Английский язык. Учебное пособие-2

3. Subsidiary company, a company controlled by a holding company, usually because the holding company owns more than 50 per cent of the subsidiary company’s shares.

VOCABULARY associated – объединенный

substantial – значительный, существенный influence – влияние

holding company – компания, владеющая контрольным пакетом

акций

subsidiary company – дочерняя компания

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions.

1.What is associated company?

2.What is holding company?

3.What is subsidiary company?

Ex. 9. Tell about the main forms of business organization.

Лингвострановедческий комментарий

Наиболее распространенным типом компаний в Великобритании являются компании, зарегистрированные в соответствии с Законом о компаниях. Зарегистрированная компания является юридическим лицом и может быть либо открытой компанией с ограниченной ответственностью (Public Limited Company), либо частной компанией (Private Company). По английскому законодательству Public Limited Company – это компания с уставным фондом не менее 50.000 фунтов стерлингов, имеющая право свободно предлагать свои акции и ценные бумаги населения и обязанная публиковать требуемый объем информации о своей деятельности. После названия такой компании ставятся буквы Plc. В нашем законодательстве термину Public Limited Company соответствует термин «Открытое акционерное общество».

Private Limited Company – это частная компания с ограниченной ответственностью, которая по английскому законодательству может включать до 50 акционеров. Ее акции не могут быть предложены и проданы широкому населению. Для таких компаний не установлен минимальный размер акционерного капитала. После их названия ставятся буквы Ltd. В нашем законодательстве термину Private Limited

11

Company соответствует термин «Общество с ограниченной ответственностью закрытого типа».

ВСША компания с ограниченной ответственностью называется корпорация (corporation). После названия корпорации ставятся буквы Inc. Частная компания с ограниченной ответственностью (Private Limited Company) называется Close Corporation (C – Corporation).

ВВеликобритании корпорация – это не акционерная компания,

аместный орган власти. Public Corporation в Великобритании – это организация, управляющая национализированной отраслью промышленности и принадлежащая государству.

b)I have worked He has worked Have I worked? Has he worked?

I haven’t worked He hasn’t worked

(have not) (has not)

c)четыре типа вопросов

I have worked.

1.Общий вопрос

Have I worked?

2.Специальные вопросы

What have I done? Who has worked?

3.Альтернативный вопрос

Have I worked or played?

4.Разделительный вопрос

I have worked, haven’t I?

12

II. Употребление

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося к настоящему моменту, результат которого имеется налицо в настоящем времени. Внимание собеседника обращается на результат, вытекающий из совершенного действия, а не на время его совершения.

I have broken my pencil. – Я сломал свой карандаш. (конкретный результат – карандаш сломан)

III. Present Perfect употребляется cо следующими словами: ever – когда-либо

never – никогда already – уже yet – еще

today – сегодня

this week – на этой неделе this month – в этом месяце this year – в этом году just – только что

lately – за последнее время, недавно recently - недавно

since – с, с тех пор

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.Mr. White has bought the shares of a big company.

2.Shareholders have already appointed a director and a company

secretary.

3.Brown and Son Ltd has signed an important contract this year.

4.A partnership contract has included general policies, distribution of profits and fiscal responsibilities.

5.Have you already learnt the main forms of business organization?

6.The members of the company have had the profits as dividends.

7.They have never set up a partnership because their aims are dif-

ferent.

8.Mr. Smith hasn’t started his business yet.

9.We have designed a new model of small boat this year but we haven’t sold it.

13

10.I have received two reports from my manager since I left our town.

11.Have you had any dividends?

12.I have found a lot of advantages in the business of a sole proprie-

tor.

Ex. 2. Complete the following situation according to the model.

Model: He knows a lot of interesting facts about other countries (he, travel, a lot).

He has travelled a lot.

1.It’s worm (the weather, be fine, all week).

2.Our chief accountant is absent (he, be ill, for a week).

3.We may buy the shares of Pet Products Ltd (the cost of the shares, drop).

4.You look wonderful (I, just, come back, after a good rest).

5.I can’t say anything about my friend’s business (not see, his en-

terprise).

Ex. 3. Put the following sentences into the interrogative form. Ask 4 types of the questions.

1.He has finished his work.

2.I have met him before.

3.They have learnt the main forms of business organization.

4.The manager has shown all profits and losses of the company.

5.The company has a great profit this year.

6.The shareholders have had a long meeting today.

7.A company secretary has just sent them several telegrams.

8.Mr. Caner has already signed this agreement.

9.The company has sold its shares on the stock exchange.

10.You have written a long letter.

11.The owner has invested a big capital lately.

12.My friend and I have set up a partnership this month.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets, using the Present Perfect Tense or the Past Simple Tense.

1. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 2. She (to live) there last year. 3. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 4. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 5. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 6. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 7. The wind (to blow off) the man's hat, and he cannot catch it. 8. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 9. The wind (to change) in the morning. 10. We (to travel)

14

around Europe last year. 11. My friend knows so much because he (to travel) a lot. 12. I (to see) Pete today. 13. She (to see) this film last Sunday. 14. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 15. I just (to meet) our manager. 16. I (not to see) you for a long time. I (to see) you in town two or three days ago, but you (not to see) me.

b)I had worked Had I worked?

I hadn’t worked

(had not)

c)четыре типа вопросов

I had worked.

1.Общий вопрос

Had I worked?

2.Специальные вопросы

What had I done? Who had worked?

3.Альтернативный вопрос

Had I worked or played?

4.Разделительный вопрос

I had worked, hadn’t I?

II. Употребление

Past Perfect употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может быть определен:

1) такими обозначениями времени, как by five o’clock – к пяти часам, by Saturday – к субботе, by the 15th of December – к 15 декабря, by the end of the year – к концу года, by that time – к тому времени.

We had translated the article by five o’clock.

15

Мы уже перевели статью к пяти часам; 2) другим прошедшим действием.

We had shipped the goods when your telegram arrived.

Мы уже отгрузили товар, когда прибыла ваша телеграмма.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.My friend had left the firm by the time I got there.

2.When I got to London, my friend had gone to Paris.

3.I didn’t ring him up before I had finished the work.

4.Had you been to Canada before you went to the International Ex-

hibition?

5.Shareholders had already appointed a director of their company before they knew some facts about him.

6.They had agreed upon the plan before I arrived, so I couldn’t in-

terfere.

7.They hadn’t completed the test when the teacher came.

8.As I hadn’t got an answer, I sent him another letter..

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences, using the Past Perfect Tense.

1.The postman (to deliver) the package before I came.

2.When I got to the station the train (already, to leave).

3.We (to make the arrangements, already) when we learned some

new facts.

4.He (to arrange) everything for the trip by three o’clock yesterday. 5.They told her that they (to buy a big set of product the year before).

6.It was very sorry to hear that he (to leave).

7.We didn’t meet Lucy because she (to go away) the day before.

Ex. 3. Put the following sentences into the interrogative form. Ask 4 types of the questions.

1.Mr. Verne had got a great profit by the end of this year.

2.We had finished our meeting by five o’clock yesterday.

3.The company had signed the contract with new suppliers of raw materials before Mr. Grey offered his services.

4.Shareholders had already appointed a director of their company before Mr. Tanger proposed his brother for election.

5.They had set up a partnership by the 15th of July last year.

16

6.The secretary had sent the letters by six o’clock.

7.He had learnt to speak English by the end of the month.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets, using the Past Perfect Tense or the Past Simple Tense.

1. Tom (to return) from the meeting at five o'clock. 2. Tom (to return) from the meeting by five o'clock. 3. I (to finish) my report yesterday. 4. I (to finish) my report by seven o'clock yesterday. 5. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 6. Ann (to tell) me that she (to speak) to the manager. 7. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 8. When our director (to return) from the meeting, we already (to finish) our work 9. A company secretary (to show) the director the letter which she (to write). 10. A board of directors (to give) the shareholders the dividends which it (to get) from the selling of a new product. 11. Mr. Wage (to understand) that business (not to get) profit. 12. I (to know) that my workers (not yet to come). 13. When I (to wake) up yesterday, my friend already (to go) to work. 14. Mary (to tell) us that she (to buy) the shares of one big company. 15. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).

b) He will have worked Will he have worked?

He won’t have worked (will not)

c) четыре типа вопросов

He will have worked.

1.Общий вопрос

Will he have worked?

2.Специальные вопросы

What will he have done? Who will have worked?

17

3. Альтернативный вопрос

Will he have worked or played?

4. Разделительный вопрос

He will have worked, won’t he?

II. Употребление

Future Perfect употребляется для выражения будущего действия, которое совершится до определенного момента в будущем. Этот момент может быть определен:

1)такими обозначениями времени, как by five o’clock – к пяти часам, by Saturday – к субботе, by the 15th of December – к 15 декабря, by the end of the year – к концу года, by that time – к тому времени.

They will have translated the article by five o’clock.

Они уже переведут статью к пяти часам;

2)другим прошедшим действием.

They will have shipped the goods when your telegram arrives.

Они уже отгрузят товар, когда прибудет ваша телеграмма.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.I shall have finished this work before you return.

2.They will have sent us the documents when we ship the goods.

3.The train will have left by the time we get to the station.

4.Will you have sold all your shares by the end of March?

5.The friends won’t have bought the firm by autumn.

6.By ten they will have gone; come earlier, if you can.

7.Will you have finished your work by the time the film begins?

8.Next Monday he will have been here for exactly five years.

9.We won’t have written the test by the time the teacher comes.

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences, using the Future Perfect Tense.

1.By the time he arrives they (to leave).

2.They (to do) their work by 7 o’clock.

3.John has bought this TV set on credit. He (to pay) all the money by the 21st of August.

18

4.They (to set up) a subsidiary company in Canada by the end of

next year.

5.Mr. Coin (to finish) the building of a new shop when the goods

arrive.

6.What you (to do) by the time I come back?

7.By the end of this year Mr. Faith (to work) for this company for fifty years.

8.By the end of the week she (to drive) 50 miles.

Ex. 3. Put the following sentences into the interrogative form. Ask 4 types of the questions.

1.The secretary will have typed all the letters by the time the boss

comes.

2.I shall have completed my report by the time the manager asks me.

3.They will have spent the money by the end of the week.

4.Mr. Now will have taken some credits before he starts a business.

5.Our funds will have increased by the end of the year.

6.He will have forgotten about it by your birthday .

7.Ann will have bought the tickets by the time you arrive at the sta-

tion.

8.Antony will have opened a new café not far from here by the end of the autumn.

Ex. 4. Choose the right variant.

1. I … to the USA

a)have not been

b)had not been

c)will not have been

2. I came at 2 o’clock. He … the work by that time.

a)has done

b)had done

c)will have done

3. We are trying to raise money for our fund. By the end of the year we … $2,000.

a)have raised

b)had raised

c)will have raised

4.He … in a bank before he came to our office.

a) has worked

19

b)had worked

c)will have worked

5. Tony … the shop by the time I got there.

a)has closed

b)had closed

c)will have closed

6. The students … the test by ten tomorrow morning.

a)have completed

b)had completed

c)will have completed

7. I … just … the shares of this company.

a)have bought

b)had bought

c)will have bought

8. They … the agreement before you return.

a)have made

b)had made

c)will have made

9. We sent him a telegram yesterday as we … any letters from him for a long time.

a)have not received

b)had not received

c)will not have received

20