Английский язык. Учебное пособие-2

3. Альтернативный вопрос

Was he working or playing?

4. Разделительный вопрос

He was working, wasn’t he?

II. Употребление

Past Progressive употребляется для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в определенный момент в прошлом. Этот момент может быть определен:

1)такими обозначениями времени, как at five o’clock – в пять часов, at noon – в полдень, at that moment – в тот момент:

He was writing his report at five o’clock yesterday.

Он писал свой доклад в пять часов вчера;

2)другим прошедшим действием, выраженным глаголом в Past

Simple:

He was writing his report when I entered the room.

Он писал свой доклад, когда я вошел в комнату; 3) одновременно происходившим с ним действием:

While he was writing his report, I was reading the newspaper.

В то время как он писал свой доклад, я читал газету.

Past Progressive употребляется c такими обозначениями време-

ни, как all day long – весь день, all the time – все время, the whole evening – весь вечер, from five till eight – с пяти до восьми, когда говорящий изображает действие как процесс, а если он констатирует факт совершения действия, то употребляется Past Simple.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.Mr. Jones was burying his wife in the garden one night, when his neighbour saw him.

2.The lawyers were making the laws for people of their country, when the king came into the hall.

3.They were discussing some rules of behaviour all day yesterday.

4.The students were studying the main traditions of law in the world while their friends were preparing for the test.

5.It was raining when I got up.

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6.It wasn’t raining when I left the house.

7.What was Millie doing when the police came?

8.Who were you talking to when I saw you yesterday?

9.Was he making a professional assessment of the situation and its possibilities?

10.Ted was walking along the lane when he heard a shot some-

where.

Ex. 2. Make up sentences, using the Past Progressive Tense.

Ex. 3. Put the following sentences into the interrogative form. Ask 4 types of the questions.

1.He was writing a letter when the lights went out.

2.We were reading an article about the judges in Great Britain when our teacher came into the room.

3.My sister was crossing the street when she saw her friend.

4.They were waiting for Nick at seven yesterday.

5.I was reading a difficult English text at that time.

6.The lawyers were discussing this matter when Sam arrived.

7.Jack was having dinner when the telephone rang.

8.The students were taking their exam at ten in the morning.

9.They were talking about the weather when the rain started.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets, using the Past Progressive Tense or the Past Simple Tense.

1.When we got of the train it (to rain) heavily.

2.The summer that year was cold. It often (to rain).

3.While I (to pack) my things, he (to ring up) for a taxi to take me to the station.

4.When you (to see) him last?

5.Who (to speak) over the telephone at five yesterday? The line (to be) busy for an hour at least.

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6. The whole family (to discuss) this case when I (to come) into the

room.

7.The house was quiet. The lawyers (to make) a contract.

8.Mr. Smith (to meet) his client at eight o’clock yesterday.

b)He will be working. Will he be working? He won’t be working.

(will not)

c)четыре типа вопросов

He will be working.

1.Общий вопрос

Will he be working?

2.Специальные вопросы

What will he be doing? Who will be working?

3.Альтернативный вопрос

Will he be working or playing?

4.Разделительный вопрос

He will be working, won’t he?

II. Употребление

Future Progressive употребляется для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в определенный момент в будущем. Этот момент может быть определен:

1) такими обозначениями времени, как at five o’clock – в пять часов, at noon – в полдень, at that moment – в тот момент:

He will be writing his letter at six o’clock tomorrow.

Он будет писать свое письмо в шесть часов завтра;

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2) другим будущим действием, выраженным глаголом в Present Simple:

He will be writing his letter when I come back.

Он будет писать свое письмо, когда я вернусь; 3) одновременно происходившим с ним действием:

While he is writing his report, I will be reading the newspaper.

В то время как он будет писать свой доклад, я буду читать газету. Future Progressive употребляется c такими обозначениями вре-

мени, как all day long – весь день, all the time – все время, the whole evening – весь вечер, from five till eight – с пяти до восьми, когда говорящий изображает действие как процесс, а если он констатирует факт совершения действия, то употребляется Future Simple.

He will be reading the whole evening. He will read the whole evening.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.Mr. Green will be having a meeting with friend at 11 o’clock to-

morrow.

2.The lawyers will be discussing human liberties at 10 o’clock on

Monday.

3.They will be solving some important problems when I return.

4.We will be studying the principles of equality of the citizens before the law and the court at this time next week.

5.I shall be swimming in the pool at 9 o’clock the day after tomor-

row.

6.While he is taking his exam, I shall be writing my report.

7.The students will be preparing for our examination all day tomor-

row.

8.In June that firm will be carrying on negotiation for the purchase

of wheat.

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences, using the Future Progressive Tense.

Model: I am going to read a book from 10 until 11 o’clock this evening. So at 10.30 I will be reading a book.

1. Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to meet my old friend. So at 3.30 tomorrow …

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2.Pete is going to prepare for his examination from 5 to 9 o’clock this evening. So at 7.15 …

3.Mary is going to sleep from 7.30 to 8.30 this evening. So at 8 o’clock …

4.They are going to study the principles of equality of the citizens from 9 until 12 o’clock tomorrow morning. So at 1 o’clock tomorrow …

5.Mr. Plinth is going to expect me from 8 to 9 o’clock this tomorrow. So at 8.30 …

Ex. 3. Put the following sentences into the interrogative form. Ask 4 types of the questions.

1.He will be having supper when I come back.

2.She will be writing a play during the summer.

3.I shall be translating a difficult text at 11 o’clock tomorrow.

4.They will be discussing the latest news from three till four tomor-

row.

5.The students will be working all day tomorrow.

6.I shall be sleeping if you come after eleven o’clock.

7.The court will be determining punishment at 12 o’clock tomorrow.

8.I will be flying to London this time on Friday.

9.They will be looking for a new job.

10.Mary will be waiting for his call this time on Sunday.

Ex. 4. Complete the following, using the Progressive Tense forms (Present, Past or Future).

Model: Ask the students to come here. (to have classes). They are having classes now.

1.Where is Jane? It’s time to leave. (to have breakfast).

2.What are your plans for tonight? (to take a friend to a concert).

3.Is your statement ready? (to present it to the meeting tomorrow).

4.Where is everybody? (to cover the roses in the garden, to have a hard frost at night).

5.Let’s have dinner at a café tomorrow. But we can’t. The Browns

(to come for dinner).

6.Why didn’t you come at 4 o’clock yesterday? (to wait for you).

7.Don’t make so much noise. (anybody, to sleep?)

8.Why did we see so little of you last month? (to write a report on

law).

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UNIT 3

LAWYERS IN GREAT BRITAIN

Text: Lawyers in Great Britain

Additional texts: Types of Legal Professions

Attorneys in the USA

TEXT A

Lawyers in Great Britain

England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers.

If a person has legal problem, he will go and see a solicitor. Almost every town will have at least one. In fact there are at least 50,000 solicitors in Britain, and the number is increasing.

Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates’ Courts, the lowest Courts. He prepares the case and the evidence. He actually speaks in Court for you.

In a civil action he can speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts. In the County Court the solicitor wears a black gown over his ordinary clothes.

A solicitor also deals with matters outside Court. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, for instance. He writes legal letters for you and carries on legal arguments outside Court. If you want to make a will the best man to advise you is a solicitor.

To qualify as a solicitor, a young man or woman joins a solicitor as a «clerk» and works for him whilst studying part time for the «Law Society» exams. Interesting enough, it is not necessary for you to go to university. When you have passed all the necessary exams, you can «practice», which means you can start business on your own.

Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. They are called in to advise on really difficult points. The barrister is also an expert on advocacy (the art of presenting cases in Court). Indeed, if you desire representation in any Court except the Magistrates’ Court, you must have a barrister, with one or two exceptions.

Barristers are rather remote figures. They all belong to institutions called Inns of Court, which are ancient organizations rather like exclusive

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clubs. In many ways the remoteness they have and the job they do are medieval in conception.

To qualify as a barrister you have to take the examinations of the Bar Council. These are different from solicitors’ examinations. There are over 5,000 barristers in England. A good one earns 30,000 pounds a year. Only barristers can become judges in an English Court.

VOCABULRARY

1)law – закон, право

2)lawyer – юрист

3)legal – юридический

4)legal system – законодательство

5)solicitor – солиситор, адвокат

6)barrister – барристер, адвокат

7)for instance – например

8)petty – незначительный, мягкий, маловатый

9)crime – преступление

10)matrimonial – супружеский

11)matter – дело, вопрос

12)case – судебное дело

13)evidence – улика, свидетельское показание

14)civil – гражданский

15)action – судебный процесс

16)court – суд

17)divorce – развод

18)to recover debts – добиваться возвращения долгов

19)county court – местный суд графства или округа

20)to carry on – вести дело

21)will – завещание

22)to make a will – сделать завещание

23)to advise – советовать, консультировать

24)to earn – зарабатывать

25)judge – судья

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1.Why is England unique in the legal system?

2.What are the two kinds of lawyers in Great Britain?

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3.How many solicitors are there in Britain?

4.Who deals with petty crimes: solicitors or barristers?

5.Who presents cases in the lowest Courts?

6.When can a solicitor speak in the County Court?

7.What does a solicitor wear in the County Court?

8.Do you invite a solicitor or a barrister if you desire representation in any Court except the Magistrates’ Court?

9.What institutions do all barristers belong?

10.What do you have to do to qualify as a barrister?

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences, using some information from the text.

1.There are two kinds of lawyers in Great Britain …

2.There are at least … solicitors in Britain.

3.… deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters.

4.The solicitor prepares … in Magistrates’ Courts.

5.… speaks in the County Court when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts.

6.In the County Court the solicitor wears …

7.… writes legal letters.

8.If you want to make a will the best man to advice you is a …

9.… are experts in the interpretation of the law.

10.… is an expert on advocacy.

11.Barristers belong to institutions called…

12.To quality as a barrister you have to take …

Ex. 3. Find in the text the English for:

1)незначительные преступления;

2)законодательство;

3)сделать завещание;

4)подготовить судебное дело и улики;

5)различные виды юристов;

6)суды низшей инстанции;

7)магистратские суды;

8)суды графств.

Ex. 4. Agree or disagree. If you disagree, give the right variant.

1. There are three kinds of lawyers in Great Britain: solicitors, barristers and judges.

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2.A barrister deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates Courts.

3.A solicitor can speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts.

4.A solicitor writes legal letters for you and carries on legal arguments outside Court.

5.Barristers are different from solicitors.

6.Barristers belong to institutions called Magistrates Courts.

7.Inns of Court are ancient organizations rather like exclusive clubs.

8.To qualify as a barrister you have to take the examinations at col-

lege.

9.Only solicitors can become judges in an English Court.

TEXT B

Types of Legal Professions

Solicitors

There are about 50,000 solicitors, a number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up by far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town where they deal with all the day-today work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc.

Barristers

There are about 5,000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court. The training and career structures for the two types of lawyers are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wings and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings.

Judges

There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges.

Jury

A jury consists of twelve people, who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listens to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decides whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.

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Magistrates

There are about 30,000 magistrates (Justices of the Peace or JPs), who judge cases in the lower courts. They are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.

Coroners

Coroners have medical or legal training (or both), and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths.

Clerks of the court

Clerks look after administrative legal matters in the courtroom.

VOCABULARY

1)to defend – защищать в суде

2)to prosecute – выступать в качестве обвинителя

3)to preside – председательствовать

4)criminal – уголовный

5)defendant – подсудимый, обвиняемый

6)guilty – виновный

7)innocent – невиновный

8)punishment – наказание

9)jury – 12 присяжных, выносящих приговор

10)magistrate – судья-магистрат, мировой судья

11)coroner – коронер, следователь, ведущий дела о насильственной смерти

Ex. 5. Chose the correct definition for each legal profession mentioned in the text.

1)an officer acting as a judge in the lower courts;

2)a public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a law

court;

3)a group of people who swear to give a true decision on issues of in a law court;

4)an official who investigates the cause of any death thought to be violent or unnatural causes;

5)a lawyer who has the right to speak and argue in higher law

courts;

6)a lawyer who prepares legal documents, advises clients on legal problems and speaks for them in lower law courts.

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