Английский язык. Ч.2. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

4. _________________

[9]This is a difficult category to call. In the past, we’ve argued that Apple does the best job as it captures lighting, coloring, and other details, but the latest Android smartphones are casting a lot of doubt on that assertion.

[10]While most of Android flagships have good, or sometimes great, cameras, the camera quality of many midrange devices doesn’t come close to the quality of iPhone cameras. As you may expect, most budget Android phones have lower-quality cameras.

[11]The camera apps on both platforms are very good and very fast. For easy use and best results without tweaking, the iOS camera app takes the cake.

There’s more variation on Android simply because manufacturers tend to add their own camera apps with lots of features.

[abridged from https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/android-vs-ios/]

Exercise 23 Mark the following statements True (T) or False (F).

1.Android devices are always cheap.

2.The power-saving mode is available for users of both iOS and Android devices.

3.iOS is the best option for elderly people and technophobes.

4.Fast-charging capabilities were first introduced by Android.

5.Users often complain about the battery life of their smartphones.

6.The option “Easy mode” is for iOS users.

7.Cameras on Android are sometimes of poor quality.

Exercise 24 According to the text, what platform, Android or iOS is better? Do you agree with the result? Why?

Exercise 25 Find the words and phrases in the text which mean:

1.enormous size or magnitude of something [two words, p. 3]

2.particularly advanced or brand new in terms of innovation [adjective, p. 3]

3.cheap and not as good as the best product of its type [adjective, p. 3]

4.concerned about how much something costs [adjective, p. 3]

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5.designed to optimize power usage and extend battery life [adjective, p. 5]

6.data transmission without the use of conductive or fiber optic cables [adjective, p. 6]

7.person who dislikes or fears new technology [noun, p. 7]

8.filled or covered with scattered or disordered things [adjective/participle, p. 8]

9.fine tuning or adjusting a complex system [noun, p. 11]

10.to be a remarkable example of something negative or positive [phrase, p. 11]

Exercise 26 Create sentences with the words and phrases from the exercise above.

Exercise 27 Read the abstracts from the text. Try to recall the missing words.

1.For s_______ scale and variety, no_______g can compete w___ Android.

2.Apart from that, Android leads in free apps which makes it the natural choice for the b___________.

3.It’s difficult to c_________ the two platforms because there’s no common hardware.

4.Both Android and iOS allow you to see your battery usage at a g_____...

5.They both offer power-s_______ modes that can extend your battery life by limiting power-s_________ features.

6.For a long time, Android had an a_______ in terms __ charging, because many Android phones offered fast-charging capabilities and w______s charging.

7.There is a perception that Android is more complicated than iOS, but there’s no n____ to dive into customization options.

8.…iOS is less cl_________d and more streamlined than most Android phones.

9.… the camera quality of many midrange devices doesn’t come c_____ to the

quality of iPhone cameras.

10.For easy use and best results without t________g, the iOS camera app ta______

the c_____.

Exercise 28 Translate the words and phrases into English.

1.выбрать из двух вариантов (решить, какой выбрать)

2.энергосберегающий режим

3.нет необходимости

4.иметь преимущество

5.огромный масштаб

6.сделать выбор в пользу новейшего устройства

7.свойства, поглощающие энергию

8.ничто не может сравниться с

9.функция быстрой зарядки

10.вывести на новый уровень

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1.4 Speaking

Exercise 29 What platform is better in your opinion? In groups compare the following features of iOS and Android, use the Internet if needed.

•apps

•customizability

•security

•cloud services

•voice assistants

Exercise 30 What smartphone do you use, Android or iOS? Explain, what are your reasons for choosing it. What features are the most important for you? Would you opt for another platform next time?

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Unit 2 “Cybersecurity”

2.1Vocabulary: Computer threats

2.2Grammar: The Gerund (ing-form).

2.3Reading: Cybersecurity practices and technologies.

2.4Speaking: Taking precautions.

2.1 Vocabulary: Computer threats

Exercise 1 Read the dialogue. What types of computer threats are mentioned there?

A:“Have you heard about the recent malware attack on the university?”

B:“Yes, it's a serious threat. Malware can cause significant damage to systems.”

A:“And what about ransomware? It's becoming more prevalent, as far as I know.”

B:“Ransomware encrypts files and demands payment to unlock them. It's a major concern for businesses, I guess. But you are right, incidents like this are becoming widespread and happening regularly.”

A:“Speaking about our university, I thought, that the main risk for it is insider threats. You know, employees with access to systems can intentionally or unintentionally cause harm, for example, lose the credentials of students. “

B:“Hopefully, our employees are qualified enough not to allow that. But credential theft is a serious issue. Attackers can steal passwords and other credentials to compromise accounts. I think, it’s time for me to change my email password.”

A:“Good idea! By the way, using your email, be careful with the phishing emails. It is also a common way for attackers to gain access to sensitive information.”

B:“I don’t usually open suspicious emails, this is one of my good habits.

As for our University, I believe it was not one of those AI attacks. I heard they are becoming more sophisticated.”

A:“I hope so. Anyway, we’re living in dangerous times…”

Answer the questions:

•Have you or your friends faced one of the computer threats? What was it?

•What could be a target for hackers in a university system?

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Exercise 2 Match the words to their definitions.

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1.Security analysts identified cryptojacking as a cyberthreat around 2011, shortly after the introduction of cryptocurrency.

2.Cybersecurity aims to protect computer systems, applications, devices, data, financial assets and people against ransomware and other malware, phishing scams, data theft and other cyberthreats.

3.Often attackers combine DDoS attacks with ransomware attacks, or simply threaten to launch DDoS attacks unless the target pays a ransom.

4.Hackers and cybercriminals create and use malware to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and sensitive data.

5.Phishing is a type of social engineering, a class of “human hacking” tactics that use psychological manipulation to pressure people into taking unwise actions.

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6.Hackers have many techniques for stealing credentials and taking over accounts.

7.The earliest ransomware attacks demanded a ransom in exchange for the encryption key required to unlock the victim’s data.

8.Insider threats can be harder to detect than external threats because they have the signs of authorized activity and are invisible to antivirus software and firewalls.

Exercise 4 Complete the text with the words from the box.

We all live in the digital world, so (1) ________________are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Malware, a type of (2) ____________ software, can compromise our systems and steal sensitive information. (3) ____________, a particularly nasty form of malware, can lock our files and demand payment in exchange for their release. (4) __________ attacks, often look like legitimate emails or messages, but they trick us into revealing our login (5) _____________, leading to credential theft. But threats don't just come from outside – there are also (6) ____________

threats, where employees compromise security of the company. It's highly important to be careful and take proactive measures to protect ourselves from these threats.

Exercise 5 Choose the correct answer.

AAlmost every modern cyberattack/cybersecurity involves some type of malware. These malicious programs can take many forms, ranging from highly damaging and costly ransomware/credentials to simply annoying adware. Hackers constantly develop new types of malwares with new features and functionality.

BThe terms “cryptojacking”/“malware” and “computer virus” are often used as synonyms, but a virus is technically a particular kind of it. Another type of malicious software, cryptojacking/phishing is a malware that takes control of a device and uses it to mine cryptocurrency, like bitcoin, without the owner's knowledge.

CThe most basic insider/ransomware attacks keep assets unusable until the money is paid, but cybercriminals may use additional tactics to increase the pressure on victims. In a double extortion attack, cybercriminals steal data and threaten to leak it if the malware/ransom is not paid. In a triple extortion attack, hackers encrypt the victim's data, steal it, and threaten to take systems offline through a

DDoS/phishing attack.

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Exercise 6 Translate the following words and phrases into English. Use exercise 2.

1.поддельные электронные сообщения

2.перегрузка сервера трафиком

3.красть учётные данные (реквизиты)

4.злоупотреблять доступом к информации

5.кодировать данные пользователя

6.делиться конфиденциальными данными

7.наносить вред компьютерной системе

Exercise 7 Create sentences using the phrases from exercise 6.

Exercise 8 Find boundaries between cyber threats phrases. There are 10 phrases in the box.

p r o t e c t c o m p u t e r s y s t e m s c a u s e s i g n i f i c a n t d a m a g e s t e a l p a s s w o r d s c o m p r o m i s e a c c o u n t s l o c k f i l e s p r e s s u r e p e o p l e t a k e p r o a c t i v e m e a s u r e s t a k e c o n t r o l o f a d e v i c e e n c r y p t t h e v i c t i m ' s d a t a t h r e a t e n t o t a k e s y s t e m s o f f l i n e

2.2 The Gerund (ing-form)

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, объединяющая в себе свойства глагола и существительного. Отличительная особенность герундия – окончание -ing. Герундий образуется от глагола и обозначает некоторый процесс.

I can’t live without playing computer games.

My favorite hobbies are dancing and vlogging.

Чтобы поставить герундий в отрицательную форму, нужно добавить перед ним отрицательную частицу not.

I absolutely enjoy not doing anything this Friday.

The Gerund forms

I don’t mind sleeping all day long.

He avoids being asked by our teacher during the lecture.

I regret having failed my final test.

He denies having been expelled from the University.

The functions of the Gerund

Герундий в предложении может выполнять различные функции ввиду того, что он сочетает в себе признаки и глагола, и существительного.

1. Подлежащее

Если герундий является в предложении подлежащим, на русский язык он переводится как существительное либо инфинитив.

Skiing is a healthy way to spend your holidays.

Learning foreign languages is hard work.

2. Дополнение

Герундий в функции дополнения переводится на русский язык как существительное, инфинитив или глагол в личной форме в составе предложения.

I stopped reading stupid posts on VK.

We are focused on getting the best marks this semester.

3. Часть сказуемого (с глаголом-связкой to be или глаголами to begin, to continue, to go on и т.д.)

В качестве части составного глагольного или именного сказуемого герундий переводится чаще как инфинитив либо существительное.

He started coding yesterday, so hasn’t finished doing it yet.

The best activities for me are snowboarding and singing.

4.Обстоятельство (с предлогами)

Вфункции обстоятельства герундий всегда используется с предлогами и переводится как существительное в родительном падеже, инфинитив, деепричастие или придаточное предложение.

After getting a degree Mary started her career in IT.

You should think twice before buying new expensive devices.

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5. Определение (с предлогами)

На русский язык переводится как существительное в родительном падеже, инфинитив или придаточное предложение.

Index cards method is one of the most effective ways of learning new words.

Verbs + Gerund

Герундий используется после:

• определенных глаголов

I really enjoy buying and reading new books.

Why do you always avoid answering personal questions?

I can’t imagine talking to such a rude person.

Have you ever considered changing your point of view?

• устойчивых выражений с глаголами

Suddenly she burst out laughing.

You know, I don’t feel like going out tonight.

Your laptop definitely needs repairing.

Next weekend she goes canoeing.

My groupmate can’t help sleeping during the lectures.

• после предлогов

Unfortunately, he is too afraid of doing something wrong.

We’re looking forward to seeing you tomorrow.

I’m so tired of waiting.

Professor praised us for being responsible and hard-working.

I’m used to working in a team more than doing it on my own.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Exercise 9 Translate the following sentences, find the Gerund.

1.Cybersecurity refers to any technology, measure or practice for preventing cyberattacks or mitigating their impact.

2.The company implemented advanced surveillance technologies to protect information from being stolen.

3.Phishing attacks are a common cybersecurity threat that can lead to losing important data.

4.The recent information technology trends include a rise in cloud computing adoption, increased network complexity, connected devices and placing sensors in everything from doorbells to cars to assembly lines.

5.The development of new technologies has made remote work possible, which means that you can do your job without necessity of commuting to office.

6.It goes without saying that all these IT trends create tremendous business advantages and human progress.

7.Sometimes even with strong cybersecurity measures in place, you can’t help feeling vulnerable to attacks in today’s digital environment.

8.The employee of the company admitted being responsible for a major data breach.

9.Businesses can’t rely on using outdated security software to protect themselves against cyber threats.

10.After implementing two-factor authentication, the company saw that the number unauthorized access attempts decreased significantly.

Exercise 10 Fill in the gaps with the ing-forms (gerunds) of the verbs from the box.

1._______ personal information online can make you an easy target for cybercriminals.

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