Анатомическая терминология в английском языке. Учебное пособие
.pdf2.At early stage of development, an inner layer of cells called endoderm specializes to become the cells of the lining of the digestive organs.
3.Ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image of an organ.
4.Amino acids are used by the cells to build large protein molecules.
5.These definitions are given here for you to refer to as you study.
The Infinitive. Variant 4
A
1.Tonsils act as a filter to protect the body from the invasion of microorganisms.
2.The salivary glands produce a fluid called saliva which contains enzymes to chemically break down starches into sugar.
3.The role of the stomach is to prepare the food chemically and mechanically.
4.The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach.
5.The gastric glands which produce enzymes and hydrochloric acid to digest food are located in the gastric mucosa.
B
1.No research has been undertaken to investigate what the “normal” blood pressure is.
2.This information may be used to help in the prevention of heart
disease.
3.The children picked to take part in research were measured for height and weight.
4.Scientists will try to find out if blood pressure varies with weight, height and sex.
5.If members of your family have had heart disease, you are more likely to develop it.
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The Infinitive. Variant 5
A
1.The stomach secretes gastric juices containing an enzyme needed to convert proteins to smaller substances.
2.The function of the liver is formation of antibodies to fight
disease.
3.Jaundice may occur because of the inability of the liver to remove red cell breakdown products such as bilirubin from the blood.
4.When mucous membrane tissue in the stomach becomes necrosed, the digestive juices and acid from the stomach begin to digest the the dead tissue.
5.Diverticulectomy can be performed to relieve the condition of diverticulitis.
B
1.Scinetists will look to see if there are any links with social class in normal blood pressure range.
2.A woman who smokes is likely to have a heart attack.
3.It is well worth the effort to give up the habit of smoking.
4.Try to limit fat to 30 percent of your daily calories.
5.To reduce the risk of heart disease one should control blood pressure.
The Infinitive. Variant 6
A
1.In hernia a loop of bowel tends to come down during straining, coughing, or lifting of heavy weights.
2.An operation to surgically repair the hernia must be performed.
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3.An operation can be performed to untwist the loop of the intestine and correct the condition.
4.Learn suffixes and use them to build and analyze medical words.
5.Food and oxygen are combined in the cells to produce energy.
B
1.Asthma is believed to run in the family.
2.During attacks of asthma the body becomes weak, unable to stand any kind of exertion.
3.The average male smoker is 22 times as likely to die from lung cancer as is a nonsmoker.
4.Level of education is the best predictor of tobacco use: the more years of schooling people have, the less likely they are to smoke.
5.Some people go on munching all the time and expect the digestive system to do its job round the clock.
The Infinitive. Variant 7
A
1.Nitrogenous waste is more difficult to excrete from the body than carbon dioxide.
2.The major function of the urinary system is to remove urea from the bloodstream.
3.Acids unite with bases to form salts.
4.Antidiuretic hormone stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb
water.
5.In diabetes sugar cannot leave the bloodstream to be used by the cells in the production of energy.
B
1.It takes the digestive organs three to six hours of work to handle the food eaten, depending on the size of the meal.
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2.Some people expect the digestive system to do its job round the
clock.
3.Drug dicyclomine hydrochloride was thought to be implicated in some cot deaths.
4.Nowadays there are measures to save patients with kidney failure.
5.Many people could be saved if doctors were given the facilities to treat them.
The Infinitive. Variant 8
A
1.The important function of the kidneys is to maintain the proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body fluids.
2.Alkaline substances unite with acids to form salts.
3.A phenylketonuria test is done at birth to test for the presence of phenylalanine in the blood.
4.If blood pressure falls in the vessels of the kidney, the kidney is stimulated to produce a substance called rennin.
5.The distal renal tubules merge to form the renal pelvis.
B
1.The main problem is the shortage of nurses to look after dialysis patients.
2.Doctors must be given facilities to treat people with kidney
failure.
3.Family planning campaign was intended to increase the number of couples using effective birth control.
4.Thousands of posters urging families to have fewer but healthier children will be distributed.
5.A promising new way of increasing bone density seems to reverse the effects of spinal osteoporosis.
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The Infinitive. Variant 9
A
1.Sphincters do not permit urine to leave the bladder.
2.Urinalysis is an examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements.
3.Without insulin sugar cannot leave the blood to enter the cells.
4.In kidney diseases water is unable to be reabsorbed by the renal
tubules.
5.In nephrolithiasis treatment consists of relief of pain, medicine to relax the muscles of the tubes so that the stone may pass out.
B
1.The state program is intended to reduce an infant mortality rate.
2.Sodium fluoride is used by dentists to strengthen teeth and in toothpastes to prevent cavities.
3.The treatment has not been shown to work for osteoporosis of the hip or wrist.
4.Elderly women are likely to benefit from hormone replacement
therapy.
5.The new types of drugs appear to control brain seizure.
The Infinitive. Variant 10
A
1.A leak in the glomerular membrane allows albumin to enter the tubules and pass into the urine.
2.In nephrolithiasis treatment includes intake of fluids to increase the urine flow.
3.Be able to use the new combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes to build medical terms.
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4.It usually takes the ovum about five days to pass through the fallopian tube.
5.The corpus luteum in the ovary continues to produce progesterone and estrogen which support the development of the uterine lining.
B
1.Compounds of the new drug are developed specifically to influence biochemical processes in the brain.
2.We certainly will have a lot of new chemical agents to try in the next decade.
3.A new way of anticonvulsant therapy is supposed to be approved.
4.A more convenient and effective way to administer insulin may soon be available to diabetics.
5.Cataract appears to be linked with several preventable causes, such as smoking and heavy drinking.
The Infinitive. Variant 11
A
1.Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates the ovary to continue to produce progesterone and estrogen.
2.Because this lesion may prove to be a precancerous lesion, it is treated with antibiotics.
3.The erosion is removed by electrocauterization, that is burning to remove diseased tissue.
4.It is difficult to distinguish benign from malignant cystic tumors without pathological examination.
5.Surgeons prefer to perform a simple mastectomy, in which the breast, pectoral muscles, and the contents of the axilla are removed.
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B
1.A pilot study set out to consider many possible risk factors.
2.Some factors seem to increase the likelihood of developing
cataract.
3.Hard cataract tends to be dark in color and occurs in older people.
4.Once causes of cataract have been established, it will be possible to provide education on diet, alcohol and tobacco for population.
5.Vision researchers are anxious to learn more about the possible involvement of insulin in the eye in diabetic retinopathy.
The Infinitive. Variant 12
A
1.The general condition of pelvic inflammatory disease is used to refer to salpingitis, but many physicians use it to include other problems, such as cervicitis, endometritis and oophoritis.
2.The organs of the male reproductive system are designed to produce and release billions of spermatozoa throughout the lifetime of a male.
3.Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are methods used to treat metastases of the tumor.
4.External stimuli activate the cell membranes of nerve cells so as to release stored electrical energy within the cells.
5.Dendrites are microscopic branching fibers of a nerve cell which are the first parts to receive the nervous impulse.
B
1.A pilot study set out to examine patients for evidence of risk
factors.
2.Insulin appears to play a major role in diabetic retinopathy.
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3.They will try to determine whether in diabetic rabbits there is altered availability of insulin to the lens.
4.Cancer characteristics are tendency to cause local destruction, to spread by metastasis, to recur after removal, to cause toxemia.
5.In this test, DNA is isolated in a blood sample to identify certain
genes.
The Infinitive. Variant 13
A
1.Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the graafian follicle to ripen and the ova to mature.
2.Estrogen travels back to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes that organ to produce another hormone called luteinizing hormone.
3.In ectopic pregnancy surgery is indicated to remove the fetus and perform a salpingectomy.
4.Epinephrine constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure.
5.Lumbar puncture is insertion of a needle into the lumbar region of the spinal cord to remove cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes.
B
1.A robot has helped doctors remove a brain tumor in what is believed to be the first application of robots in human brain surgery.
2.Attempts to treat hemorrhagic fevers with interferon have not yielded final evidence hitherto.
3.Viral diseases which were long unknown have come to be a serious health problem.
4.The defensins, substances in white blood cells, are thought to be important in the process of destruction of some viruses.
5.The injection of new genes can help impel the immune system to destroy the malignancy.
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The Infinitive. Variant 14
A
1.Epinephrine opens airways to make breathing easier.
2.The sympathetic nerves stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete epinephrine.
3.Much more investigation remains to be done before the method can be introduced on a wide scale for the treatment.
4.The injections of genes are suggested to be made directly into a patient’s tumor.
5.Alpha-hydroxy acids are known to be effective in retexturizing skin damaged by photoaging.
B
1.More than half of student nurses are considered to leave their training due to pressure of work.
2.One of the most important of all medical research problems to be investigated is that of cardiovascular disease.
3.The general practitioner, a doctor to face the epidemic of coronary heart disease, is the key to preventive medicine.
4.Statistical procedures to be used as guidelines for future research will be developed.
5.Research workers examine the origin of family factors to find out what contributes to coronary heart disease.
The Infinitive. Variant 15
A
1.It was too early to give an account of the work of the lab.
2.In rehabilitation clinics patients learn to cope with their recurring symptoms.
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3.The tissue to be used for electron microscopy is selected with a dissecting microscope.
4.The effect of the prostatic enlargement is inability to empty the bladder completely.
5.Human appetite is thought to be regulated by a delicate chemical balance in the brain.
B
1.Knowledge is the key to prevent fast-spreading disease.
2.It is impossible to get AIDS by giving blood.
3.To avoid spreading the virus to family members an individual should take the precautions.
4.Studies of the population have shown rheumatoid arthritis to be common in subtropical region.
5.The compound of a lately obtained drug was too poorly tolerated to be suitable for routine use.
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