Английский язык. Учебное пособие-2

Т.М. Логинова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие

Специальности 030504 Право и организация социального обеспечения

030503 Правоведение

2008

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

UNIT 1

THE MAIN FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

TEXT A. The Main Forms of Business Organization

TEXT B. Corporation

TEXT C. Other Types of Companies

GRAMMAR

UNIT 2

LAWYER

TEXT A. Lawyer

TEXT B. The Need for Law

TEXT C. The Law: Judges And Politics

GRAMMAR

UNIT 3

LAWYERS IN GREAT BRITAIN

TEXT A. Lawyers in Great Britain

TEXT B. Types of Legal Professions

TEXT C. Attorneys in the USA

GRAMMAR…

UNIT 4

TEXTS FOR ADDITIONAL READING

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов средних специальных учебных заведений специальностей 030504 «Право и организация социального обеспечения» и 030503 «Правоведение». Пособие нацелено на развитие практических навыков овладения английским языком в повседневном общении и профессиональной деятельности, повышение общей культуры специалистов, совершенствование умений и навыков чтения юридической литературы и дальнейшее формирование умения вести дискуссии в пределах охватываемой данным пособием тематики.

Учебное пособие состоит из четырех разделов, три из которых включают основной учебный текст (Текст А), словарь, комплекс упражнений, направленных на развитие умения понимать содержание прочитанного материала и на развитие навыков устной речи. Кроме основного учебного текста в каждом разделе предлагается два дополнительных текста (Текст В, который способствует более глубокому изучению темы, и Текст С, содержащий дополнительный материал по изучаемой теме), определенный грамматический материал, лингвострановедческие комментарии. Четвертый раздел состоит из 15 дополнительных текстов, которые можно использовать для аудиторной работы, а также для самостоятельной работы студентов.

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UNIT 1

THE MAIN FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

Text: The Main Forms of Business Organization

Additional texts: Corporation

Other Types of Companies

TEXT A

The Main Forms of Business Organization

Business is the production, the distribution, and the sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller. The main forms of business organization are: individual proprietorship, partnership, public and private companies.

Individual Proprietorship (Sole Trader or Sole Proprietor)

This is the simplest way of starting a business. You are self – employed and fully responsible for all the aspects of the management of your business. In this form of organization the owner is in sole charge of the business and is responsible for its success or failure.

This form of small business has its disadvantages. The single owner is seldom able to invest big capital and has great risk of losing it all because he is personally liable for all debts of his business.

Partnership

Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership. All partners are responsible for the debts of the partnership. Profits and losses are shared between them.

The agreement to form an association of this nature is called a partnership contract and may include general policies, distribution of profits, fiscal responsibilities, and a specific length of time during which the partnership is in effect.

Public and Private Companies

A company is usually formed for the purpose of conducting business that is separate from its owners, the shareholders. The main difference is between public and private companies.

Public companies can sell their shares to the general public. (They usually buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange). A company can hold assets. The members of the company have the profits as dividends.

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Losses are borne by the company. A board of directors is responsible for the management of the company.

Private companies cannot sell their shares to the general public. Private Limited Companies are often local family business and are common in the building, retailing and clothing industries. Shareholders form a private company. They must appoint a director and a company secretary. They have limited liability. If the company goes out of business, the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the amount that they have contributed.

VOCABULARY

1)main – основной

2)production – производство

3)distribution – распределение, товарное обращение

4)sale – продажа, сбыт

5)service – обслуживание, услуги

6)benefit – выгода, польза

7)profit – прибыль

8)proprietorship – собственность

9)partnership – товарищество

10)public – государственный, общественный

11)private – частный

12)sole proprietor – единоличный собственник

13)owner – собственник

14)to be in charge – быть ответственным, заведовать

15)to be responsible for – быть ответственным за

16)success – успех

17)failure – неудача, провал

18)disadvantage – недостаток

19)to be liable – быть ответственным

20)debt – долг

21)loss – убыток

22)shareholder – акционер

23)share – акция

24)general public – широкая публика, общественность

25)to hold – владеть

26)assets – активы, имущество

27)retailing – розничная торговля

28)to appoint – назначать

29)liability – ответственность

30)stock exchange – товарная биржа

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Exercises

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1.What is business?

2.What are the main forms of business organization?

3.What is the simplest way of starting a business?

4.Is Individual Proprietor fully responsible for all the aspects of the management of his business?

5.What disadvantages does Individual Proprietorship have?

6.Who can set up a partnership?

7.All partners are responsible for the debts of the partnership, aren’t

they?

8.What may a partnership contract include?

9.For what purpose is a company usually formed?

10.Can public companies sell their shares to the general public?

11.The members of the company have the profits as dividends, don’t

they?

12.Who is responsible for the management of the company?

13.Are Private Limited Companies often local family business?

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences, using some information from the text.

1.Business is …

2.The main forms of business organization are …

3.The simplest was of starting a business …

4.The owner is in sole charge of the business in …

5.The disadvantages of individual proprietorship are …

6.Partnership is when …

7.Profits and losses are shared between the partners in …

8.A company is usually, formed for the purpose of …

9.Private companies cannot …

10.Public companies can …

11.The members of the company have the profits as dividends in ...

12.Shareholders must appoint …

Ex. 3. Find in the text the English for:

1)производство товаров

2)сбыт товаров

3)для получения прибыли продавцом

4)основные формы организации бизнеса

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5)частная собственность

6)индивидуальный предприниматель

7)партнерство

8)государственные компании

9)частные компании

10)быть ответственным за все аспекты управления бизнесом

11)быть ответственным за успех или неудачу

12)инвестировать большой капитал

13)иметь большой риск потерять капитал

14)дивиденды

15)совет директоров

1) управление компанией

Ex. 4. Agree or disagree. If you disagree, give the right variant.

1.Public company is the simplest way of starting a business.

2.Sole Proprietor is in sole charge of his business.

3.The disadvantage of Individual Proprietorship is that the single owner has great risk of losing his capital.

4.One man can set up a partnership.

5.The agreement to form a partnership is called a partnership contract.

6.A company is usually formed for the purpose of having a rest.

7.Private companies can sell their shares to the general public.

8.The members of the company have the profits as dividends.

9.A board of directors is responsible for the management of the Partnership.

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

Индивидуальный предприниматель вкладывает в дело свой личный капитал. Он лично ответственен за управление бизнесом. Это простейшая и самая дешевая форма организации бизнеса.

Вы и еще один или больше человек согласились начать бизнес вместе и создать товарищество. Вам необходимо составить письменное соглашение, где оговорены следующие пункты: распределение прибыли, ответственность партнеров, срок деятельности товарищества.

Компания – это самый сложный и самый дорогой путь организации бизнеса. Компании выпускают акции. В открытых компаниях акции продают любому человеку, желающему их купить. Акции частных компаний с ограниченной ответственностью не могут быть про-

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даны широкому населению. В случае ликвидации компании ответственность членов компании может быть ограничена внесенным ими капиталом.

TEXT B

Corporation

As business became more competitive, new and more complex corporate combinations appear. Single ownerships and the partnerships have finance weaknesses and that is the reason why the corporation came into existence.

Corporations are easy to create but hard to understand. Because corporations arose as an alternative to partnerships, they can best be understood by comparing these competing organizational structures.

The aim of partnership is that the investors will directly manage their own money, rather than entrusting that task to others. Partners are «mutual agents», meaning that each is able to sign contracts that are binding on all the others. Such an arrangement is unsuited for strangers or those who have suspicions about each other’s honesty or ability to manage business.

In a corporation, by contrast, the aim is that the shareholders will not personally manage their money. Instead, directors and officers manage a corporation. They need not be investors. Because managerial authority is concentrated in the hands of directors, shares are freely transferable. They can be sold or given to anyone.

To differentiate it from a partnership, a corporation is defined as a legal mechanism for creating and operating a business for profit, using capital from investors that is managed on their behalf by directors and officers.

VOCABULARY

1)corporation – корпорация, акционерное общество

2)existence – существование

3)to compete – конкурировать

4)aim – цель

5)to entrust – поручать

6)to sign – подписывать

7)binding – обязательный

8)suspicion – подозрение

9)to transfer – перемещать

10)legal – юридический

11)on behalf – в интересах кого-л.

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Ex. 6. Decide which of the advantages and disadvantages you associate with the following forms of business.

1)a sole proprietor

2)a partnership

3)a Private Limited Company

4)a corporation

Advantages

a)You have total control of your business.

b)This is a good way of sharing losses and profits.

c)You can increase your capital by selling shares.

d)This is the simplest way of starting a business.

e)Directors need not be investors.

f)It is often local family business.

Disadvantages

a)There is a danger that conflicts of partners can ruin your busi ness.

b)It is difficult to start a business.

c)You are seldom able to invest big capital.

d)You have to pay great taxes.

e)You have great risk of losing your business because you are personally liable for all debts of your business.

f)It is difficult for shareholders to control the management of the company.

g)You have unlimited liability.

Ex. 7. Look through the texts once again, and explain. the difference between:

a)Individual Proprietorship and Partnership;

b)public and private companies;

c)partnership and corporation.

TEXT C

Other Types of Companies

1.Associated company, which is a company over which another company has substantial influence; for example it owns between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of its shares.

2.Holding company, a company that owns another company or other companies and which is sometimes referred to as the parent company (most public companies operate through a number of companies controlled by the group’s holding company).

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