Английский язык. Ч.2. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

The forms of the Infinitive

Simple Infinitive: действие, выраженное инфинитивом, и действие, выраженное смысловым глаголом, относятся к одному времени.

I am glad to tell you the truth. She wanted to eat the sandwich.

I am glad to be told the truth. Kolobok didn’t want to be eaten.

Continuous Infinitive: действие, выраженное инфинитивом, и действие, выраженное смысловым глаголом, происходят одновременно, с акцентом для длительности действия.

You must be joking.

She is so glad to be eating this sandwich right now.

Perfect Infinitive: указывает на то, что действие, выраженное инфинитивом, предшествовало действию, выраженному смысловым глаголом.

I am so glad to have told you everything.

We expected to have been invited to the conference earlier, but something went wrong.

Perfect Continuous Infinitive: указывает на то, что действие, выраженное инфинитивом, предшествовало действию, выраженному смысловым глаголом, и при этом достаточно долго длилось.

I’m so lucky to have been travelling around the world for the last three years.

11

The functions of the Infinitive

Инфинитив в предложении может использоваться с различными целями, выполняя роль разных членов предложения.

1. Подлежащее

To smoke is to do harm to your health. To trust you was a mistake, John.

Note!

Обычно такой тип предложений используется в письменной речи. В разговорном варианте целесообразно использовать конструкцию с «it» (инфинитив в этом предложении становится не подлежащим, а дополнением):

It is bad for your health to smoke.

It was a huge mistake to trust you, John.

2. Часть сказуемого

Как неличная форма глагола, инфинитив не может сам играть роль полноценного сказуемого, но может являться его частью (чаще с модальными глаголами).

He can cook ramen brilliantly.

I should have told you that the party was cancelled. You mustn’t park here!

3. Дополнение

Инфинитив в функции дополнения часто используется в предложениях после прилагательных, числительных или наречий (too, enough), а также после вопросительных слов.

It was an excellent idea to walk here today.

We are happy to have bought this cutting-edge smartphone. I want to be the first to pass all the exams.

4. Обстоятельство цели

Инфинитив используется в предложении для обозначения цели действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. В этом случае он стоит либо в начале предложения, либо после смыслового глагола и переводится придаточной конструкцией с союзом «чтобы».

To download this brand-new app, follow the instructions.

We go out on Saturdays to relax after busy chaotic working days.

5. Определение

Инфинитив в функции определения обычно стоит за определяемым словом и переводится придаточным предложением с союзом «который».

One of the features to be taken into consideration is the number of megapixels. The information to be modified will be uploaded to our server.

12

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Exercise 7 Translate the following sentences, find the Infinitive.

1.Twenty years later, internet use among adults in several countries can increase dramatically.

2.In 2002, people indicated that they went online to access the Internet or to send and receive email.

3.Smartphones have made it possible to communicate with anyone anywhere; they also help to improve productivity on a daily basis.

4.Nowadays you can send text messages, make phone calls, and use various applications to make video calls and send direct messages.

5.Your service provider might not offer you service outside of the country or it might charge you extra fees to do so.

6.Whenever we need to relax or are bored, we tend to perform activities to distract ourselves.

7.With a variety of brands to choose from, there is a smartphone for just about any budget.

8.You can shop online, you can plan your day, you can set reminders, you can find all the things you need to have a productive day, week, or even year on your smartphone.

9.Constant staring at a smartphone’s screen means that you may have eye issues or insomnia, leading to an unproductive day if you have to be at work or Uni.

10.With so much to do on a smartphone, people tend to get addicted: they no longer have time to do anything else, constantly checking for updates on social media.

Exercise 8 Read the sentences. Explain the use of bare infinitive.

1.Modern smartphones must be designed with robust materials so they could withstand everyday usage and potential drops.

2.I would rather invest in a reliable device than constantly deal with technical issues.

3.I think Max left home without his smartphone. It is here, on the coffee table, and I could hear him shut the door five minutes ago.

4.Nowadays people should manage lots of different tasks, and electronic devices help them do it more efficiently and faster.

5.Just let him know that his smartphone is outdated and he will buy a brand-new one in ten minutes.

6.You needn't worry about installing a new app on your phone – it already comes pre-installed.

7.Ivan saw our groupmate enter the lecture room with her smartphone in hand.

13

8.Don't make me go through all my devices to find that one document – I just cannot take it.

9.Well, it seems to me, your new phone doesn’t help you do your job properly; maybe you'd better customize it to suit your specific needs and preferences.

10.Mobile devices can often become a bottleneck in our daily lives, as they slow down our productivity and limit our ability to stay connected.

Exercise 9 Read the sentences. Explain the use of to-infinitive.

1.Smartphones are expected to continue evolving rapidly with advances in technology.

2.Some mobile apps can encourage users to stay active and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

3.To sum up, mobile devices have become an integral part of everyday life, offering convenience, entertainment, and efficiency to users around the world.

4.My dad wants to boost his sport skills, so he would like to download a new mobile app for tracking his fitness progress.

5.Actually, after I’ve weighed the pros and cons of modern smartphones, I decided to invest in a new Android.

6.It was so nice of you to lend me your mobile phone charging cable. You literally saved my life!

7.My smartphone memory isn’t enough to store all my photos, videos, and important files.

8.To be honest, I am too busy to remember all the tasks from my to-do list, so I usually set reminders on my phone not to forget anything.

9.It was stupid of him to leave his laptop unattended. To tell the truth, I don’t think

he will ever find it.

10.My phone's constant notifications forced me to finally put it on silent.

Exercise 10 Choose the correct form of the infinitive (bare infinitive or to-infinitive).

Mobile devices have changed the way we live forever. Thanks to smartphones, it is so easy --/to (stay) connected with friends and family. They also offer --/to (use) a wide range of applications and tools that can --/to (help) us with productivity and organization. However, some people argue that smartphones can --/to (be) a distraction and lead to addiction. Many people promise --/to (limit) their screen time and manage --/to (use) their smartphones more mindfully. Despite the drawbacks, most people would rather --/to (have) a smartphone than not, as it would be too hard --/to (live) without smart devices in today's digital age.

14

Exercise 11 Fill in the gaps with the verbs from the box. Mind bare infinitive and to-infinitive.

A:Hey, Ann, have you decided (1) _______ a new smartphone at last?

B:Yeah, but I just don’t (2) ______ which one to choose…

A:Don’t worry, I can (3) ________ you (4) _______ up your mind. What are the main options?

B:Well, I'm torn between the latest PearPhone and the new SingSong Galaxy.

A:Both are great, but it really depends on what features you prefer (5) _____ on a daily basis.

B:I'm looking for a good camera and long battery life, can you (6) _______

something?

A:I heard people (7) ______ that the PearPhone has a better camera, but the SingSong Galaxy has a longer battery life. It's a tough choice!

Exercise 12 Make up phrases using the examples below.

Example A: It is so nice of you to lend me your phone!

Example B: She is smart enough to study at the university.

Example C: We have too many tasks to focus on.

1.It was so stupid of me to…

2.It is … of you to …

3.It is really hard for me to…

4.I have enough… to…

5.I am brave enough to…

6.I am too lazy to…

Exercise 13 Translate the sentences into Russian. Define the forms of the infinitives.

1.I am glad to have downloaded this new app, it really helps me stay organized and efficient in my daily routine.

2.We promise to share the results of the research if we manage to succeed.

3.Our IT specialist wants to upgrade my computer's RAM in order to improve its performance.

4.He should have done this task before, now it is irrelevant.

5.I have waited for you for 2 hours straight and now you say you don’t want to join me. You must be kidding!

15

6.She failed to get this job in IT department but she still has the opportunity to continue her studies in their IT school.

7.My colleagues are happy to be invited to the Annual Telecommunication Conference this year.

8.I think Dan is lucky to have been studying languages and cultures in the remote places of our planet for several years now.

9.Initially we planned to buy a new computer with faster processor and more advanced graphics capabilities.

10.It seems to me that my brother likes to be constantly upgrading the hardware, he is sure that he can make his PC better.

Exercise 14 Read the text. Choose the correct form of the infinitive.

Nowadays the smartphone market is known to have grown/to be growing faster than ever before. And if there is almost no break between brand new smartphones launches, how can you possibly decide which phone to buy/to be bought? Well, firstly you should choose/ to choose the price range. How much are you willing to be spending/ to spend? Maybe a budget or mid-range phone will offer everything you’re looking for.

Experts can recommend/ be recommended a wide variety of phones, but each model stands out for individual reasons. Each smartphone maker is sure to have released/ to have been releasing that one unique model that you really need. If you’re looking for a company that promises to have supported / to support AI in their phones, you will definitely find it. If you are eager to deal/ deal with the phone makers who claim to invent/ to have invented the greatest cameras ever, you will surely succeed. If you need a phone with excellent gaming performance, neat design features such as a folding screen, or you just want to be getting / to get the best value for your money, you will always manage to find/ to be found something that will appeal to you.

[abridged from https://www.techadvisor.com/]

Exercise 15 Put the infinitive into the correct form.

1.My groupmate seems (to buy) a new phone every year.

2.My groupmate seems (to choose) a new phone online at the moment.

3.My groupmate seems (to choose) a new phone already.

4.She seems (to choose) a new phone since January.

5.My boss likes (to hold) staff meetings every morning before 10 a.m.

6.He was glad (to guide) you through this difficult process.

7.I am shocked (to break) my new impact resistant screen protector. I thought it was impossible.

16

8.We were very pleased (to improve) the previous model with a better 90Hz screen and more premium design.

9.It seems that my co-worker wants (to help) by our supervisor.

10.She pretended (to look for) something else to make the seller reduce the price.

Exercise 16 Translate the verb in brackets into English. Mind the infinitive forms.

1.I’m totally satisfied with my job. I like (выполнять) testing on new models of phones.

2.I am tired (делать) this report right now. But as I promised (дать) you the best possible phone buying advice, I will continue doing it.

3.I am glad (улучшить) some features of my phone. Now it works much better.

4.My brother and I are constantly competing (хвалить) by our parents.

5.These smartphone makers always scramble (предложить) the biggest, brightest, highest-resolution, flexible, foldable and even three-dimensional displays.

6.He pretended (работать) hard and (не слышать) my complaints.

7.They are experienced enough (создавать) the most intuitive software for our new phone.

8.Former smartphone industry heavyweights such as HTC and LG should (воспринимать) the changes in mobile performance more seriously. And it’s too late for them now.

9.I cannot believe this! Our competitors seem (обсуждать) a very important problem with our potential clients.

10.These small changes need (сочетать) to represent a significant change for our brand-new phone.

Exercise 17 Translate the sentences into English.

1.Он решил не покупать смартфон с титановым корпусом.

2.Единственная причина не выбирать этот телефон – это его цена.

3.Мы рады, что уже сравнили свойства нескольких смартфонов раньше.

4.Мы ожидали, что нам расскажут о закрытии компании.

5.Он любит рассказывать о своей работе в телекоммуникационной компании.

6.Он ненавидит, когда ему говорят ограничить экранное время.

7.Нам жаль, что мы не подумали об этом заранее.

8.Я пообещал обсудить эту проблему позднее.

9.Она недовольна, что инвестировала деньги в такой дорогой телефон.

10.Было приятно смотреть на новинки в области информационных технологий во время выставки.

17

Exercise 18 Look at the list of smartphone apps. What do people use them for? Make up the sentences using the example below.

Example: They use VK messenger to chat with their friends.

Give your own examples of mobile apps you use.

Exercise 19 Read the sentences. Define the function of the Infinitives in bold.

1.To have a smartphone in your pocket basically means to hold the world in your hands.

2.Thanks to smartphones, today you no longer need a landline or payphones; you can use a smartphone almost anywhere you go.

3.When you leave the country, your providers might charge you extra fees to pay for their service abroad.

4.Whenever we need to relax or are bored, we tend to perform activities to distract ourselves.

5.Some of GPS applications can inform you about traffic jams and how to avoid them.

6.With their ability to utilize the internet, pocket-sized devices are perfect for using various apps.

7.The internet is a great platform to learn and educate yourself, but this is also a vast field that consists of all sorts of harmful content.

8.These days, you can use a password, pin, fingerprint, and even your face to secure your phone.

9.Despite all their usefulness, smartphones are not always the best gadgets to possess.

10.To get addicted for people usually means not to have time for anything else, constantly checking for updates on social media.

[from https://www.novarodigital.com/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-smartphones/]

18

1.3 Android vs. iOS

Exercise 20 Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mind the phrases in bold.

1.The good news is that we can communicate and access information on the go using a smartphone, so there’s no need to stay at the office all the time.

2.Nowadays smartphones have quite a bit of features to make our lives easier and more convenient.

3.In terms of features, affordability, and versatility, nothing can compete with Android smartphones.

4.Sometimes it’s difficult to compare the releases of iPhones as every previous version is not that far behind the next one.

5.With the iPhone Steve Jobs took things to a new level because he managed to turn the phone into a portable computer.

6.If you cannot decide between two options of devices, you’d better think how you want to use them, then find out what they have in common, and finally, opt for the device that has an advantage.

7.To reduce the effects of power-sapping features on their devices, many smartphone manufacturers use the fast-charging capabilities that can quickly replenish the battery.

8.To tell the truth, few smartphones can come close to the ideal device that allows users to get necessary information at a glance.

Exercise 21 Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the phrases from the box

1.With this new finance app, I can get all the information about my spending habits

___________.

2.The bad news is that my new smartphone doesn’t ______________ the quality of my old one.

3.We have got _____________ useful features on our smartphones, so one device can replace computers, maps, calculators, notebooks and what not.

4.__________________________ these devices, because they have almost the same interface.

5.This phone is much cheaper than yours, so it _________________ in terms of pricing.

6.My phone still performs well, __________________ to buy a new one.

19

7.If I had to decide between iOS and Android, I would ___________ Android.

8.You say that nothing can compete with this cutting-edge model of camera, but I think my camera _________________ it.

Exercise 22 Read the text and match the subheading (A-D) to paragraphs (1-4).

A.Photos and videos

B.Accessibility

C.Affordability

D.Battery life

Android vs. iOS: Which smartphone platform is the best?

1.______________

[2]Apple has always been at the high-end of the market in terms of pricing, but the iPhone X took things to a new level with a starting price of $1,000. The cheapest iPhone Apple, iPhone SE (2020), starts at $400.

[3]For sheer scale and variety, nothing can compete with Android. You can spend a lot if you want to (for example, Samsung’s cutting-edge folding Galaxy Z Fold 2 5G costs $2,000), but there’s also a huge selection of good, low-end handsets as low as $100, from a wide variety of different manufacturers. Apart from that, Android leads in free apps which makes it the natural choice for the budget-conscious.

2________________

[4]As one of the biggest complaints from smartphone owners, charge retention is a huge factor. It’s difficult to compare the two platforms because there’s no common hardware.

[5]Both Android and iOS allow you to see your battery usage at a glance, broken down by app, but only Android shows an estimate of how much capacity you have left. They both offer power-saving modes that can extend your battery life by limiting power-sapping features.

[6]For a long time, Android had an advantage in terms of charging, because many Android phones offered fast-charging capabilities and wireless charging.

However, Apple’s iPhone 11, iPhone X, and even the iPhone SE (2020) adopted wireless charging and fast charging, so they’re not that far behind.

3._____________

20