deride. Even when speakers are unaware that a word at some earlier point was a foreign borrowing, they may sense that the words sound fancy or stuffy and not good old everyday English. (Several experiments have found that people prefer native-sounding words to Latinate-sounding words in a variety of everyday English constructions, even if they cannot put their finger on the difference.) Conversely, when speakers have no sense at all that a word has been borrowed they treat it as a standard root, and in those cases they feel free to make it irregular if it resembles other irregular roots.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Мой сын — футболист-профессионал. Он начал играть в футбол, когда учился еще в начальной школе.
2)Он только что вернулся из отпуска, который провел в Крыму.
3)Она живет где-то в пригороде, но я не знаю ее точного адреса.
4)Я купила два красивых шарфа: один для себя, другой для моей сестры.
5)Сколько людей придет на вечеринку?
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Task 4d
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
The Multitude of Languages
Though it is sometimes easy for Americans to forget, English is not the only language spoken in the world. Humans babble in some six thousand languages falling into thirty-odd families. Those mother tongues are a rich source for understanding language and mind.
First, no one is biologically disposed to speak a particular language. The experiments called immigration and conquest, in which children master languages unknown to their ancestors, settled that question long ago. This means that if some feature of language is the handiwork of a fundamental mechanism of the human language faculty, it ought to be visible anywhere, from Peru to Papua New Guinea.
Also, to understand language we have to test hypotheses about cause and effect, but linguists don’t have the luxury of synthesizing a language in a test tube and seeing how it is spoken, learned, and changed. The differences among languages already out there make up the only laboratory apparatus that allows a linguist to vary one factor and see how it affects another.
Finally, no one supposes that language evolved six thousand times. We find different languages because people move apart and lose touch, or split into factions that hate each other’s guts. People always tinker with the way they talk, and as the tinkerings accumulate on different sides of the river, or no-man’s-land, the original language slowly splits in two. To compare two languages is to behold the histories of two peoples: their migrations, conquests, and daily struggles to make themselves understood.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)Моя сестра хочет, чтобы я изучал испанский язык.
2)Древние греки пили вино, смешивая его с водой.
3)Твои часы спешат на десять минут.
4)Какая планета Солнечной системы находится дальше всего от Земли?
5)Можешь ли ты присмотреть за моей кошкой, пока я буду в отъезде?
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Task 5d
1. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык.
Agatha Christie
When the late Queen Mary was approaching her 80th birthday she was asked by the BBC what she would like to celebrate the event — anything from Shakespeare to opera. Queen Mary said she would like ‘an Agatha Christie play’ and Mrs Christie promptly wrote a thirtyminute radio production called Three Blind Mice. This was eventually to become “The Мousetrap”.
In its 39 years in the West End of London THE MOUSETRAP has been seen by nine million people and if all these people stood in a line the queue would reach (assuming they could walk on water!) to Nairobi.
It would be easy to write a statistical biography of Agatha Christie. She has written or had adapted from her books 21 plays; her 80th book was published on her 80th birthday in September 1970, more than one billion of her books have been sold in the English language and more than one billion in foreign languages. In fact, in March 1962, UNESCO announced that Agatha Christie was the most widely read British writer in the world, with Shakespeare coming a poor second.
Agatha Christie was very shy, although this shyness extended only to strangers. Among her friends she was both extremely talkative yet a wonderful listener and was extremely knowledgeable on a vast range of subjects. Until well into middle age she played tennis and could be seen with her family bathing on the beach in Devon.
She was as English as Buckingham Palace, the House of Commons and the Tower of London, and was certainly the most unforgettable character I have ever met.
2.Изложите основное содержание текста своими словами на английском языке в 5−6 предложениях.
3.Сформулируйте 5 вопросов, ответы на которые отразили бы основное содержание текста.
4.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1)«А где они сейчас? Ты с ними переписываешься?» — «Да, конечно. Но что-то давно от них не было писем».
2)Вечно она со всеми ссорится! Я уверена, что по соседству нет ни одного человека, с кем бы она ни разу не поссорилась.
3)Я давно собиралась зайти к вам, да все как-то не было времени.
4)Бабушка и дедушка Ника живут в деревне. Каждое лето Ник у них гостит.
5)Доклад должен быть готов через две недели.
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