Английский язык. Ч.2. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

Exercise 15 Work in pairs. Talk about you and your groupmates’ preferences using the verbs from the box and the ideas given below. Mind the example.

Example:

(be a student) I like being a student because I found a lot of friends here, at the university.

(work hard) I promise to work hard every year, but sometimes fail to do it.

Exercise 16 Read the text on Machine learning. Find to-infinitives and ing-forms in the text. Translate the text into Russian.

Data analysis involves using statistical and logical techniques to systematically describe, illustrate, summarize, and evaluate data. Data analysis is essential in machine learning to avoid getting negative outcomes. Not analyzing the data can cause various mistakes.

1.It can lead to biased models that support inequality. When we fail to detect anomalies, it can also undermine prediction accuracy.

2.Neglecting data patterns can result in missing the opportunities and reducing model performance.

3.When we don’t manage to analyze the data effectively, it causes inaccurate insights, untrustworthy models, and immoral decision-making.

Thus, we can claim that without proper analysis, models may perform poorly and produce inaccurate predictions. To effectively analyze data in machine learning, it’s important to follow several key steps including the following:

•gaining an understanding of the data’s context, sources, and quality;

•using exploratory data analysis (EDA) to uncover patterns, outliers, and relationships;

•applying visualization techniques to gain insights and identify potential issues;

•using statistical methods and correlation analysis to understand feature relationships;

•paying special attention to bias and fairness;

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Check the sentences by browsing similar phrases in the text below.

Exercise 19 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

1.Usually, algorithms analyze large amounts of data and ______ conclusions on the results.

2.In Machine Learning algorithms ______ what they have learnt to make informed decisions.

3.To pass the Turing Test computer must ______ a human into believing it is also a human.

4.I think it is impossible to _________ who exactly invented machine learning.

5.We have a theory on how to ________ the machine learning process less unpredictable.

6.This machine learning algorithm is able to autonomously _______ the Internet to identify the videos with cats.

7.I am an ambitious person and hope to _________ to data science with my research results someday.

8.I was really surprised to ______ that the history of machine learning starts in 1940s.

Exercise 20 Read the text and complete the chart below.

Exercise 21 Translate the sentences in bold from the text into Russian. Mind toinfinitives and ing-forms.

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The history of machine learning

[1]You would be forgiven for assuming that the history of machine learning, artificial intelligence and smart computers is all very recent.

When we think of these technologies, we tend to imagine using something very contemporary, something that has only been developed in the last decade. But you might be surprised to know that the history of machine learning goes as far back as the 1940s.

[2]It is impossible to pinpoint when machine learning was invented or who invented it - it is a combination of many individuals' work, who contributed with separate inventions, algorithms, or frameworks. But still, we can look back at the key moments in its development.

[3]Machine learning is an application of AI that includes algorithms that analyze data, learn from that data, and then apply what they’ve learned to make informed decisions.

[4]Machine learning fuels all sorts of tasks that span across multiple industries, from data security firms to finance professionals. The AI algorithms are programmed to constantly be learning, and they do this quite well.

[5]Machine learning history starts in 1943 with the first mathematical model of neural networks presented in the scientific paper "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity" by Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch.

[6]Then, in 1949, the book “The Organization of Behavior” by Donald Hebb was published. The book had theories on how behavior relates to neural networks and brain activity. Later it would go on to become one of the basics of machine learning development.

[7]In 1950 Alan Turing created the Turing Test to determine if a computer has real intelligence. To pass the test, a computer must be able to fool a human into believing it is also human.

[8]The first ever computer learning program was written in 1952 by Arthur Samuel. The program was the game of checkers, and the IBM computer improved at the game the more it played. It studied which moves made up winning strategies and incorporated those moves into its program. Then in 1957 Frank Rosenblatt designed the first neural network for computers - the Perceptron - which simulated the thought processes of the human brain.

[9]In 1979 students at Stanford University invent the ‘Stanford Cart’ which could navigate obstacles in a room on its own. And in 1981, Gerald Dejong introduced the concept of Explanation Based Learning (EBL), where a computer analyzes training data and creates a general rule to follow.

[10]In the 1990s work on machine learning shifted from a knowledge-driven approach to a data-driven approach. Scientists began creating programs for

computers to analyze large amounts of data and draw conclusions from the

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results. And in 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue shocked the world by beating the world champion at chess.

[11]Google Brain was developed in 2011 and its deep neural network could learn to discover and categorize objects the way a cat does. The following year, the tech giant’s X Lab developed a machine learning algorithm that is able to autonomously browse videos to identify the videos that contain cats. In 2014 a software algorithm that is able to recognize individuals on photos was developed.

[12]In 2020, while the rest of the world was in the grips of the pandemic, Open AI announced a ground-breaking natural language processing algorithm GPT-3 with a remarkable ability to generate human-like text when given a prompt. Today, GPT-3 is considered one of the largest and most advanced language models in the world, using 175 billion parameters and Microsoft

Azure’s AI supercomputer for training.

[abridged from https://www.lightsondata.com/the-history-of-machine-learning]

Exercise 22 Answer the following questions.

1.Who invented machine learning?

2.How does machine learning relate to AI?

3.What is EBL?

4.What machine first won a chess match with a human world champion? When?

5.Who developed GPT-3?

6.What was first: the first neural network for computers or the Turing Test?

7.What is Donald Hebb’s book about?

8.How many parameters does GPT-3 use for training?

Exercise 23 Find the words in the text which mean:

1.new [adjective, p. 1];

2.to give something as a part of something bigger [verb, p. 2];

3.to extend across something [verb, p. 4];

4.to be connected [phrasal verb, p. 6];

5.a board game for 2 players [noun, p. 8];

6.something that interferes with progress or achievements [noun, p. 9];

7.to be replaced by something [verb, p. 10];

8.big technology or IT company [two words, p. 11];

9.similar to what people can create [adjective, p. 12];

10.introducing new ideas, innovative [adjective, p.12].

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Exercise 24 Create sentences with the words and phrases from the exercise above.

Exercise 25 Read the abstracts from the text. Try to recall the missing words.

1.It is impossible to p________t when machine learning was invented or who invented it…

2.The AI algorithms are programmed to constantly be l__________g, and they do this quite well.

3.Open AI announced a g____________g natural language processing algorithm GPT-3…

4.It studied which moves made up w______g s_______s and incorporated those moves into its program.

5.To pass the test, a computer must be able to f____l a human i___ believing it is also human.

6.… work on machine learning s____d f____ a knowledge-driven approach to a data-driven approach.

7.… GPT-3 with a remarkable ability to generate h_____-like text when given a p_____t.

Exercise 26 Read the paragraphs A-C from the original article that are missing in the abridged version. Where in the text would you put them?

A.Software applications will become more interactive and intelligent thanks to cognitive services driven by machine learning. Features such as visual recognition, speech detection, and speech understanding will be easier to implement. We’re going to see more intelligent applications using cognitive services appear on the market.

B.After that, more than 3,000 AI and Robotics researchers, endorsed by Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak (among many others), signed an open letter warning of the danger of autonomous weapons which select and engage targets without human intervention.

C.An easy example of a machine learning algorithm is a music streaming service like Spotify. To make a decision about which new songs or artists to recommend to you, machine learning algorithms associate your preferences with other listeners who have a similar musical taste. This technique is used in many services that offer automated recommendations.

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Exercise 27 Translate the sentences into English.

1.У меня есть теория по поводу того, как использовать нейросети и получать максимальную пользу.

2.Студенты уже не могут одурачить преподавателя и заставить поверить, что они самостоятельно писали работу.

3.Он подтвердил, что все хорошо обдумал и принял осознанное решение.

4.Эта новаторская система способна осуществлять поиск в сети и находить статьи в электронной библиотеке, которые написаны с помощью ИИ.

5.Каждый год я планирую постоянно изучать что-то новое, и каждый год терплю неудачу в том, чтобы это сделать.

6.Применение машинного обучения охватывает все области деятельности по всему миру.

7.Самые продвинутые технологические гиганты заинтересованы в разработке и обучении более совершенных нейронных сетей.

8.Смещение фокуса с подхода, основанного на знаниях, на подход, основанный на данных, продвинуло машинное обучение далеко вперед.

3.4Speaking

Exercise 28 Read the abstract from an open letter to AI developers. Do you share the concern of the authors? Explain your point of view.

“…we must ask ourselves: Should we let machines flood our information channels with propaganda and untruth? Should we automate away all the jobs, including the fulfilling ones? Should we develop nonhuman minds that might eventually outnumber, outsmart, obsolete and replace us? Should we risk loss of control of our civilization? Such decisions must not be delegated to unelected tech leaders.

Powerful AI systems should be developed only once we are confident that their effects will be positive and their risks will be manageable.”

[from https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/]

Exercise 29 Work in groups. Team A are sure that AI is for the good. Team B represent the point of view of the authors of the letter from above. Discuss the pros and cons of using AI.

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Unit 4 “Programming languages”

4.1Vocabulary: Words for programming

4.2Grammar: Participle I. Participle II.

4.3Reading: Programming languages.

4.4Speaking: improving skills.

4.1 Vocabulary: Words for programming

Exercise 1 Match the words to their English equivalents.

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with the words from exercise 1.

1.Just like in ‘human’ languages, ______ refers to the grammatical rules of a programming language.

2.A _________ is a way to identify and store a piece of data that can change depending on conditions or information passed to your program.

3.__________ are one of the essential building blocks of code, because they enable a program to act differently each time depending on the input.

4.In object-oriented programming (i.e. languages like Java, Python, Ruby),

________ and _________ organize your data.

5.A __________ is a set of instructions. written just once and with one result. It can then be run whenever and wherever needed by ‘calling’ it.

6.A _______ is a piece of code that runs itself repeatedly until a certain condition is reached.

7.A _________ is what translates the code you write into machine code. It also checks that your syntax is correct, and stops code from running if so.

8.An _______ is a type of value that contains a sequence of other values (or objects).

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9.A ________ is an extensive collection of pre-written code for common functions and features.

Exercise 3 Mark the sentences true or false. If it is false, correct the sentence.

1.Your code will compile even if your syntax has errors, like a missing bracket or a wayward semi-colon.

2.The opposite of a variable, i.e. a piece of data that never changes, is a constant.

3.A conditional is an action that takes place in a program only if a specific condition is met.

4.A compiler is a combination of related variables, constants, functions, and data structures that can be collectively accessed and managed.

5.In object-oriented programming, classes and objects are the same concept.

6.When a library is finished running after it’s called, it returns a value (i.e. the result) back to the code that called it.

7.Loops run a piece of code for every value in an array.

8.Arrays are fixed in size and are used to store collections of data.

Exercise 4 Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

1.While learning programming, it is important to understand how to create

_________ to perform repetitive tasks.

2.John struggles with understanding the ______ of the new programming language – he cannot even put the brackets into the correct place.

3.A variable in programming can change its value, whereas a ________ is a value that remains unchanged throughout the program.

4.In programming, an ___________ allows you to store multiple values of the same type, which can be accessed and manipulated using loops.

5.The _______ within the class have their own unique properties and behaviors.

6.Dan is trying to debug the compiler to resolve the syntax_______.

7.We know that a function in ________ performs a specific task and can be called multiple times with different inputs.

8.___________ statements like “if” can be used within functions to execute different blocks of code based on certain conditions.

9.We need access to a comprehensive ________ of programming resources to

help us improve our skills.

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10.Programming requires precise syntax and logic to create functional _______

applications.

Exercise 5 Translate the sentences into English.

1.Не понимаю, почему компилятор не запускается. – Возможно, ты допустил ошибку в синтаксисе.

2.На самом деле библиотеки помогают разработчикам экономить время и повышать эффективность работы.

3.Я очень люблю объектно-ориентированное программирование – с ним всегда легко работать и организовывать данные.

4.Самый простой способ удостовериться, что синтаксис в порядке, – это использовать хороший редактор кода.

5.Массивы данных хорошо использовать для хранения различных типов величин.

4.2Participle I. Participle II.

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, объединяющая в себе свойства глагола и прилагательного. Две основные формы причастия – это причастие настоящего времени – Present Participle (Participle I), и причастие прошедшего времени – Past Participle (Participle II).

The man sitting at the computer is my boss. (Participle I)

The algorithm developed by him is not relevant. (Participle II)

Participle forms

Students trying to become better programmers will surely succeed. The code being written by our team is of great importance for us. The code written by my groupmate should be tested.

Having written the code, he went home.

Having been written perfectly this code will help me become the best student.

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