Английский язык. Профессиональное общение специалистов в сфере технологии продовольственных продуктов и потребительских товаров. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 4
THE MANUFACTURE OF FATS AND OILS
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1. а) Произнесите вслед за преподавателем слова, обращая внимание на произношение указанных звуков.
[S] crush, short, shelf, machine, shape, wash [tS] much, which, chill, such, chain, catch
[tSə] mixture, manufacture, moisture, temperature, structure [kw] equal, quite, frequent, squeeze, quick
[T] thin, through, earth, method, thick, depth [D] this, that, other, further, within, otherwise
б) Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на транскрипцию слов.
extraneous [eks’treinjəs], consistency [kən’sistənsi], procedure [prə’si:Gə], cylindrical [si’lindrikəl], hydroxide [‘haidrOksaid], centrifuge [‘sentrifju:G], Fahrenheit [‘fxrənhait], Celsius [‘selsjəs], deodorization [di:,əudərai’zeiSn]
2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания слов и найдите в тексте А предложения с данными словами. Запомните новые для вас слова.
bitter a - горький barrel n - бочка cleaning n - очистка
cold pressing - холодное прессование crush v - давить, размельчать
dehull v - шелушить, лущить (семена)
degumming n - рафинирование (масла) гидратацией (для удаления белковых веществ и слизи)
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dregs n - 1) осадок, отстой; 2) отходы dump v - опрокидывать
entail v - вызывать, навлекать extraneous a - внешний, посторонний facilitate v - облегчать, содействовать ginned seeds - зд. очищенные семена germ n - зародыш, семя
grinding n - помол, размалывание, измельчение grooved roller - рифленый вальцовый станок hammer mill - молотковая дробилка
lint n - линт
oil cake - жмых
percolate v - 1) просачиваться; 2) процеживать, фильтровать precipitate v - осаждаться, выпадать в осадок
remove v - удалять, устранять shelf-life n - срок годности slot n - щель, прорезь
solvent n - растворитель squeeze v - сжимать, выжимать
suitable a - подходящий, соответствующий undergo v - испытывать, подвергаться
winterize v - фракционировать рафинированное масло охлаждением
3. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова, образованные с помощью различных суффиксов, и переведите их.
press - pressing - pressure; separate - separator - separation; add - addition - additional - additionally; collect - collector - collection - collecting; evaporate - evaporator - evaporation; extract - extraction - extracting
4. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их на русский язык.
vegetable oils, to entail minimal processing, undesirable trace elements, to undergo many steps, to remove any trace metal, extraneous material, to separate the germ, stripped seeds, to the proper consistency, from the slots in the barrel, before solvent extraction, to
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attain the maximum yield, to meet the demands, perforated baskets, to remove bitterness, undesired fatty acids, to promote oxidation, to shorten its shelf-life
5. Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на значения выделенных жирным шрифтом интернациональных слов.
any trace metal, mechanized rollers, proper consistency, soybean oil industry, to be removed by centrifuge, pigmented material, salad dressing, this procedure, odor components, the process of deodorization, to promote oxidation, to be bleached by filtering, cylindrical vessel
6. Определите, какие из следующих слов образованы с помощью приставки in-. Переведите слова на русский язык.
increase, ingredients, inaccurate, initial, intend, inactivate, income, informal, inability, inadequate, involve, inactive, incline
ГРАММАТИКА
Герундий (The Gerund)
Герундий - это неличная форма глагола, обладающая одновременно свойствами существительного и глагола. Герундий выражает процесс действия.
Например: increasing - увеличение obtaining - получение heating - нагревание
Характерным признаком герундия является наличие перед ним: 1) предлога, 2) притяжательного местоимения или 3) существительного в притяжательном или общем падеже.
В предложении герундий может быть: 1) подлежащим;
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Smoking is not allowed here. |
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Курение здесь не разрешается. |
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2) |
частью сказуемого; |
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His hobby is driving a car. |
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Его любимое занятие - водить |
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(вождение) машину. |
3) |
дополнением; |
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He likes reading. |
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Он любит читать. |
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4) |
определением; |
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There are different ways of ob- |
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Существуют различные спосо- |
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taining this substance. |
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бы получения этого вещества. |
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5) |
обстоятельством; |
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After receiving good results |
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Получив хорошие результаты, |
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they stopped experiments. |
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они прекратили эксперименты. |
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7. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные функции герундия в предложении.
1.Drying is one of the oldest methods of food preserving.
2.Eggs and vinegar are used in making mayonnaise.
3.Keeping qualities of canned foods can be prolonged.
4.Processing of oil seeds is carried out by pressing, extraction with solvents or a combination of the two.
8. Переведите заголовок текста А. Какую информацию вы ожидаете найти в тексте? Прочитайте текст А и ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1.Почему не все виды масел подходят для холодного прессования?
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2.Какие основные этапы обработки растительного масла вы знаете?
Text A
The manufacture of edible oils
Some vegetable oils, such as olive, peanut, and some coconut and sunflower oils, are cold-pressed. This method, which entails minimal processing, produces a light, flavorful oil suitable for some cooking needs. Most oil sources, however, are not suitable for cold pressing, because it would leave many undesirable trace elements in the oil, causing it to be odiferous, bitter tasting, or dark. These oils undergo many steps beyond mere extraction to produce a bland, clear, and consistent oil.
Cleaning and grinding
Incoming oil seeds are passed over magnets to remove any trace metal before being dehulled, deskinned, or otherwise stripped of all extraneous material. In the case of cotton, the ginned seeds must be stripped of their lint as well as dehulled. In the case of corn, the kernel must undergo milling to separate the germ.
The stripped seeds or nuts are then ground into coarse meal to provide more surface area to be pressed. Mechanized grooved rollers or hammer mills crush the material to the proper consistency. The meal is then heated to facilitate the extraction of the oil. While the procedure allows more oil to be pressed out, more impurities are also pressed out with the oil, and these must be removed before the oil can be deemed edible.
Pressing
The heated meal is then fed continuously into a screw press, which increases the pressure progressively as the meal passes through a slotted barrel. Pressure generally increases from 68,950 to 20, 6850 kilopascals as the oil is squeezed out from the slots in the barrel, where it can be recovered.
Extracting additional oil with solvents
Soybeans are usually not pressed at all before solvent extraction, because they have relatively little oil, but most oil seeds with more oil are pressed and solvent-treated. After the initial oil has been recovered from the screw press, the oil cake remaining in the press is
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processed by solvent extraction to attain the maximum yield. A volatile hydrocarbon (most commonly hexane) dissolves the oil out of the oil cake, which is then recovered by distilling the light solvent out. The Blaw-Knox Rotocell is used to meet the demands of the United States soybean oil industry. In using this machine, flakes of meal are sent through wedge-shaped cells of a cylindrical vessel. The solvent then passes through the matter to be collected at the bottom. Also still in use by a significant number of manufacturers is the Bollman or Hansa-Muhle unit, in which oilseed flakes are placed in perforated baskets that circulate continuously. The solvent percolates through the matter which is periodically dumped and replaced.
Removing solvent traces
Ninety percent of the solvent remaining in the extracted oil simply evaporates, and, as it does, it is collected for reuse. The rest is retrieved with the use of a stripping column. The oil is boiled by steam, and the lighter hexane floats upward. As it condenses, it is collected.
Refining the oil
The oil is next refined to remove color, odor, and bitterness. Refining consists of heating the oil to between 107 and 188 degrees Fahrenheit (40 and 85 degrees Celsius) and mixing an alkaline sub-
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stance such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate with it. Soap forms from the undesired fatty acids and the alkaline additive, and it is usually removed by centrifuge. The oil is further washed to remove traces of soap and then dried.
Oils are also degummed at this time by treating them with water heated to between 188 and 206 degrees Fahrenheit (85 and 95 degrees Celsius), steam, or water with acid. The gums, most of which are phosphatides, precipitate out, and the dregs are removed by centrifuge.
Oil that will be heated (for use in cooking) is then bleached by filtering it through fuller's earth, activated carbon, or activated clays that absorb certain pigmented material from the oil. By contrast, oil that will undergo refrigeration (because it is intended for salad dressing, for example) is winterized - rapidly chilled and filtered to remove waxes. This procedure ensures that the oil will not partially solidify in the refrigerator.
Finally, the oil is deodorized. In this process, steam is passed over hot oil in a vacuum at between 440 and 485 degrees Fahrenheit (225 and 250 degrees Celsius), thus allowing the volatile taste and odor components to distill from the oil. Typically, citric acid at 01 percent is also added to oil after deodorization to inactivate trace metals that might promote oxidation within the oil and hence shorten its shelf-life.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
9. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих английских слов в левой колонке.
1) to produce |
a) увеличивать |
2) to separate |
б) соответствующий |
3) to increase |
в) производить |
4) consistent |
г) подсолнечное масло |
5) impurity |
д) разделять |
6) sunflower oil |
е) иначе |
7) undesirable |
ж) непрерывно |
8) otherwise |
з) примесь |
9) continuously |
и) нежелательный |
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10. а) Найдите среди слов в правой колонке синонимы к словам в левой колонке.
1) flavor |
a) taste, b) odor, c) case |
2) need |
a) ability, b) requirement, c) impurity |
3) to remove |
a) to reuse, b) to attach, c) to get rid of |
4) meal |
a) steam, b) food, c) meat |
5) grinding |
a) separating, b) squeezing, c) milling |
6) to increase |
a) to rise, b) to intend, c) to introduce |
7) yield |
a) press, b) measure, c) output |
8) to refine |
a) to facilitate, b) to purify, c) to inactivate |
9) to filtrate |
a) to percolate, b) to press, c) to clean |
10) proper |
a) bitter, b) correct, c) coarse |
б) Подберите к словам в левой колонке слова с противоположным значением из правой колонки.
1) minimal |
a) matter, b) maximum, c) material |
2) bitter |
a) sweet, b) sour, c) transparent |
3) cold |
a) warm, b) salted, c) hot |
4) wet |
a) dry, b) clear, c) dark |
5) mixing |
a) processing, b) manufacturing, c) separating |
6) desirable |
a) significant, b) undesirable, c) continuous |
7) to activate |
a) to inactivate, b) to remain, c) to refine |
8) partially |
a) approximately, b) entirely, c) relatively |
9) heating |
a) freezing, b) treating, c) cooling |
11.Найдите в тексте А предложения, содержащие причастие. Выпишите их, определите функцию причастий в предложении. Дайте все возможные варианты перевода причастий в этих предложениях.
12.Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия.
1.Oil that will be heated (for use in cooking) is then bleached by filtering.
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2.In using this machine flakes of meal are sent through cells of a cylindrical vessel.
3.The kernel must undergo milling to separate the germ.
4.Cleaning, grinding, pressing and refining are the steps of the manufacture of fats and oils.
5.Because of certain improvements over the natural product such as better keeping and spreading qualities many people today prefer margarine.
6.They kept experimenting with refining of olive oil.
13. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы выражения подлежащего в безличном предложении.
1.It is known that the Celtic people used butter as a food.
2.It is believed that butter was first used as a lubricant.
3.One should remember that fats and oils serve as carriers for the fat-soluble vitamins A and D.
4.It has been shown that oil contains substances of high nutritional value.
5.It has been found that many nutrients contained in milk are essential in human nutrition.
6.One must not forget that there is a limit as to the point fat can be heated.
7.It is expected that the consumption of protein food will increase.
8.It should be stressed that soybean oil is used mostly in shortening, margarine and salad oil.
9.They say fat improves the texture in a bakery product.
14. Прочитайте следующие предложения, найдите в них -ing- формы. Скажите, как они называются и в какой функции употреблены в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Speaking about the future of the food industry it is necessary to note the production of fast food on a larger scale.
2.The process of producing margarine is a long and complex one.
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3.More people are reading labels now, looking for the name of additives they want to avoid.
4.Let’s develop a mechanism for getting the facts about food safety to the public.
5.Great changes in eating habits are being brought by improvements in lifestyles.
6.Refining removes traces of certain nutrients.
7.Safe products have been prepared with radiation processing.
8.While storing food lost its nutritive quality.
9.Food containing a lot of proteins is an important source of them.
15.Найдите в тексте А предложения, в которых подлежащее (дополнение) выражено герундием. Выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.
16.Выразите несогласие со следующими высказываниями. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста, используя предлагаемые разговорные формулы.
It seems to be wrong; I don’t agree with you; I don’t think so; on the contrary; that’s not quite so; as far as I know.
1.All kinds of oils are suitable for cold pressing.
2.Soybeans are always pressed before solvent extraction.
3.Only a little percent of the solvent remaining in the extracted oil evaporates.
4.Oils are degummed by treating them with cold water.
5.An alkaline substance is added to oil after deodorization.
6.The final step in the manufacture of oils is filtering.
17. Закончите предложения, выбрав нужный вариант (a, b или c), учитывая информацию текста А.
1.The method of cold pressing entails minimal processing and produces …
a)a dark and bitter oil;
b)a light, flavorful oil;
c)a tasteless oil.