Английский язык. Ч.2. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

Unit 3 “Machine learning and neural networks”

3.1Vocabulary: Phrasal verb “come”.

3.2Grammar: Infinitive vs. ing-form.

3.3Reading: Machine learning and neural networks.

3.4Speaking: AI ethics.

3.1 Vocabulary: Phrasal verb “come”

Exercise 1 Read and translate the sentences. Find the Russian equivalents for the underlined verbs.

Exercise 2 Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Be creative, but don't forget to come back to earth from time to time.

2.No skills or experience needed – just come along and get involved.

3.Your price can come down even further if you sign a long-term contract for maintenance.

4.Alex is back - I think I heard him come in.

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5.In our office when you work on your project, someone might come up to you and offer to help.

6.As teachers we cannot instruct students to come up with big ideas – all we can is to inspire them and give them more freedom.

7.Actually, this data usually comes from an anonymous source and cannot be verified.

8.While reading this article you may come across some new words and phrases.

9.People come around and start asking about our company products but I’m too

busy to answer to them.

10.Well, you may argue with him on this point, but I think it doesn't have to come to that.

Exercise 3 Read and role-play the dialogue. Translate into Russian (or explain in English) the underlined phrases.

A:“Hey, Raj, have you ever come across a situation where a computer network just stops working for no apparent reason?”

B:“Yes, I have. Sometimes these issues can be quite tricky to diagnose.”

A:“So, how did you come to resolving it?”

B:“Actually, I had to analyze the network data flow and pinpoint where the problem came from.”

A:“And what was the reason?”

B:“It turned out to be a faulty switch causing the disruption.”

A:“Impressive! It must have been challenging to come up with a solution.”

B:“It was a bit of a puzzle, but with some patience and troubleshooting, we managed to fix it in the end.”

A:“That's great to hear! Did everything come back to normal afterward?”

B: “Yes, once the faulty switch was replaced, the network started functioning smoothly again.”

A:“Good job! I wish I knew how to come along with network troubleshooting…”

B:“Just try to stay updated on network technologies and problem-solving techniques, it will help you a lot.”

Answer the questions:

•Have you ever come across a difficult situation with your work/studies?

•How did you manage to handle it?

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Exercise 4 Fill the gaps with the words from the box.

1.Coming _____ good computer network solutions can be quite tricky for beginners.

2.Prices of computer networking equipment have come ______ due to advancements in technology.

3.Disruption in computer networks can come ______ various sources, such as cyber-attacks or hardware malfunctions.

4.While troubleshooting, he often comes _______ various issues and tries to find strategic solutions.

5.Network technologies continue to advance, so new opportunities and challenges come ______ with this process.

6.When it comes ______ setting up the new software in the office, it's always a bit of a puzzle.

7.Come ____, Ben, and explain to me, please, why I constantly get new updates for the software for no apparent reason!

8.Ok, I really need to finish some work now, I’ll come _______ afterwards.

9.If you want to get the computer system in your office function smoothly, we may

think of it. Come __________ my place on Saturday, I’ll try to help you.

10.Ann promised to come _______ us as soon as she pinpoints the exact problem with the network.

Exercise 5 Read the texts, correct the mistakes in phrasal verbs.

A.Computer networks in modern offices are essential for ensuring smooth communication and data sharing among employees. When any technical issues come from, the IT department is ready to help troubleshoot and resolve them. In the fast-paced working environment office staff often comes down new software and tools that can improve productivity and efficiency. Also, employees are encouraged to come in innovative ideas of using the office network for better collaboration and workflow. That’s why it is crucial for the office staff to stay updated on newest technologies regardless of their position in the company.

B.Prices on IT products have come in significantly in recent years due to advancements in manufacturing processes. The technology industry comes back with innovations and inventions that are introduced regularly. Many of the latest technological developments come around companies that specialize in IT research. So, when it comes in making plans for the future, it is highly important

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for businesses to stay informed on the latest research results in IT in order to benefit from tech advancements.

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences into English.

1.Он упал на землю без всякой видимой причины.

2.Почти все оборудование в современном мире производится в Азии.

3.Когда дело доходит до устранения неисправностей, он всегда генерирует отличные идеи.

4.Вчера я случайно наткнулся на полезную статью на тему сетевых технологий.

5.Было довольно сложной задачей вернуться к началу проекта после неудачи.

6.Если ты зайдешь ко мне в гости в пятницу, мы можем попробовать починить твой ноутбук.

7.Входи и присоединяйся к нам, мы пытаемся освоить новую игру.

8.Я собираюсь сходить на семинар по устранению основных проблем с сетью, пойдем со мной?

9.Если бы я знал, как сделать, чтобы устройство работало без сбоев, я бы не подошел к вам.

10.Если ты случайно встречаешь сложную задачу, не упускай шанс научиться новому.

Exercise 7 Make phrases of the words from columns A and B.

Make up 5-10 sentences using the phrases above.

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3.2 Infinitive vs. ing-form

Важно отличать случаи, когда после определённых глаголов необходимо использовать герундий (ing-form), а когда инфинитив. Для этого существуют следующие правила:

1. Мы употребляем герундий (ing-form) после следующих глаголов:

He suggested using neural network for this task.

You can’t help taking this point of view into account.

During my studies I usually avoid making stupid mistakes.

2. Мы употребляем инфинитив после следующих глаголов:

He managed to achieve the desired accuracy and efficiency of the system. Neural networks can learn to make sophisticated predictions.

We plan to use reinforcement learning in our new decision-making application.

3. Мы можем использовать инфинитив и герундий без разницы в значении после глаголов:

We began to design/designing our new app a week ago.

I will continue to optimize/ optimizing the architecture of the network. They started to develop / developing new algorithms.

We intend to buy/buying a new laptop.

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4. Мы можем использовать инфинитив и герундий без существенной разницы в значении после глаголов:

Использование инфинитива (to-infinitive) после данных глаголов показывает на то, что действие произойдет в будущем, либо важно не действие, а его результат; а использование герундия (ing-form) относится к процессу в целом, “”in general”:

I hate using Chat GPT. (in general)

I hate to use Chat GPT, but I have to. (“I’m going to do this”)

5. С разницей в значении используют герундий и инфинитив после глаголов forget, try, go on, stop, mean, need, regret, remember:

1.forget

•I forgot to preprocess the data before training the machine learning model. – забыть сделать какое-либо действие

•I will never forget creating my first software code. – забыть о событии,

которое уже совершилось.

2.go on

•I will definitely go on using neural networks in my work, as it makes my routine easier. – продолжать делать что-либо.

•Professor Edwards finished his presentation and went on to talk about the ethical aspects of neural networks. – переходить к другой деятельности.

3.mean

•Supervised learning means using a ready-made set of data by the person who trains a neural network. – значить.

•I meant to improve the learning model but only made it worse. –

намереваться.

4.need

•The equipment needs adjusting. – иметь необходимость в действии, совершаемом кем-либо другим (пассивное положение).

•I need to repeat this procedure. – иметь необходимость в действии (самому его совершить).

5.regret

•I really regret making that stupid mistake in the algorithm. – сожалеть об уже сделанном.

•I regret to inform you but the meeting has been cancelled. – сожалеть по поводу информации, которую предстоит сообщить.

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6.remember

•Do you remember studying the networks basics? – вспоминать,

помнить.

•Remember to study this new article, we’ll discuss it tomorrow. – не забыть что-либо сделать.

7.stop

•We stopped talking and focused on our experiment. – прекратить что-

либо делать.

•After two hours of processing the data, we stopped to have some rest. –

остановиться, прекратить (для того, чтобы сменить деятельность).

8.try

•We try to mimic the human brain’s capabilities with our new model. –

пытаться что-либо сделать.

•In his career he has already tried programming, accounting, and marketing. – пробовать новые виды деятельности.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Exercise 8 Translate the following sentences into Russian, mind the constructions

“verb+ ing-form” and “verb+to-infinitive”.

1.Deep learning algorithms admit working with subtle patterns in data that traditional methods often miss.

2.In machine learning algorithms always choose to use the best features for prediction, and thus avoid using manual feature selection.

3.Neural networks can learn incredibly complex patterns; but they can’t help being susceptible to biases from their training data.

4.Properly designed regularization techniques in neural networks can prevent overfitting.

5.Neural networks still fail to understand the world in the way that humans do.

6.If we don’t carefully select the data that we use to train neural networks, we risk creating biased algorithms.

7.Nowadays all the experts tend to say that machine learning offers great potential.

8.AI doesn’t actually think – it simply pretends to think by mimicking patterns in data.

9.Data science deals with not only collecting data; it considers using that data to practice critical thinking as well.

10.Supervised learning algorithms can manage to make predictions on new, unseen data.

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Exercise 9 Put the verb into the correct form, to-infinitive or ing-form (gerund).

1.They denied __________ a mistake in machine training data set. (make)

2.The task was quite difficult but I managed __________ through it. (get)

3.I don’t enjoy __________ AI very much. It scares me a little. (use)

4.Does she know about the lecture? No, I forgot ___________ her, sorry. (tell)

5.She helped me a lot with creating the training set. I hope _________ with her again soon. (work)

6.I can’t afford __________ a new laptop. I don’t have enough money. (buy)

7.Has he stopped _________ the algorithm yet? I think it is good enough. (improve)

8.We were unlucky to lose the competition on data science. We deserved

___________, out project was the best. (win)

9.Why do you keep ___________ me questions? Can’t you search for the answer in the Internet? (ask)

10.Professor suddenly stopped ________ me some questions on my course project! I was quite a bit nervous. (ask)

11.Leave me alone! I refuse ___________ more questions. (answer) 12.The assistant admitted __________ the accident in the lab. (cause)

13.He needed our help with his neural network training project, and we promised

_________ what we could. (do)

14.I don’t mind __________ alone but it is easier and more productive to work as a team. (work)

15.It was nice to do this job together. I’ve enjoyed _________ with you. (work)

Exercise 10 Choose the correct answer. Translate the text into Russian.

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning that considers (1) to make/making decisions to keep (2) to maximize/maximizing cumulative rewards in a given situation. Unlike supervised learning, which intends (3) to train/training a network with predefined answers, RL offers (4) to learn/learning through experience. In RL, an agent learns (5) to achieve/achieving a goal in an uncertain, potentially complex environment. RL agent practices (6) to learn/learning optimal behavior through trial and error. It chooses (7) to perform/performing an action within the environment, then fails or manages (8) to receive/receiving a reward, and adjusts its behavior to prevent (9) to get/getting penalties.

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Exercise 11 Continue the following phrases using to-infinitive or ing-form (gerund).

1.There’s no need to continue…because…

2.In terms of studying, I usually prefer …

3.To come close to your ideal lifestyle you should start …

4.I like…It helps me to go through exams successfully.

5.When it comes to learning something, I really hate…

6.In my student’s life I love…

7.I really think I should begin…

Exercise 12 Fill in the gaps with the verbs from the box.

1.Let’s _____ testing the system, it is not ready yet. We need more time.

2.We shouldn’t _____ to estimate the expected reward from this action, otherwise the reward will be far from our predictions.

3.This model of environment helps to predict future states and rewards in machine learning. It is really convenient, so he doesn’t _____using it in his work.

4.When we train the networks for email classification, they ____ to recognize patterns indicating whether an email is spam or not.

5.Modern AI specialists ______ being largely dependent on neural networks.

6.As extremely ambitious people we ______ to drive innovation and influence the direction of technology in the future.

7.Not every company can _____ to train a large neural network as this process demands a lot of computing power.

8.We can’t _____ to understand how neural networks make decisions in important applications because of their “black box” nature.

9.I usually _____ being active in new situations as I get nervous when I have to take responsibility.

10.Our boss wanted to ______ processing numerous tasks at once, to speed up and improve the efficiency of computations.

Exercise 13 Write down 5 things that you remember from your childhood (using the ing-form) and 5 things that you should remember to do this week (using the toinfinitive). Mind the example below.

Example: I remember watching films with my parents on Saturdays. / I remember to buy a new charger for my phone.

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Exercise 14 Complete the sentences with to-infinitive, bare infinitive or ing-form

(gerund). Use the verbs from the box. Roleplay the dialogues.

Dialogue 1.

A:Hey, Mary. You lent me some money a few days ago.

B:Hi, Kris. Did I? Are you sure? I don’t remember (1) _______ you any money.

A:Yes, I’m sure. Here you are. Thank you.

B:Oh, OK. I’m glad I could (2) ______ you.

A:By the way, my sister says that you are planning (3) _______ to the cinema tomorrow. Remember (4) _______ her, she’s waiting for your call.

B:Oh, no, I completely forgot (5) ________ the tickets!

A:What’s happened? You behave weird today.

B:I think I caught a cold. It cannot stop (6) _________ and I really regret not (7)

_________ an umbrella.

A:So, we should (8) __________ you then. Let’s stop (9) __________ and go somewhere to drink hot tea.

Dialogue 2.

A:Mr. Jones, I can’t go on __________ here anymore. I want a different job.

B:Oh, Alice, you know, I hate ______ good employees. So, let’s try _____ this

problem. What’s the matter?

A:Well, I don’t mind _______ hard. But I don’t like ________ this alone. My colleagues do nothing! So, this situation needs __________.

B:Have you tried _______ to them?

A:Yes, a few days ago, when I started ________ on a project, Lisa was scrolling her feed in social media. I asked her _______ down to work but she just went on ________

nothing.

B:I see. Remember ______ Lisa that I want to talk to her. Anything else?

A:Yes, every time our department face a difficult situation, all the people start ______. Nobody wants ________ to me.

B:I understand. So, what are you planning to do then?

A:I don’t know, maybe I’ll try _______, or ______. _______ a book sounds good, too…

B:Dear Alice, I really regret _____ it to you, but … you are an artificial intelligence, you cannot leave!!!

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