Английский язык для профессиональной практики. Учебное пособие

your satisfaction. Read it over and decide what your message will be. Every speech should leave the listener with one provocative thought – but only one. A good speech has a single theme, a clear and consistent point of view that is supported with logically presented facts and information. This gives us the speech structure – a route to follow to a particular destination. We should make sure to tell the audience what the plan is by informing them early in the speech what our message will be. They can then settle back comfortably and wait for our supporting documentation.

Organize the material into three or four points that factually support the message you plan to deliver. You want to present a logical case for your point of view. This is when the information you have painstakingly researched comes into play. Use definitions, quotes, specific examples or other means to explain your position. Order the points from least important to most important – building to a strong climax. Sum up with a restatement of the theme. "Rewriting is the essence of writing," says William Zinsser in his book, On Writing Well: "Professional writers rewrite their sentences repeatedly and then rewrite what they have rewritten...Most people's first drafts can be cut by 50 percent – they are swollen with words and phrases that do no new work whatever." This is where you have to clean up your prose. Only give as much information as is needed to make your point – not one word more. It is difficult to cut out your favorite words or phrases (they sound so good!), but it is always necessary to trim your talk. A good motto is, if in doubt, cut it out. Use active verbs, short words and sentences to get the message across neatly. Your ideas should ring with common sense and sound plausible. Do not write phrases you would not normally say. Avoid clichés and cluttered language. For example, instead of saying, "At the present time, we are experiencing precipitation," say, "It is raining." "Fighting clutter is like fighting weeds," Zinsser says, "the writer is always slightly behind." H. L. Mencken said, "0.8 percent of the human race is capable of writing something that is instantly understandable." Writing helps us think clearly. Revising helps us rethink. We constantly have to ask ourselves, "Am I saying what I want to say?" The answer is often no. It is a struggle to decide which words are best suited for a particular purpose: which ones to include and exclude, and then to arrange them in the best possible form to achieve clarity in the most economical way. Don't try to do it all in one sitting.

Put your work away for a day and then look at it again with a fresh perspective. Edit it again for clarity, simplicity and brevity. It is the successful rewriting and rethinking that molds your writing into the sharpest declaration of your views. All you need to write a speech is something specific you want to say. The challenge is to say it well.

2.Using the information above prepare a plan of your working with presentation:

you can _______________________________________________.

you should_____________________________________________.

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you mustn't____________________________________________.

you have to____________________________________________.

you may_______________________________________________.

COMMUNICATION

1.Translate from Russian into English using phrases and structures given at the Appendix #4

1.Мое сообщение сфокусировано на обзоре новейшей литературы по интересующему нас вопросу. 2. Анализ разных точек зрения, как уже авторитетных в науке, так и свидетельствующих о новых подходах к заявленнойпроблематике, становится частью моей научной работы. 3. Особое значение придается рассмотрению функционированию отмеченных соответствий в новых условиях – я имею в виду глобальный финансовый кризис.4. Данные, полученные в результате статистического обзора, ориентированы на экспертов в этой области. 5. В этой связи значительную важность приобретает проведенное нами исследование, поскольку оно представляет как практические результаты работы, так и их изучение с позиций современного состояния науки. 6. Наше предположение доказывается практическими изысканиями и опросами экспертов. 7. Если быть более точным, требуется новый подход для изучения отмеченной проблемы, поскольку это – веяние времени (demand of time). 8. Именно по этой причине мы не стали ссылаться на ранее опубликованные источники. 9. Итак, я осмелюсь сделать вывод о значимости проводимых нами исследований для дальнейшего изучения интересующей нас проблемы. 10. Предположим, что приведенная таблица и графики до определенной степени подтверждаютсярезультатаминашихизысканийинаходятсяснимивполном соответствии (to be in full agreement). 11. Как указано выше, в отечественной науке цитируемая нами гипотеза пока не нашла должного освещения в специальной литературе. 12. Достаточно упомянуть, что пока не существует ни одного известного нам специального монографического исследования. 13. Вот почему мы сочли необходимым избрать для доказательства настоящей гипотезы именно такую точку зрения, хотя она и до некоторой степени вступаетвпротиворечиесужеустоявшимисявнаукевзглядами.

2.Read some more information. Take it into consideration while preparing for the conference.

A. Feeling nervous is normal. But you can harness that nervous energy to help you do your best work. As one student said, you don't need to get rid of your butterflies. All you need do is make them fly in formation.

To calm your nerves, as you prepare to give an oral presentation:Be prepared. Analyze your audience, organize your thoughts, prepare

visual aids, practice your opener and close, check out the arrangements.Use only the amount of caffeine you normally use. More or less may

make you jumpy.

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Calm your nerves. Instead of saying, "I’m scared," try saying, "My adrenaline is up." Adrenaline sharpens our reflexes and helps us do our best.

Just before your presentation, consciously contract and then relax your muscles, starting with your feet and calves and going up to your shoulders, arms, and hands.

Take several deep breaths. During your presentation.Pause and look at the audience before you begin speaking.Concentrate on communicating well.

Use body energy in strong gestures and movement.Make your purpose as specific as possible.

Weak: The purpose of my presentation is to discuss saving for retirement. Better: The purpose of my presentation is to persuade my audience to put

in 40 IK funds in stocks and bonds, not in money market accounts and CI.

Or The purpose of my presentation is to explain how to calculate how much money someone needs to save in order to maintain a specific lifestyle after retirement.

Planning a Strategy for Your Presentation

Analyze your audience for an oral presentation just as you do for a written message, you'll be speaking to class members, talk to them about your topic or proposal to find out what questions or objections they have. If your audience includes business people, be prepared answer practical questions: Will it work? How much will it cost? How long will it take? Think about the physical conditions in which you'll be speaking. Will the audience be tired at the end of a long day of listening? Sleepy after a big meal? Will the group be large or small? The more you know about your audience, the better you can adapt your message to the audience.

Adapting Your Ideas to the Audience

Measure the message you'd like to send against where your audience is now. If your audience is indifferent, skeptical, or hostile, focus on the part of your message which the audience will find most interesting and easiest to accept. Don't seek a major opinion change in a single oral presentation. Make your ideas relevant to your audience by linking what you have to say to their experiences and interests. Showing your audience that the topic affects them directly is the most effective strategy. When you can't do that, at least, link the topic to everyday life.

Planning a Strong Opening and Close

The beginning and end of a presentation, like the beginning and end of a written document, are positions of emphasis. Use those key positions to interest the audience and emphasize your key point. You'll sound more natural and more effective if you talk from notes but write out your opener and close in advance and memorize them. (They'll be short: just a sentence or two.). The more you can do to personalize your opener for your audience, the better. Mention recent events and people the audience knows.

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3. Retell the text above.

WRITING

1.Study some more phrases to use for connecting different structural (logical) parts of your presentation and write their Russian equivalents. Use these expressions in relation to your research work:

Firstly/in the first place… _______________________

Secondly... ___________________________________

At the next stage... _____________________________

Finally... _____________________________________

To start with… ________________________________

First of all… __________________________________

Secondly… __________________________________

At the next stage… ____________________________

Thirdly… ____________________________________

Finally… ____________________________________

To sum up... __________________________________

In conclusion… _______________________________

Initially ... ____________________________________

The second step is... ____________________________

Furthermore... _________________________________

Thirdly/then/after... _____________________________

Next/subsequently … ___________________________

Finally/ at the final stage he sums up… ________________________

Moreover... ______________________________________________

In sum, the difference/similarity is that... _______________________

Nevertheless/ on the other hand... _____________________________

FINAL TASK

Write your variant of presentation. Choose expressions from the structures given above. You may also use the phrases given at Appendix #

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GRAMMAR REFERENCE

Modal Verbs

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1.Complete the sentences using appropriate form of the modal verb or its equivalent (can/can't/could/couldn't/ to be able to). Translate the sentences.

1.We are in charge of this company. We _________leave our responsibility to others. 2. ___________you get me a glass of water? 3. He

_____________arrive at 10 o'clock because of the flight delay. 4.They

____________finish their project by the end of this month if they are hurry. 5. She didn't want to come with us but we ____________persuade her. 6. I

________smell something burning. 7. There was so quiet! We

___________hear our hearts beating. 8.I'm terribly sorry but I

___________come to the meeting we had arranged on Monday. 9.I

_______believe it! He ________leave our company at this moment! 10. She

__________have given up so easy. 11. They ______________have sold their old house but they didn't want to leave it. 12. You know Mary, she

_________help buying something new.

2.Make sentences and translate them into Russian.

Model: Can he have won the Nobel prize? -Неужели он получил Нобелевскую премию?

3. Complete the sentences using appropriate form of the modal verb or its equivalent (may/may not/might/might not/ to be allowed to). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. __________I ask you some questions? 2. You _________take photos here. 3. It was snowstorm yesterday and children _______________stay at home. 4. Be careful! This dog _______bit you. 5. ___________I borrow your umbrella please? 6. I don't know where Ann is, but she __________be at the office. 7. Tomorrow we ________________visit him at the hospital. 8. After he had finished his homework he _____________watch TV. 9. He ________have taken a taxi and caught the train but he didn't want to waste money. 10. She

____________stay here, if she likes. 11. She ____________have stayed here but she hurried to Moscow. 12. I can't find my bag anywhere. - You

_________have left it in the shop. 13. If he drives, he _______be here any moment. 14. He's finished washing up and he _____________go for a walk. 15. If he finishes washing up he ______________go for a walk.

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4.Complete the sentences using appropriate form of the modal verb or its equivalents (must/mustn't/to have to/ to be to). Translate the sentences.

1.If you don't want to miss the train you _____________ be hurry. 2. You ___________shout here - baby is sleeping. You _____________be quiet.

3.They ________be waiting for you. 4. Yesterday he ____________come to the meeting which we fixed a month ago but he ____________go to the business trip to London. 5. You _____________walk on the grass! 6. There had been a change to the schedule for our flight so we ____________wait for the departure for 2 hours. 7. She ___________be at home at this hour. 8. He

___________have taken a lot of photos while he was in New York. 9. Nick's been talking to our foreign partner for an hour. He _________speak English rather fluently. 10. Look at the window! It ____________be raining. 11 Usually I prefer to stay at the Hilton but last month all the hotels were full and I_____________stay at a hostel. 12. He _______be at that time -he's never late.

5.Complete the sentences using the appropriate modal verb (must/mustn't/needn't):

1.You __________send the letter, I'll call them. 2. We have changed the phone number. I __________send the messages about it to all our partners. 3.

_______I book the tickets? No, you _______. We've already bought them for you.

4.You _________have done all this work alone. Alex _________help you. It's his duty. 5. I'm afraid you are drunk and you ___________ drive. 6. They've hired a typist and we_________type all these letters any more. 7.She ___________smoke, it's harmful for her baby. 8. You are bleeding, you __________go to the doctor. 9. She ___________have cooked such a big dinner. 10. Today you ________go to the booking office, you can book your ticket online.

6.Make and say aloud all possible sentences using the table below, translate the sentences into Russian.

Model: He must be at the office. - Должно быть, он в офисе (я уверен

в этом).

He may be at the office. - Возможно , он в офисе.

He might be at the office. - Может быть, он в офисе (но это маловероятно).

He can't be at the office. - Не может быть, чтобы он был в офисе.

7.Complete the sentences using appropriate form of the modal verb (should/shouldn't):

1.You ___________be more polite with your assistant.

2.You ___________work harder.

3.You ___________work so hard.

4.You ___________give the children sweets before dinner.

5.You ___________use the spell check.

6.You ___________have bought this book. It's too expensive.

7.You ___________have bought this book. You'll need it next term.

8.You ___________leave a message for him. He'll call you back.

MISCLLANEOUS PRACTICE

Complete the sentences using appropriate form of the modal verbs or their equivalents.

1._________we leave the room? Is the lesson over?

2.__________you play tennis? - Yes, I ______. I ____________play tennis when I was six.

3.You ____________swim here. It's forbidden.

4.You ______________swim, the water is very cold.

5.Mickle's caught a cold - He ______________have swam yesterday, the water was too cold.

6.We found this baby bird at the foot of the tree. It ______________have fallen from a nest.

7You ___________have told anyone! - But I only told Nick!

8.______________I ask you a favor? _________you give me your laptop?

9.The train leaves at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning. We_____________catch it if we don't get up very early.

10._______I speak to Ann? She isn't at home. She ____________have gone shopping.

11.We ______________meet her at the entrance of the station at 5 o'clock, but she ________come in time.

12.Susan ____________get up at 6 o'clock on weekdays. On Sunday she

__________get up so early.

13.This is a very difficult problem. I'm afraid we ______________solve it without help.

14.I ________believe it! They've delayed our flight!

15.My friend is ill. I ___________visit him.

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16.It was his birthday yesterday. You ____________have sent him a birthday card.

17.It's 10 o'clock. He __________be still waiting for us! 18.You _________take your umbrella. It _______rain today. 19.He __________work hard to pay for his education.

TEST#1

Complete the sentences using appropriate form of the modal verbs or their equivalents.

1.You ___________smoke in the cinema. a) can b) must c) mustn't d) have to

2.Excuse me, ____________tell me where the nearest taxi rank is?

a) could you b)you have to c)you could d) you can't

3. She ___________wash up every Monday. a) have b)have to c)has to d) don't have to

4.You _____________have bought a car for him. He's too young to drive. a)could b)can c)shouldn't d) are not

5.They _____________go to the theatre, but he __________come. a)have to .... couldn't b)must ....couldn't c)were to....couldn't d)had to .... can

6.Let's go to the zoo on Sunday! - Sorry, I _______go. I __________visit my granny.

a) can't ....can b)mustn't....will be able to c)am not to ....will have to d)won't be able to...will have to

7.Sorry, but you ________enter without a tie.

a) can't b)are not to c)don't have to d)needn't

8.She __________have said the truth. I'm sure - she is never lies. a)must b )may c)might d)can't

9.She __________have said the truth. I'm sure - she is always lies. a)must b)may c)might d)can't

10.She was very offended by your words. You _____________have said them. a)needn't b) may c)must d)don't have to

11.I wonder who took my laptop. - It _________be Julia. She ________give a

talk today.

a)must ....is to b)may....won't be c)might...have to d)can't....have to

12.He _______leave now or he'll be late. a)have to b)has to c)had to d)was to

13.The poem is long. I'm glad that we ____________learn it by heart. a) can't b)mustn't c)may not d)don't have to

14.You ____________use this text in your book without any references. It's plagiarism.

a)don't have to b)needn't c)mustn't d)won't

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15.My friend is ill but he ____________go to the hospital because his mother is a doctor.

a)don't have to b)needn't c)mustn't d)may not

16.You _____________have come earlier. The party is over by now.

a) must b)may c)might d)should

17.Kate wasn't talking to Rick at the party. No doubt, they ________have had an argument.

a) must b)may c)might d)should

18.Kate wasn't talking to Rick at the party. _________ they have had an argument? I don't believe it!

a) must b)may c)might d)can't

19.Tom ____________write a novel! He is so talented and everybody________know about it!

a)should ... must b)can't...mustn't c) may...have to d)must... needn't

20.This novel is so complicated and boring! But I __________read it, because I _________write an essay on it next week.

a) can not...won't be able b)may not ... won't be able c) have to... am to d)needn't ... am to