Английский язык для профессиональной практики. Учебное пособие

C: Sure, I had a really good stay here and I'll tell other people to come here. R: That's good to hear. Thank you again for staying at The Grand

Woodward Hotel.

8. Complete the sentences with words from the list

criticise/ blame/ concern/ disruptive/ dissatisfaction/ harm/ misbehaviour

A growing number of people criticise the airlines and demand better

service.

There are signs that airlines are trying to respond to customer......, for example by providing more legroom and quality in-flight meals.

Cases of passengers ......... are unfortunately all too common on longdistance flights.

Many analysts ..... alcohol for the phenomenon called “ air rage”.

Poor service and frequent delays will inevitably ........ an airline’s reputation.

Cabin and flight crews often have to deal with ........ and dangerous inflight behaviour.

There is increasing ....... that airlines are trying to save money at the expense of customer satisfaction.

At a restaurant Dining at a restaurant alone

9. Read and present the dialogs. Role play them in small groups Waitperson: Hi. How are you doing this afternoon? Customer: Fine, thank you. Can I see a menu, please? Waitperson:: Certainly, here you are.

Customer: Thank you. What's today's special? Waitperson:: Grilled tuna and cheese on rye. Customer: That sounds good. I'll have that.

Waitperson:: Would you like something to drink? Customer: Yes, I'd like a coke.

Waitperson:: Thank you. (returning with the food) Here you are. Enjoy your meal!

Customer: Thank you.

Waitperson:: Can I get you anything else? Customer: No thanks. I'd like the check, please. Waitperson:: That'll be $14.95.

Customer: Here you are. Keep the change! Waitperson: Thank you! Have a good day! Customer: Goodbye.

At a restaurant with partners

Kevin: The spaghetti looks really good.

Alice: It is! I had it the last time I was here.

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Peter: How is the seafood, Alice?

Alice: It's good, but I think the pasta is better. What would you recommend?

Waitperson: I'd recommend the lasagna. It's excellent! Alice: That sounds great. I'll have that.

Waitperson: Fine. Would you like an appetizer? Alice: No, lasagna is more than enough for me! Kevin: I think I'll have the lasagna as well.

Waitperson::\ Right. That's two lasagnas. Would you care for an appetizer?

Kevin: Yes, I'll take the calamari.

Peter: Oh, that sounds good! I can't decide between the chicken marsala and grilled fish.

Waitperson:: The fish is fresh, so I'd recommend that. Peter: Great. I'll have the fish. I'd also like a salad. Waitperson: What would you like to drink?

Kevin: I'll have water. Alice: I'd like a beer.

Peter: I'll take a glass of red wine.

Waitperson: Thank you. I'll get the drinks and the appetizers. Kevin: Thank you

WRITING

How do you prefer to travel? Write an essay on travelling:

What ways of travelling do you prefer? Why? What are advantages and disadvantages of the different way of travelling?

FINAL TASK

Roleplay the situation with your partner, with you as yourself and your partner as a receptionist (hotel/airport) a waitperson at a restaurant, your foreign partner.

UNIT V

ACADEMIC ENGLISH: RESEARCH PAPER

LEAD-IN

What academic journals do you know? Have you ever read any research articles?

Don’t miss the chance to enrich your vocabulary 1. Match the words with the correct definitions

1.Study

2.Investigate

3.Examine

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4.Analyse (Analyze -AmE) 5.Consider

6.Explore

a.to look into closely; investigate; explore the possibilities. b.to study a subject or to consider an idea or plan carefully c.to learn about a problem or subject using scientific methods.

d.to search or examine in particulars, in details, try to get detailed facts and information

e.to think carefully about esp. in order to make a decision;

f.to study something in detail in order to understand or explain it, to find out what it contains; to separate into constituent parts or elements; to subject to mathematical, chemical etc. analysis.

2. Find the Russian equivalents for the following words:

1). describe - to give details about what someone or something is like; to tell or depict in words; give an account of.

2). discuss + issue, matter, topic, subject, plan, problem, question).

Discussions take place; to be in discussion with; to be under discussion

3). outline - to give the main ideas of a plan or a piece of writing without giving all the details. In his speech the Director outlines hid new proposals.

4). obtain - to get something you want or need by going through the process that is difficult. E.g. obtain information, obtain new results, obtain interesting data, obtain education, degree;

5)determine - to calculate something, or to discover it by examining evidence. Technicians were examining the plant to determine why it didn’t distill water.

6)find - to discover (by searching); make formal decision; find out.

7)establish - to discover, prove, or decide that something is true: His brilliant works firmly establish the links between heating and expansion

8)at the concentration (of); at the temperature of; at the pressure of; at the frequency of; at the angle of; under conditions of; under the action of; under some circumstances; under control; in vacuum; in the presence (absence) of; in (with) some approximation; trial-and-error method; hit-or-miss method; design method, technique.

3. Learn the words:

•derive - получать что-то из чего-то

•produce - производить, вырабатывать

•create - произведено что-то новое, оригинальное, ранее неизвестное

•generate - создавать, генерировать, производить, образовывать

•calculate - подсчитывать, вычислять, калькулировать

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•reckon - производить менее сложный процесс подсчета, часто в уме

•estimate - приблизительно подсчитывать, сделать приблизительную

оценку

•evaluate - оценивать что-то в цифрах

•develop - разрабатывать, создавать

•design - проектировать, конструировать;

•construct - строить, сооружать, конструировать, придумывать;

•fabricate - собирать из готовых частей, выделывать, изготовлять.

Research Papers

I. scientific and technical articles and essays are mainly published in journals, magazines and newspapers. They are normally intended to reach a wider audience than research papers.

Thinking about your audience.

How scientific articles are written depends on who the readers are likely to be. A more scholarly, academic or discipline – specific journal will allow specialised vocabulary, while a piece in a more popular magazine, for example, will present and explain the data in an accessible manner for a wider audience. The writer must know what kind of people he or she i swriting for.

The structure of a scientific article.

Articles and essays need to be a seamless whole: paragraph flowing into paragraph, ideas presented smoothly in logical order. Structurally they can be broken down into these three parts:

The introduction

The main body

The conclusion

Articles and essays need to be well thought out and ordered. How the writer introduces the piece, builds on the introduction through the body, and concludes will largely determine how the information is accepted. Step by step, the writer

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must present main ideas, supporting evidence, analyses and conclusions in alogical and organised manner. The writing must not wander, but keep to its task of presenting the writer’s information in the clearest possible way.

Research papers are generally written for scientists working in the same field and therefore have a more limited, and more specialised, readership than articles. Research papers can appear in specialist journals or be presented at conferences.

II.The structure of a research paper.

A research paper has a more closely defined structure than an article or essay. There are normally 8 sections in a research paperor scientific report, and these tend to follow each other in a fixed sequence. Obviously these may vary, depending on the nature of there search done.

1.Title. It must precisely describe the report’s contents 2.Abstract (key words). Abrief overview of the report

3.Introduction. Includes the purpose of the research States. the hypothesis. Gives any necessary background information. Provides a review of pertinent literature.

4.Main body:

1) Methods and materials

Provides a description of material, equipment and methods used in the research

2) Results

States the results of the research. Visual materials are included here. 3)Discussion. Evaluation and interpretation.

4) Conclusion. Conclusions to be drawn from the results. Conclusions about the hypothesis. Implications of the research and results. Additional research proposed

Referencescited/Literature. A list of the references cited. Include references to any works cited in the review of literature in the introduction. Use the documentation style required by your specific field. Exactly the same.

III. A summary

A summary restates the main findings and conclusions of a paper and is written for people who have already read the whole thing.

An abstract is a shorten edversion of the paper written for people who may never read the full version. Since abstracts are often reprinted in abstracting journals separated from the original paper, they need to be self-explanatory. An abstract normally appears at the top of the page in front of the actual paper it outlines. The purpose is to inform readers as concisely as possible what is in the articles so that they can decide whether to read it in detail.

There are two kinds of abstract:

•Descriptive abstract: this provides a kind of ‘contents list’ of what will be in the paper; what the writer will deal with or attempt to prove in the article, rather than a synopsis of the actual results. Since it contains general statements,

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it is more appropriate for longer papers, such as review articles, and can be written be fore the paper itself is drafted.

•Informative abstract: this does not simply describe what will be in the paper, but also gives a summary of the main factual information, such as your methods and materials, results and conclusions. This type of abstract is more suited to papers or reports about original research. It is usually better to write an informative abstract when the writing of the complete paper is finished.

How long should an abstract be? There is no fixed length. It is important to write enough for what the reader needs to know rather than summarising everything in the paper. A typical length is between 100 and 250 words, or between 5% and 10% of the original.

How is an abstract structured? Rather than following the sequence of sections in the paper itself, it is often a good idea in anabstract to put them significant ideas first, whether it be the method, the results, your recommendations, or whatever. In this way, readers who are short of time will at least know your main point even if they only read the first sentence.

What are ‘keywords’? These are the most important words in your paper that are specifically related to your topic. They should be printed at the end of the abstract (or sometimes after the title in the journal’s contents list).

COMMUNICATION

Example abstracts:

Abstract A. An Overview of Rotating Stalland Surge Control for Axial

Flow Compressors.

Modeling and control for axial flow compression systems have received great attention in recent years. The objectives are to suppress rotating stalland surge, to extend the stable operating range of the compressor system, and to enlarged omains of attraction of stable equilibriausing feedback control methods. The success of this research field will significantly improve compressor performance and thus future aeroengine performance. This paper surveys the research literature and summarizes them a jor developments in this active research field, focusing on them odeling and control perspective storotating stall and surge for axial flow compressors.

Keywords: axial flow compressor, rotating stall, surge

GuG., Sparks A.&Banda S. IEEE Transactionson Control Systems Technology Vol 7 No 6 November 1999 p.639-647.

Points to note.

•Purpose. Abstract Aisa descriptive abstract: it tells you what the writers do in the article, but not their actual ideas.

•Structure. ‘A’ begins with anexplanation of there search field, its aim sand the potential out come of the research; it goes on to state the authors’ intention of surveying the research literature and summarising major developments.

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•Language use.

-It uses only present tenses (including present perfect and will future).

-It contains generalised academic phrases, e.g. have received great attention, the objectives are to…, thi spaper surveys…and summarises….,focusing on….

-Both abstracts use extended sentences in order to condense information. In ‘A’ we have The objectives are to…, to…, and to…

Abstract B. CD 46 is a Cellular Receptor for Human Herpesvirus 6.

Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) is the etiologic agen to fexanthumsubitum, causes opportunistic in fections in immunocompromised patients, and has been implicated inmultiples clerosisandin the progression of AIDS. Here, we show that the two major HHV -6 subgroups (AandB) use human CD46 a sacellular receptor. Down regulation of surface CD46 was documented during the course of HHV - 6 infection. Both acutein fection and cell fusion mediated by HHV-6 were specifically inhibited by amonoclonalantibody to CD46; fusion was also blocked by soluble CD46. Non human cells that were resistant to HHV-6 fusion and entry became susceptible upon expression of recombin anthuman CD46. The use of aubiquitousimmunoregulatory receptor opens novel perspectives for understanding the tropismandpathogenicityofHHV-6.

SantoroF.,KennedyP.,LocatelliG.,MaluatiM.,BergerE.,LussoP.CellVol99 No7December23,1999

Points to note.

Purpose. Abstract B is an informative abstract: itcontains details of what was investigated, what the findings were and what might happen in the future.

•Structure.‘B’ first defines HHV-6 and explains its importance; it gives the purpose of there search (we show that…), the method (Down regulation…) and the results; it concludes with a statement of future prospects as a result of the research.

•Language use.

-It uses present tenses for general statements and explanation of what the paper does.

-It uses past tenses to describe the procedure and results of the research.

-It contains a greater density of technical, topic-related terms than the descriptive abstract, together with specific verbs to describe precisely what happen edin there search(inhibited, blocked, etc.).

-Not etheuse of the passive when describing the research.

-It also uses extended sentences in order to condense information. Forexample, the first sentence is Human Herpesvirus 6 is…, causes…, and has been….

Use of English

1. Analyze some examples of the titles. Correct them.

1.Formation of Compounds of Inclusion of Cadmium and Nickel Complexes

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2.Modeling of the Enterprise of Process of Management

3.Study of Creation of Low-Waste Technology of Mixture Solvents Separation

Some Problems of the English State Exam of Graduates of Secondary High Schools of Russia

2. Analyze the following abstracts. Give Russian equivalents to the highlighted phrases.

ABSTRACT 1

The article concerns issue of cloning, and represents basic information about scientific researches and developments in this area. It stresses the main barriers and arguments against human cloning and describes the most common defects, which make cloning an unreliable and unsafe process. The article gives an overview of the first successful experiment of cloning when a lamb, Dolly, was cloned from the mammary cell of an adult ewe, refusing the scientific dogma of impossibility of this process. The more scientists have learnt about the inner workings of the procedure that created Dolly, the more they were amazed she survived at all. Clones are vulnerable throughout the intricate cloning process. The most common defects which can be seen across most of species that have been cloned so far is a condition known as large offspring syndrome, when clones are born larger than normal and the trouble breathing in their first few weeks. The fact that clones have defects serves one of the main arguments that the scientists have made against human cloning, although they understand the importance of it for the medical purposes.

ABSTRACT 2

The article deals with the examination of memory, describes its processes and types of remembering. It studies the course of forgetting, introduces its traditional explanations and techniques of improving memory. It sets out a framework for studying the physiology of memory storage in the brain and suggests some theories of storage mechanisms.The article is intended for a wide range of readers and those, who are interested in psychology.

ABSTRACT 3

The article deals with the problems of high global oil prices and examines the prospects of using alternative energy. It outlines main strategy and projects regarding the investments into large-scale production, usage and exports of biofuels. It highlights main benefits offered by biofuels in comparison with the other sources of energy and stresses the importance of state support in encouragement and promotion of biofuel legislation.The article is intended for a wide range of readers.

3. Change from the active to the passive voice

Были проведены экспериментальные исследования. – Experimental researches were made.

Установлена прямая зависимость между... – Direct relationship was found...

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1.My father waters this flower every morning. 2.John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night. 3.Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen. 4.We should clean our teeth twice a day. 5.Our teachers have explained the English grammar. 6.Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city.7.Tom will visit his parents next month. 8.The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning. 9. Have you finished the above sentences? 10.I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room.

4. Give Russian equivalents.

Инверсия.

Hardly, scarcely, no sooner, strange, seldom... - Strange was his idea to check all the results again.

1. In order to maintain the main characteristics in different environment, the molecules must be subjected to system organization. 2.The molecules must be subjected to system organization in order to maintain the main characteristics in different environment. 3.A wave of strikes followed these events. 4. The court convicted him of murder. 5. Some one stole my wallet. 6. We’ll choose the route tomorrow. 7. Our teacher is explaining a rule. 8. I have received a parcel today. 9. They have cut a cake into twelve parts. 10. He’ll have received the parcel by the end of the day. 11. We sent him for the doctor. 12. Our teachers often refer to this article. 13. They often laughed at him. 14. The manager offered Mr. Dean a new job. 15. They have given the Nobel Prize in Literature to Mario Vargas Llosa.

WRITING

Write an abstract for your research paper using the following keypatterns. (Appendix# )

FINAL TASK

Find some information about different kinds of power and write a research paper on this issue.

UNIT VI

ACADEMIC ENGLISH: PRESENTATION

LEAD-IN

How often do you give presentations at your university? Have you ever given a presentation in English? Was it a success? How do you feel about presenting in a foreign language?

Don’t miss the chance to enrich your vocabulary: 1. Give definitions for the following words:

Microphone Marker Whiteboard

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Flip chart Data projector Screen

OHP Transparency Pointer

Pin board

2. Learn the words and phrases for presentation:

Extremely dangerous Absolutely safe Incredibly cheap Absolutely necessary Surprisingly good Completely useless Highly interesting

3. Use the visuals for your presentations. Do you know how they look

like?

Bar chart, table, technical drawing, flow chart, map, (line) graph, pie chart, organizational chart/organigram

4. These verbs are used to describe movement or trends. Put them in the correct category: upward, downward or other form of movement.

Climb, decline, decrease, double, go down, go up, grow, hit a low, recover, remain stable, rise, stabilize, stay the same, pick up, drop, expand, increase, fall, fluctuate, plunge, reach a high

READING

1. Read the following text. Think the information over. Be ready to say what you agree on and what you disagree.

The Presenting

To write simply is as difficult as to be good

W.Somerset Maugham

The best presentations seem effortless, but a lot of hard work goes into making them appear so simple. To produce a clear and concise piece of writing, you must write, rewrite, edit and polish your work extensively. When you begin to write a speech, it is easiest to choose a subject of personal meaning to you. (Of course, it should have some appeal to the audience, too). Our appreciation of the material we are presenting comes through in an enthusiastic, convincing presentation.

Research your topic thoroughly.

Accumulate all the information you can (much more than you will need), including facts, statistics, quotes, anecdotes, etc. Write the information, down freestyle, in no particular order, until you feel you have covered the topic to

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