Английский язык. Ч.2. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

Present Participle (Participle I)

Отличительная особенность причастия настоящего времени – наличие окончания -ing. Из-за этого признака его легко спутать с герундием. Однако стоит помнить, что герундий по своему значению близок к существительному, а причастие – к прилагательному.

The elderly lady shouting at my groupmate is our teacher. – Participle I

Shouting is not a solution, let’s try to find another way. – Gerund

Participle I в предложении может выполнять функции определения (отвечает на вопросы «какой?», «который?») и обстоятельства (отвечает на вопросы «как?», «каким образом?»).

1. Определение

Если причастие настоящего времени в предложении стоит перед определяемым словом, то на русский язык оно переводится как причастие или прилагательное.

Let’s try to improve an existing algorithm. – «существующий».

Если причастие настоящего времени в предложении стоит после определяемого слова и выполняет функцию определения, то на русский язык такая конструкция обычно переводится причастным оборотом или придаточным определительным предложением.

The algorithm existing within the course needs correction. – «существующий в рамках курса», «который существует в рамках курса».

2. Обстоятельство

В функции обстоятельства причастие настоящего времени обычно стоит перед подлежащим либо после сказуемого. На русский язык переводится деепричастным оборотом или придаточным предложением.

Studying math, he understands the necessity of it for his career in programming.

–«изучая математику»

Вфункции обстоятельства причастие часто употребляется с союзами when, while, etc.

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While learning programming it is crucial to practice a lot. – «изучая программирование»

Perfect Participle

Перфектное причастие (Perfect Participle) обычно показывает, что действие, выраженное им, произошло до основного действия, описанного в предложении, и на русский язык переводится придаточным предложением либо деепричастным оборотом.

Having studied this programming language, he can easily use it in his work. –

«после того, как он изучил этот язык программирования».

Past Participle (Participle II)

Форма причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) зависит от глагола, от которого она сформирована. Если глагол правильный, то причастие прошедшего времени имеет окончание -ed. Если неправильный – форму Past Participle можно найти в таблице неправильных глаголов.

Аналогично причастию настоящего времени, Participle II в предложении может выполнять функции определения и обстоятельства.

1. Определение

В функции определения причастие прошедшего времени может стоять перед определяемым словом или после него. На русский язык оно переводится либо страдательным причастием, либо придаточным предложением.

Days spent in IT campus were the best and the most productive. –

«проведённые»

Our boss praised him for properly organized development process. – «хорошо организованный»

2. Обстоятельство

Причастие прошедшего времени в функции обстоятельства в предложении находится либо перед подлежащим, либо после сказуемого, и переводится на русский язык как причастие, деепричастный оборот или придаточное предложение.

Developed several years ago, this software is still widely used. –

«разработанное», «будучи разработанным».

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Причастию прошедшего времени в функции обстоятельства может предшествовать союз (while, when, etc.).

When compared to other programming languages, JavaScript is not as quick. –

«при сравнении с другими…»

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Exercise 6 Translate the following sentences, find Present and Past Participle (Participle I, II).

1.Python may be used on a wide range of operating systems, including Windows, Mac, Linux, and mobile devices.

2.JavaScript is a simple object-oriented programming language used to provide interactivity to web pages.

3.The programmer using Python is definitely not a beginner.

4.Depending on the region, level of experience, and set of talents, Java developers make a variety of salaries.

5.Scrolling the text on a web site you deal with one of interactive web page elements made with JavaScript.

6.Go is a general-purpose programming language created by Google. Compared to other programming languages like Java or C++, Go is much easier to master.

7.Having simple and unambiguous syntax Python is renowned among programmers all over the world.

8.A lot of important apps created using Java are incredibly secure.

9.You may find a wide variety of online resources, including tutorials, classes, and

books, to assist you in learning JavaScript.

10.Data structures called objects can have both data and methods and can be used to represent things in the actual world, such people, vehicles, and homes.

Exercise 7 Translate the sentences and define the functions of Participle I and Participle II.

1.This code can be run more quickly than code written in interpreted languages.

2.The developer writing the code in Java shouldn’t forget about its drawbacks.

3.While writing a code in PHP, mind that it is not as quick as other languages.

4.When applying a programing language think what parameters are critical for you.

5.PHP is a versatile language applied to many different jobs.

6.A person applying only one programming language to different types of tasks is not an experienced programmer.

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7.Microsoft offers comprehensive C# (C sharp) support, including tools, documentation, and debugging assistance.

8.When being executed, this code is not first translated into machine code.

9.With asynchronous programming supported, you can run code in the background while your application is still running in the foreground.

10.Dart developers forming a thriving community can assist you in learning this language and developing Dart apps.

Exercise 8 Read the text. Choose the correct Participle form.

Swift is a general-purpose compiling/compiled programming language creating/created by Apple Inc. and the open-source community. Learnt/Having learnt from their mistakes with Objective-C, Swift developers made it more secure, contemporary, and expressive. A programmer utilizing/utilized Swift may rely on following advantages:

•Swift is a safe language helping/helped with mistake prevention. When debugging/When having debugged your code, this can save you time and stress.

•Swift is a rapid programming language using/used to build high-performance apps. As a result, it is an excellent choice for people creating/being created games, graphics-intensive apps, and other demanding applications.

•Swift is a contemporary language with features haven’t seen/haven’t been seen in previous languages. This can increase the power and flexibility of your code.

Exercise 9 Complete the sentences with Present Participle or Perfect Participle.

1.(choose) a programming language to construct a high-performance application he opted for C language.

2.(choose) that programming language, he never regretted about it.

3.(learn) C he faced many difficulties, as it is not a user-friendly language.

4.(learn) this extremely efficient language I can finally see the results.

5.(analyze) a wide range of applications, including operating systems, compilers, databases, embedded systems, scientific computers, and video games we can conclude that C++ is one of the most popular programming languages in the world.

6.(analyze) the code, I came across several errors. This means that debugging will be challenging.

7.(write) your first big code, you will probably get disappointed with the result.

8.(write) your code in a popular language you get all the benefits of cross-platform development in the process.

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Exercise 10 Make one sentence from two using Present and Past Participle.

Example: I use Python. I will create a web site with dynamic content. – Using Python, I will create a web site with dynamic content.

1.I learn a new programming language. I experience a lot of challenges

2.I am interested in Cyber Security. I learn only languages that are in demand in this sector.

3.PHP is a server-side scripting language. We use it to develop dynamic and interactive web sites.

4.Java is designed with security in mind. It has features that protect applications from security vulnerabilities.

5.We use high-level programming language. We can understand it easily.

6.Low-level languages are more effective. They are harder for people to comprehend.

7.I am choosing a programming language. I would go for back-end language as it is effective and safe.

8.We use a compiled language like C++. We will develop a video game that has excellent speed.

Exercise 11 Complete the sentences with the information about you, using the patterns below. Mind Perfect Participle.

1.Having graduated from school…

2.Having met all my groupmates…

3.Having entered the university…

4.Having finished my homework…

5.Having chosen an educational program …

6.Having eaten my sandwich…

7.Having made a presentation for the seminar on History…

8.Having learnt the vocabulary from the previous lesson …

Exercise 12 Read the text. Correct the mistakes in Participle forms in bold. Translate the text into Russian.

While the majority of front-end languages being interpreting, they are executed with each line translating into machine code. They are slower than compiling languages as a result, but they are also simpler to troubleshoot. Before having run, back-end languages are often compiled, having being translated into machine code all at once. As a result, they are quicker than having interpreted languages, but they are also more challenging to debug.

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Being making to look attractive and be simple to use, front-end languages are intended to address the needs of a user. Been effective and saved information from unauthorized access, back-end languages set performance, security, and scalability as the main goals. The precise requirements of the software application building determine the front-end and back-end languages that should be used.

[abridged from https://www.scaler.com/topics/best-programming-languages-to-learn/]

Exercise 13 Translate the sentences into English.

1.Пытаясь разобраться с массивами, я сделал глупую ошибку в синтаксисе.

2.Любой студент, изучающий программирование, знает, для чего нужны переменные.

3.Java – это язык, позволяющий программистам создавать и расширять пользовательские библиотеки.

4.Изменив входные данные, я был готов получить другой результат.

5.Объекты, используемые для организации данных в объектноориентированном программировании, являются частью классов.

6.Достигая выполнения определенного условия, цикл перестает повторяться.

7.Будучи интерпретируемым языком, Python широко используется в вебразработке.

8.При использовании Java в сложных приложениях могут возникать проблемы с работой программы.

4.3Types of programming languages

Exercise 14 Translate the following expressions into Russian. Use them to make up sentences.

Exercise 15 Fill in the gaps in the sentences. Use the vocabulary from above.

1.The choice of a programming language depends on the ____________

_________ of a program.

2.A well-____________ _____________ will operate at the best efficiency level possible.

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3.In _________________ _____________, the program does not need to be previously compiled.

4.Whether you're an absolute beginner or a ______________ ___________, you'll need to use a website builder to create a website.

5._____________ ___________ or data make programs harder to maintain, so it’s better use functional programming languages.

6.Nothing stands still in this _____________ _________.

7.In interpreted languages ____________ __________ is compiled line by line, which makes the process of debugging easier.

8.Along with well-___________ __________ of quality control and risk management, high level of employees training is crucial as well.

Exercise 16 Find the expressions from exercise 14 in the text. Read the sentences with these expressions.

Exercise 17 Read the text. Fill in the gaps (1-6) with the categories of programming languages (A-F).

A.Scripting Languages

B.Object-oriented Programming

C.Functional Programming Languages

D.Logic Programming Languages

E.Procedural Programming Languages

F.Imperative Programming

Types of Programming Languages

citizens in functional programming, which entitles them to the same treatment as other data types when handling and passing them around.

Exercise 18 Translate the sentences in bold from the text.

Exercise 19 Find boundaries between the phrases (verb+noun) from the text. There are 10 phrases in the box.

c a r r y o u t t a s k s m o d i f y d a t a p r o v i d e i n s t r u c t i o n s m a i n t a i n s y s t e m s o r g a n i z e p r o c e s s e s t u r n i n t o m a c h i n e c o d e e x p l o r e a d v a n t a g e s s t a r t a c a r e e r r e s o l v e i s s u e s g e t i n s i g h t s

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Exercise 20 Answer the following questions.

1.What is a linear flow of control?

2.What is the main idea of functional programming languages?

3.What type of programming helps to maintain complex software systems?

4.What type of language does Python refer to?

5.What is imperative programming?

6.What type of programming is the best to resolve issues?

7.How is a set of organized procedures called?

Exercise 21 Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases from the text (in English).

Exercise 22 Read the abstracts from the text. Try to recall the words and phrases that are written in Russian.

1.The idea of classifying code and data into objects является центральной для object-oriented programming.

2.When developing procedural code, the focus is on creating a set of organized processes or functions that modify data and выполняют задачи.

3.Complex software systems may be managed and maintained more easily

благодаря this paradigm…

4.On the basis of formal logic and rules, these languages are used to

формулировать и решать проблемы.

5.For both newbies and seasoned developers, selecting the best programming language to learn may be a crucial choice in the постоянно меняющемся мире технологий.

6.The variety of possibilities might seem ужасающим…

7.It promotes designing computer programs so that they очень похожи на the things and relationships found in the real world.

Exercise 23 Translate the sentences into English.

1.Принимая на работу программистов, наша компания выбирает новичков, а не опытных разработчиков.

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2.В быстро меняющемся мире необходимо уметь быстро выполнять задачи, организовывать и поддерживать системы любой сложности.

3.Человек, умеющий давать четкие инструкции и понимающий принципы оценки математических функций, быстро станет опытным разработчиком.

4.Исследовав преимущества разных языков, я выбрал Python для начала своей карьеры в программировании.

5.Некоторые языки программирования могут показаться ужасающими новичкам, избегающим слишком сложных задач.

6.Правильно оценивая предполагаемое применение программы, ты сможешь принять мудрое решение по поводу типа языка программирования.

7.Изучая основы программирования на языке сценариев, ты получишь представление работе большинства веб-ресурсов.

4.4Speaking

Exercise 24 Use the Internet to find information about programming languages listed below. Present your results to the group.

•Python

•C#

•C++

•Julia

•PHP

•Java

Exercise 25 What programming languages can you use? Why did you choose them? What languages would you like to learn? Give your reasons.

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