Английский язык. Учебное пособие-2

Ex. 6. Look through the texts once again, and explain. the difference between:

solicitors and barristers.

Ex. 7. Sum up what the texts has to say on each of the following points:

1)two different kinds of lawyers

2)the main job of a solicitor

3)to qualify as a solicitor you need…

4)the main job of a barrister

5)to qualify as a barrister you have to…

6)types of legal professions

TEXT C

Attorneys in the USA

Today, the number of lawyers in the United States exceeds 675,000. This translates to one lawyer for every 364 people.

Why is a career in law so popular? First of all the salary of experienced lawyer is great.

There are other reasons for the popularity of the legal profession and the unquenchable demand for legal services. Materialism and individualism in American culture encourage dispute. Federalism gives separate legal systems for each state plus the national government. Advertising can now create demand for legal services, too. Finally, the principles of separation of powers and of checks and balances make governing difficult and sometimes impossible. When political institutions act, they often are forced to compromise, deferring critical issues to the courts. Pluralist democracy operates when groups are able to press their interests on, and even challenge, the government. The expression of group demand in a culture that encourages lawsuits thrusts on the courts all manner of disputes and interests.

Ex. 8. Find in the text the English equivalents for the words below:

1)превышать

2)заработная плата

3)опытный юрист

4)система сдержек и противоречий

5)оставить спорные вопросы на рассмотрение суда

6)создать спрос на что-либо

7)юристы в США

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GRAMMAR

The Present Perfect Progressive Tense

(Настоящее совершенное продолженное время)

He

She has been working They have been working It

b)He has been working. Has he been working? He hasn’t been working. (has not been)

c)четыре типа вопросов

He has been working.

1.Общий вопрос

Has he been working?

2.Специальные вопросы

What has he been doing? Who has been working?

3.Альтернативный вопрос

Has he been working or playing?

4.Разделительный вопрос

He has been working, hasn’t he?

II. Употребление

Present Perfect Progressive употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и еще совершается в настоящее время. При употреблении этого времени всегда указан период времени, в течение которого совершается действие. Употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как for an hour – в течение часа, for a month – в течение месяца, for a long time – в течение долгого времени, since yesterday – со вчерашнего дня, since five o’clock – с

пяти часов, а также в вопросах, начинающихся с how long? – Как долго? и since when? – с каких пор?

I have been waiting for my brother for a long time.

Я жду своего брата уже давно.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.The solicitor has been preparing the case and the evidence for a

long time.

2.He has been writing legal letters for his client for a month.

3.She has been waiting to see you since morning.

4.The lawyers have been working on this problem since the beginning of the year.

5.Has he already been writing this letter for two hours?

6.The jury has been listening to the evidence given in court in this criminal case since nine o’clock in the morning.

7.They haven’t been playing the piano for two years.

Ex. 2. Complete the following, using the Present Perfect Progressive Tense.

1.She (to work) in the library for the last five hours.

2.I (not to sleep) for twenty three hours.

3.He (to stay) here for two months.

4.Where you (to sit) all this time?

5.The friends (to walk) in the park since morning.

6.They (to look for) the money since morning.

Ex. 3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the words in brackets according to the model.

Model: They are working here. (since Monday) They have been working here since Monday.

1.She is writing a test. (since twelve o’clock)

2.The solicitor is writing a letters for his client. (for an hour)

3.They are looking for a new house. (the last few months)

4.The students are writing. (since the lecture began)

5.Gerald is checking his notes. (since ten o’clock)

6.The students are translating the text. (for two hours)

Ex. 4. Put the following sentences into the interrogative form. Ask 4 types of the questions.

1.The solicitors have been preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses for a long time.

2.The barrister has been prosecuting in the higher court for a long

time.

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3.You have been talking for almost an hour without stopping.

4.We have been looking for that café for half an hour.

5.I have been buying food here since I came to this town.

6.He has been looking at her for several minutes.

7.Kate has been reading this book for three days.

8.Jack and Tony have been playing chess since they are here.

b) He had been working. Had he been working? He hadn’t been working. (had not been)

c) четыре типа вопросов

He had been working.

1.Общий вопрос

Had he been working?

2.Специальные вопросы

What had he been doing?

Who had been working?

3. Альтернативный вопрос

Had he been working or playing?

4. Разделительный вопрос

He had been working, hadn’t he?

II. Употребление

Past Perfect Progressive употребляется для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, начавшегося ранее другого прошедшего действия, выраженного в Past Simple и еще происходившего в момент его совершения. При употреблении этого времени всегда указан период времени, в течение которого действие уже совершалось. Употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как for two hours – в течение

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двух часов, for three months – в течение трех месяцев, for a long time

– в течение долгого времени:

I had been working for a long time when my brother came.

Я уже долго работал, когда пришел мой брат.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.When I came to work at a court she had already been working there for ten years.

2.He had been living in Volgograd up to 2005 and then he moved to Moscow.

3.After they had been driving for three hours, they stopped for

lunch.

4.It had been raining for two hours when I left home.

5.Tom had been looking through the latest newspapers and magazines for some time and then he sat down to his report.

6.Had they been speaking to the solicitor for a long time when we

returned?

7.My friend hadn’t been sleeping for two nights when I found him.

8.How long had you been waiting before he came?

Ex. 2. Complete the following , using the Past Perfect Progressive Tense.

1.We had arranged to meet in the café. I came and began to wait. I

(to wait) for fifteen minutes when I realized that I had come to the wrong café.

2.Mr. and Mrs. Thompson (to live) for six months in Sussex when their son joined them.

3.How long Tony (to read) when this terrible accident happened?

4.The orchestra (to play) for ten minutes when a man ran into the hall.

5.The teacher asked the students to show the tests they (to write) since the beginning of the lesson.

6.How long they (to wait) for a taxi before it came.

Ex. 3. Put the following sentences into the interrogative form. Ask 4 types of the questions.

1. They had been living in this city for almost three years when their son came back to the USA.

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2.It had been raining for two hours already when we left home.

3.She had been learning English for five years before she could speak fluently.

4.The students had been writing the test for two hours when Tom came into the room.

5.We had been having dinner for five minutes when the door-bell

rang.

6.Jack had been watching an interesting film for half an hour when the TV broke down.

The Future Perfect Progressive Tense (Будущее совершенное продолженное время)

b)He will have been working. Will he have been working?

He won’t have been working. (will not have been)

c)четыре типа вопросов

He will have been working

1. Общий вопрос

Will he have been working?

2.Специальные вопросы

What will he have been doing? Who will have been working?

3.Альтернативный вопрос

Will he have been working or playing?

4. Разделительный вопрос

He will have been working, won’t he?

II. Употребление

Future Perfect Progressive употребляется для выражения длительного будущего действия, которое начнется ранее другого будущего действия (или момента) и будет еще совершаться в момент его

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наступления. При употреблении этого времени всегда указан период времени, в течение которого совершается действие. Употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как for an hour – в течение часа, for a month – в течение месяца, for a long time – в течение долгого време-

ни, since yesterday – со вчерашнего дня, since five o’clock – с пяти ча-

сов, а также в вопросах, начинающихся с how long? – Как долго? и since when? – с каких пор?

I will have been working at this firm for twenty years by the 1st of June, 2008

Он будет работать на фабрике уже двадцать лет к 1 июня 2008

года.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1.By next year we shall have been living in this city for four years.

2.When Ann gets her diploma she will have been studying at the Academy for five years.

3.When Sam gets his driving license he will have been driving his car for three months.

4.Will Pete have been working in this company for 10 years by next year?

5.A young man will have been working for solicitor for some time when he becomes a solicitor himself.

6.How long will she already have been talking about her will by seven o’clock in the evening?

Ex. 2. Complete the following , using the Future Perfect Progressive Tense.

1.He (to write) a report for three hours when you come.

2.He (to learn) English for six years already when he enters this

college.

3.By July she (to live) here for five years.

4.They (to study) for three hours when you come.

5.I (to work) for IPQ for ten years next April.

6.The students (to answer) already for a whole hour by twelve

o’clock.

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UNIT 4

TEXTS FOR ADDITIONAL READING

Text 1

The Forms of Integration

1.A vertical integration characterizes companies that engaged in the different steps in manufacturing or marketing products.

2.A horizontal combination brings under one control companies engaged in the sale of the same or similar products.

3.A complementary combination takes place when companies, selling allied but not competitive products, combine.

4.A conglomerate combination involves firms in widely diverse industries, such as a motor company owning a food manufacturer or book publisher.

5.Of great economic importance are multinational corporations. Such companies maintain extensive business activities and large-scale production facilities throughout the world, and their revenues sometimes exceed the total revenues of some countries in which they operate.

Answer the following questions.

1.What companies does a vertical integration characterize?

2.What combination brings under one control companies engaged in the sale of the same or similar products?

3.What products do companies, combining in a complementary combination sell?

4.What firms does a conglomerate combination involve?

5.What do you know about multinational corporations?

Text 2

The Corporation

The purpose of the corporation is to do business as individual world but with the added ability to assemble and use the capital of several or numerous persons. In consequence, it can undertake tasks beyond the reach of any single person. And it protects those who supply capital by limiting their liability to the amount of original investment, ensuring them a vole on the significant affairs of the enterprise, defining the powers and the responsibilities of directors and officers. Apart from the ability to mobilize capital and to lessen the risk of losing capital for the owners, the corporation is not be-

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