Английский язык. Профессиональное общение специалистов в сфере технологии продовольственных продуктов и потребительских товаров. Учебное пособие
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to differ (различаться) |
different - различный |
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to suffice (быть достаточным) |
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sufficient - |
to predominate (преобладать) |
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predominant - |
to import (быть важным, иметь значение) |
important - |
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to excel (превосходить, выделяться) |
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excellent - |
4. Прочитайте сочетания слов, которые встречаются в тексте А, и переведите их на русский язык.
on the basis of their iodine value, important distinctions, similar in composition, in appreciable quantities, for edible purpose, high content, soap-making, because of their tropical origin, temperature range, high-priced, protective coating, to be converted by hydrogenation, desirable raw material, low degree of unsaturation
5. Переведите на русский язык сочетания слов, обращая внимание на значения выделенных жирным шрифтом интернациональных слов.
system of classification, broad classes, industrial utilization, tropical trees, molecular weight, basic ingredient, plastic fats, a source of vitamins, group of oils
ГРАММАТИКА
Причастие (The Participle)
Причастие - это неличная форма глагола, имеющая признаки прилагательного и глагола. Существуют причастия дейст-
вительного залога Participle I (build + ing = building) и причастия страдательного залога Participle II (play + ed = played; written). В
предложениях причастия могут быть: 1) определением;
The boiling water changes into |
Кипящая вода превращается в |
steam. |
пар. |
The fibres produced by our |
Волокна, выпускаемые нашим |
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shop are of improved quality. |
цехом, улучшенного качества. |
2) обстоятельством. |
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Studying a foreign language |
Изучая иностранный язык, |
students should learn the words. |
студенты должны учить слова. |
When asked the question, the |
Когда студенту задали этот во- |
students could not answer it at |
прос, он не смог ответить на |
once. |
него сразу. |
6. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастий.
1.Excess calories consumed are stored as fat.
2.Intaken food while moving around the body is converted into energy.
3.A diet containing the right proportions of the main nutrients is called a balanced diet.
4.When digested and absorbed in the body each nutrient performs a particular function.
5.Chocolate made with milk is milk chocolate.
6.Usually using milk and other products of animal origin man develops strong and healthy body.
7.Having clarified numerous details in the picture of milk composition scientists recognized it as the best natural food.
7. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на левое определение, выраженное причастием I и причастием II.
cheese producing plant, milk processing plant, ice-cooked milk, milk-giving animals, a promising method, the growing population, all developed countries, low priced protein, dried products, food preserving chemicals, the desired shape, sun-dried fruit, bad smelling liquid, nice tasting wine, laboratory tested equipment, far reaching conclusion
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8. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на правое определение, выраженное причастием I и причастием II.
methods commonly used, the products obtained, the ingredients involved, the substance concerned, the plan containing many details, the student studying foreign languages, the book left on the table, the news brought by him, help offered by the teacher, the research made in our laboratory, the plant producing machinery
Независимый причастный оборот
(The Absolute Participle Construction)
Независимый причастный оборот имеет собственное подлежащее, выраженное существительным в общем падеже или личным местоимением в форме именительного падежа. На русский язык этот оборот переводится:
1) придаточным обстоятельственным предложением, на-
чинающимся союзами: если; так как; когда; после того как и
др., если оборот предшествует подлежащему со сказуемым, выраженным личной формой глагола;
Some new devices having been |
После того как были получе- |
obtained, the researchers could |
ны новые приборы, исследо- |
make more complex experi- |
ватели смогли делать более |
ments. |
сложные опыты. |
It being late, we decided to stop |
Так как было поздно, мы ре- |
working. |
шили прекратить работу. |
2) самостоятельным предложением бессоюзным или с союзами причем, а, и, но, если причастный оборот стоит в конце предложения.
The installation was automated |
Эта установка была автоматизи- |
last year, its capacity rising |
рована в прошлом году, и ее |
by 25 per cent. |
производительность увеличи- |
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лась на 25 %. |
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9. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота.
1.Most products of animal origin require cooking, milk being an exception.
2.With the new technological processes being applied, the dairy increase the output.
3.There are several methods of removing foreign materials from oils, clarification being most efficient.
4.New technological equipment having been installed, the production of cooking oils began to expand.
5.There is no difference in general composition between the fats and oils, the latter name being given to those fats that are liquid at ordinary temperatures.
10. Прочитайте текст А и скажите, согласно какому принципу классифицируются жиры и масла.
Text A
Classification of fats and oils
It is customary to classify the various fats and oils on the basis of their iodine values into nondrying, semidrying and drying oils. However, this system of classification fails to take into account a number of important distinctions within the three broad classes. From the standpoint of their industrial utilization they are rationally divided into the following main groups.
-The Milk Fats Group - All of the various members of the group are very similar in composition. The principal acids in the milk fats are not different from those in many other fats, consisting of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. They are the only fats, which contain butyric acid in appreciable quantities. These fats are utilized wholly for edible purposes, being barred from other uses by their expensiveness.
-The Lauric Acid Group - They are derived from the seeds of species of palms, such as the coconut, oil palm, babassu, etc. They
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contain smaller amount of saturated acids, but they are distinguished by their high content of lauric acid (40-50 %). They are particularly praised for soap-making and because of their tropical origin they are relatively plentiful and cheap.
-The Vegetable Butter Group - They are obtained from the seeds of various tropical trees. They are somewhat similar to the lauric acid oils in their property of softening and melting over a narrow temperature range. Their distinction is not due to the presence of low molecular weight acids, however, but rather to the particular configuration of their glycerides. The representative fat of this group is cocoa butter. These butters are relatively high-priced and used chiefly in the manufacture of confections and pharmaceutical products.
-The Animal Fat Group - It consists of the body fats of domestic land animal (land, fallow, etc.) These fats are characterized by a high content of C16 and C18 fatty acids and a comparatively low degree of unsaturation. They are important edible fats. However, a considerable part of the total production appears on the market as inedible fats. These are principally used in manufacture of soap, of which they may be considered the basic ingredient.
-The Oleic-Linoleic Acid Group - It is the largest of the various groups and the one within which there is the most variation in the composition and characteristics of the individual oils. The oils of this group are all of vegetable origin. They consist predominantly of unsaturated fatty acids: oleic and linoleic acids. Consequently, most members of the group are liquid except at quite low temperatures. Most of the plants producing oils of this group grow best in a relatively warm climate. The oleic-linoleic acids are the most widely useful and the most adaptable of all the fats and oils. They are not sufficiently unsaturated to have more than weekly drying properties so as they are not used to any extent in paints or other protective coating. However they are excellent edible oils. Since they contain no linoleic or other highly unsaturated acids, they are free of any serious tendency toward flavor reversion. Although normally liquid, they may be converted by hydrogenation to plastic fats of any desired degree of hardness. Thus the same oil may serve equally well for the manufacture of either liquid or plastic edible fats. The most
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important members of the oleic-linoleic acid group include cottonseed, peanut, corn, sunflower, olive and palm oils.
-The Erucic Acid Group - The members of this group, of which only mustard, rapeseed oil are commercially important, are distinguished by a high content of erucic acid. They also contain a small amount of linoleic acid. These oils are produced principally in certain Far Eastern countries where they are used for edible and other purposes.
-The Marine Oil Group - These oils are distinguished by the diversity of their unsaturated fatty acids. The group comprises both fish oils and marine mammal oils, such as whale oil. As a class the marine oils are among the cheapest of all fats and oils. They are used in edible fat product, in soap and in protective coatings, although in none of these fields they are considered as desirable raw material as ordinary vegetable and animal fats. Fish liver oils constitute a special class of oils which are highly valuable as a source of vitamins A and D.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
11. Найдите русские эквиваленты английских слов.
1) utilization |
а) классифицировать |
2) composition |
б) цель |
3) quantity |
в) происхождение |
4) purpose |
г) состав |
5) weight |
д) твердость |
6) origin |
е) употреблять |
7) hardness |
ж) вес |
8) to utilize |
з) соединять |
9) to classify |
и) использование |
10) to combine |
к) количество |
12. а) Найдите среди слов в правой колонке синонимы к словам в левой колонке.
1) various |
a) different, b) numerous, c) usual |
2) number |
a) member, b) amount, c) counter |
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3) important |
a) popular, b) serious c) outstanding |
4) to derive |
a) to occur, b) to decompose, c) to obtain |
5) purpose |
a) demand, b) solution, c) aim |
6) high-priced |
a) precise, b) expensive, c) appreciable |
7) chiefly |
a) therefore, b) thus, c) mainly |
8) production |
a) manufacture, b) product, c) measure |
9) to compose |
a) to produce, b) to comprise, c) put together |
10) common |
a) necessary, b) additional, c) usual |
б) Подберите к словам в левой колонке слова с противоположным значением из правой колонки.
1) broad |
a) wide, b) narrow, c) long |
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2) similar |
a) ordinary, b) difficult, c) different |
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3) edible |
a) inedible, b) evitable, c) eatable |
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4) cheap |
a) cool, b) expensive, c) rich |
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5) melting |
a) softening, b) drying, c) freezing |
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6) domestic |
a) wild, b) single, c) stable |
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7) high |
a) excellent, b) small, c) low |
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8) warm |
a) hot, b) cold, c) transparent |
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9) to increase |
a) to rise, b) to involve, c) to decrease |
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10) to include |
a) to exclude, b) to consist of, c) to give |
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13. Подберите к следующим терминам их определения. |
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1) soap-making |
1. A group of animals having some common |
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characteristics. |
2) ingredient |
2. |
A thin layer or covering. |
3) species |
3. |
Process of producing a substance made of |
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fat or oil, used for washing and cleaning. |
4) tropical plant |
4. |
A sort of tree growing in warm climates |
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with no branches and a mass of large wide |
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leaves at the top. |
5) coating |
5. |
A plant which grows in a tropical climate. |
6) palm |
6. |
One of the parts of a mixture. |
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14. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя следующие слова и сочетания слов.
to be divided into, to be derived from, to be used, to be characterized by, may be converted, to be distinguished by
1.С точки зрения промышленного использования жиры и масла делятся на несколько групп.
2.Масла получают из семян разновидностей пальм, таких как кокосовая, масленичная, бабассу и др.
3.Группа животных жиров в основном используется в производстве мыла, в котором этот жир является главным компонентом.
4.Эти жиры характеризуются высоким содержанием жирных кислот и сравнительно низкой степенью ненасыщенности.
5.Путем гидрогенизации их можно преобразовывать в пластичные жиры с любой желаемой степенью твердости.
6.Эти масла различаются разнообразием ненасыщенных жирных кислот.
15.Найдите в тексте А предложения, в которых употребляются причастия в функции определения и переведите их на русский язык.
16.Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы выражения модальности в английском языке.
1.The same oil may serve equally well for the manufacture of either liquid or plastic edible fats.
2.Because it is a fruit it cannot be stored for any length of time nor can it be dried.
3.The oil must be extracted as soon as possible.
4.Olive oil can be safely stored at room temperature for several months.
5.Since this oil is higher in solid particles it must undergo further refining which lowers its nutritive quality.
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17.Найдите в тексте А и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое употребляется в страдательном залоге.
18.Определите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста А. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.
1.The principle acids in the milk fats are different from those in many other fats.
2.The lauric acid group is particularly praised for edible purposes.
3.The animal fat group consists of the body fats of domestic land animals.
4.The oils of the oleic-linoleic acid group are all of vegetable origin.
5.The marine oils are among the most expensive of all fats and oils.
6.The oils of the erucic acid group are produced principally in Russia.
19. Опираясь на содержание прочитанного текста А, закончите предложения, используя предлагаемые варианты.
a) nondrying, semidrying and drying oils; b) by their expensiveness; c) tropical trees; d) confections and pharmaceutical products; e) cottonseed, peanut, sesame, corn, olive and palm oils
1.It is customary to classify the various fats and oils on the basis of their iodine values into …
2.Milk fats are utilized wholly for edible purpose, being barred from other uses …
3.The vegetable butter group is obtained from the seeds of various …
4.The vegetable butters are relatively high-priced and used chiefly in the manufacture of …
5.The most important members of the oleic-linoleic acid group include …
20. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. How is it customary to classify the various fats and oils?
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2.Into what groups are fats and oils divided from the standpoint of their industrial utilization?
3.Are all members of the milk fats group very similar in composition?
4.What is the distinction of the members of the vegetable butter group?
5.What are the fats of the animal fat group characterized by?
6.What group is the most useful and adaptable of all fats and oils?
7.What members of the erucic acid group are commercially important?
8.Where is the marine oil group used?
21. а) Просмотрите текст и выясните, о каких компонентах оливкового масла идет речь в тексте В.
б) Прочитайте текст В, обращая внимание на информацию, которая поможет вам ответить на следующие вопросы.
1.Почему оливковое масло имеет длительный срок хранения даже при комнатной температуре?
2.Какие сорта оливкового масла можно выделить? Чем они отличаются?
3.Какие компоненты можно выделить в оливковом масле?
Слова для понимания текста В.
to retain - сохранять
monounsaturated acids - мононенасыщенные кислоты to deteriorate - ухудшать
exception - исключение
to extract - экстрагировать, извлекать to impair - ухудшать, портить residue - отходы
husk - шелуха
to decrease - уменьшать precursor - предвестник to identify - определять foreign material - примеси solvent - растворитель