1. Work in pairs. Make a dialog about the future of artistic metalwork. You may discuss the following issues:

Appendix

Tips on Summary Writing

How to write a summary of a text or an article The steps of writing a summary:

1.Scan the article to get the main idea and its structure.

2.Read the article 2-3 times to make sure you understand it. Pick up any terms and unfamiliar words to write them down into your dictionary.

3.Divide the article into logical parts, label each section in the margins and make a plan. Write 1-sentence summary of each part of the text.

4.Begin writing your summary with an overview of the author and the article. Then, explain briefly what the article is about why it is important.

5.Make a summary of each paragraph. Rewrite your 1-sentence summary for each part. Then, summarize the key points of each part of the article:

•key points: cite them literally

•significant points: compress and rephrase them

•minor points: omit them.

6.Write a draft of the summary. Combine all the information.

7.Make a short and balanced conclusion to the whole article.

8.Review the draft and finalize your summary.

Your summary should:

•be longer than 1/3 of the original text

•have reporting verbs (to claim, to discuss, to argue, to point out, to highlight, etc)

•be written in Present Simple or Past Simple

•be written in specific, concrete language.

Your summary should not:

•have specific examples or details such as numbers, statistics, a lot of dates, etc

•express your opinion

•use original sentences

•be wordy.

Watch the video about summarizing texts in English http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=QJdYjNCKCj4. What additional information have you learnt from this video about writing a summary?

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Useful phrases to summarize the text:

Read the article. Do the exercises on reading comprehension. Make a summary of the text.

Development of Metalworking

Metalworking is the process of making decorative or useful objects out of metal. It can create a variety of objects, ranging from jewelry and silverware to large scale structures such as ships or bridges. There is a wide range of metalworking skills, processes, and tools.

The oldest technique of metalworking is hammering. Around 2500 BC, people learned the art of casting, or pouring molten metal into a mold. Then, in the Neolithic Period, metals like copper, silver, and gold were shaped into jewelry, and later in the Bronze Age, there were a number of talented

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artisans who worked on ornaments, silver jewelry, sculptures, and inlays. The Bronze Age was a period when people started making bronze sculptures, and alloy brass was also produced around this time. The next major development in metalworking took place during the Iron Age, when iron was utilized for making a variety of useful tools and structures. The great advancements in metalworking in the modern age made it possible to produce different alloys and to utilize metals for industrial purposes.

In the 12th century, silver was used to be made into finely-crafted jewelry. Silversmiths started organizing guilds as a result of the enormous demand for jewelry. Exquisite silver wares and jewelry were also in great demand in Europe during the 17th and 18 century. Moreover, it was during this period that pre-Columbian America started dealing in wholesale jewelry supply of silver ornaments.

Metalworking includes hammering, drawing, spinning, and casting. Forming is a set of processes by which metal is heated and molded. Hot forging involves the deforming of metal with the help of hydraulic presses and hammer. There are several types of casting, including sand casting, shell casting, investment casting, centrifugal casting, spin casting, and die casting. Few of the decorative processes in metalworking are embossing, chasing, repoussé, enamel work, filigree, inlaying, and gilding.

Let us consider the example of silver processing. The cutting processes transform a metal into a geometric shape, which will eventually be sold as a jewelry item or ornament. Besides, the silver machining involves drilling holes and milling, where a milling machine is usually used for the purpose. Other important processes used include grinding, soldering, broaching, and marking out. Marking out or laying out refers to the transferring of a jewelry design onto a work piece. The final step of making silver jewelry is machining or manufacturing.

Metalworking is a broad term which incorporates industry, science, and metallurgy. It is also an art form and hobby for many people. It is an important practice that has brought many cultures, races, and civilizations together.

I. Are the statements true (T) or false (F)? Correct them if needed.

1.Metal is one of the ancient materials in the human history.

2.The people living about 2500 years ago had some skills of metal processing such as melting metals.

3.The first jewelries appeared in the Bronze Age.

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4.The Iron Age is known for making tools and cultural objects of iron.

5.Production alloyed was a great achievement in the history of metal processing.

6.The main metalworking operations include hammering, drawing, embossing, chasing, etc.

7.The processing of silver undergoes a series of manual and machining operations.

8.Metalworking is applied not only to industry or science but to human leisure activities.

II. Divide the following words into three groups:

Casting, melting, jewelry, hammering, sculpture, inlay, spinning, forming, machining, coins, alloys, silverware, brass

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