Анатомическая терминология в английском языке. Учебное пособие
.pdfIng-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 2
A
1.The cocaine derivatives are useful in controlling abnormal cardiac rhythms.
2.Vasodilators are drugs which relax the muscles of vessel walls, thus increasing the size of blood vessels.
3.Vasodilators are used in treating blood vessel diseases.
4.The pain caused by a lack of adequate blood flow to the heart is relieved by placing nitroglycerin under the tongue.
5.Vasoconstrictors are drugs which narrow the size of the vessel opening.
B
1.Smoking eliminates the natural protection women obtain from the hormone estrogen.
2.The coronary risk from smoking declines rapidly within a few years of stopping.
3.One of the major ailments afflicting mankind is asthma.
4.Asthma is an allergic condition leading to bronchospasms.
5. Oxygen cannot pass through the air passage constricted by swelling and sputum.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 3
A
1.Vasoconstrictors are needed to stop local bleeding.
2.Heparin can be made synthetically for commercial preparations by extracting it from the lungs of animals.
3.Coumadin is effective in retarding the extension of clots already
formed.
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4.Antibodies attempt to neutralize the offending antigens.
5.Histamine causes the characteristic allergic symptoms: itching, hives, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, hay fever.
B
1.Cold water for bathing or drinking may be taboo in asthma.
2.Even taking a rest or sleeping becomes impossible in asthma.
3.Nights are spent sitting in a corner because the attack may come if the patient lies down.
4.The answer lies in strengthening the system.
5.The most disturbing news is that smoking has exacted a heavier toll in death and disease than had previously been thought.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 4
A
1.Antihistamines, by blocking the action of histamine in the body, can relieve the allergic symptoms.
2.Drugs may affect the heart by changing the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat and altering the rhythm of the heartbeat.
3.The effects of the digitalis glycosides are the strengthening of the myocardium and the slowing of the rate of contraction of the heart.
4.Depending on the dose, the response to a barbiturate may range from mild sedation to hypnosis.
5.Tranquilizers are drugs which alter behavior, allowing for control of nervous symptoms such as depression.
B
1.The US has made substantial strides in curtailing cigarette use.
2.Smoking among blacks is higher than average.
3.The more years of schooling people have, the less likely they are to smoke.
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4.Not a few people go on munching all the time and expect the digestive system to do its job round the clock.
5.It takes the digestive organs three to six hours of undisturbed work to handle the food eaten, depending on the size of the meal.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 5
A
1.Anticonvulsant drugs should depress the part of the brain which controls motor activity and not the sensory and cognitive (thinking) parts of the brain.
2.General anesthetics produce loss of sensation throughout the entire body by depressing the central nervous system, producing sleep and unconsciousness.
3.Sedatives are used to quiet and relax the patient without necessarily producing sleep.
4.Most of the narcotic analgesics are addictive and habit-forming.
5.Stimulants produce a temporary feeling of euphoria (well-being).
B
1.When food is not properly digested, it leads to poisoning of the
whole body as the putrefying substance within gets into the blood stream.
2.Removing the waste from the stomach may cure indigestion.
3.Colicky babies, who had cried for nearly five hours every day, only cried for just over three hours after being given the syrup containing the drug.
4.If the kidneys are damaged, the blood will become impure, leading to headaches, nervous weakness, backache, palpitations of the heart, etc.
5.Doctors have claimed success in transplanting a kidney into a
man.
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Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 6
A
1.Adrenergic agents are chemicals which are naturally released from the sympathetic nerve endings.
2.Bethanechol is used in postoperative urinary retention to include the constriction of the urinary bladder, aiding urination.
3.Vasodilators are drugs which relax the muscular wall of blood vessels, causing the vessels to dilate.
4.Cholinergic agent is a drug which duplicates the effect of stimulating parasympathetic nerve fibers.
5.Depressants are drugs which decrease the functioning of an organ or system.
B
1.Oral contraceptives are terrific at preventing pregnancy, but they pose well-established health hazards.
2.Millions of people suffer from osteoporosis, the potentially crippling affliction that thins bones and makes them susceptible to fractures.
3.Researchers announced a promising new way of increasing bone
density.
4.When the drug was tested, it produced severe side effects like stomach bleeding.
5.Researchers gave patients slow-dissolving fluoride pills that released the drug only after leaving the stomach.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 7
A
1. Narcotic is a depressant drug which produces stupor, sleep, or unconsciousness, and is habit-forming.
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2.Sedatives relax and quiet a patient without producing sleep.
3.Vasoconstrictors cause constriction of the muscular wall of blood vessels and narrow their opening.
4.Disorders directly resulting from diagnostic or therapeutic efforts of a physician are known as iatrogenic.
5.In some instances, a patient may display unexpected effects following the administration of a drug.
B
1.Many elderly women have to tolerate a shrinking stature and the pain from spinal nerve root pressure resulting from a collapsing spinal column.
2.The only effective way of controlling osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy.
3.Continuing to take brisk exercise during and after middle age helps prevent osteoporosis progression.
4.We can see an exponential growth in terms of finding chemicals that will work against epilepsy.
5.A more effective way to administer insulin may soon be available to diabetics who depend on daily doses of the lifesaving medication.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 8
A
1.Topical application is used to accelerate the healing of abrasions and against itching.
2.Good skill is needed in administering the intravenous injection, since leakage of drugs into surrounding tissues may result in damage to tissues.
3.When drugs are irritating to the skin or when a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, intramuscular injections are advisable.
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4.The route of administration of a drug is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream.
5.The generic or official name is a short and simple name which is recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose.
B
1.In children the tonsils are very active in fighting any harmful matter introduced from outside.
2.During the work of preventing harmful material getting into the body, the tonsils themselves may be affected.
3.The remedy lies in building up the bodily resistance to diseases.
4.Because of increasing noise pollution, more and more people are finding themselves deaf.
5.Researchers have found that cataract appeared to be linked with smoking and heavy drinking.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 9
A
1.Most drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different name.
2.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold.
3.Cumulation is drug action resulting from the administration of small repeated doses of a drug that are not eliminated from the body quickly enough, so that the drug builds up, or accumulates.
4.A toxicologist is interested in finding proper antidotes to harmful effects of chemicals.
5.Chemotherapy is the subdivision of pharmacology which studies drugs that are capable of destroying microorganisms, parasites, and cells within the body without destroying the body itself.
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B
1.The study identified medical conditions and drugs that seem to increase the likelihood of developing cataract.
2.For the medical profession, there will be information on treatment carrying a risk of effects on the eyesight.
3.Having a close relative with breast cancer increases a woman’s risk of contracting the disease.
4.A virus differs from bacteria in having only one kind of nucleic acid, in lacking the apparatus necessary for energy production, and in not reproducing by binary fission.
5.Ebola fever claimed the lives of 52 percent of the people contracting the disease in Sudan.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 10
A
1.The basic principle in the use of radionuclides for disease therapy is that radionuclides are capable of suppressing or destroying the activity of diseases tissue.
2.Radionuclides signal their presence in organs and tissues by emitting radioactive energy.
3.The procedure of mapping the distribution of a radioactive substance in the human body is called scanning.
4.Tagging (labeling) refers to the combining of a radionuclide with the compound under investigation so that the latter can be studied.
5.Electrons are found circulating in orbits, or clouds, of energy surrounding the central nucleus core of the atom.
B
1.This discovery may improve understanding of the body’s means of resisting infection.
2.The use of DNA as a drug is a radical new approach to battling cancer and other disorders.
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3.Alpha-hydroxy acids are known to be effective in retexturizing skin damaged by photoaging.
4.Needle biopsy involves plunging a needle through the skin into the cancerous tissue or organ to obtain a sample for biopsy.
5.Rupture may be associated with massive hemorrhage, with death occurring almost invariably.
Ing-forms [Participle I; Gerund; Verbal Noun]. Variant 11
A
1.The thorax is a very mobile region, the heart and lungs being in rhythmic pulsation.
2.Rheumatoid arthritis can be defined as a chronic polyarthritis affecting mainly the more peripheral joints.
3.Taking nitroglycerin gives relief for a short time.
4.The conflicting results might have resulted from the use of different enzymic methods.
5.Both blood and lymph protect the body by carrying disease- fighting cells (phagocytes).
B
1.Blood-clotting cells (platelets) contribute in the important coagulation (clotting) function of blood.
2.Plasmapheresis is the process of separating out the plasma from the formed elements of the blood.
3.Hemophilia, excessive bleeding, is caused by a congenital lack of a substance necessary for blood clotting.
4.All forms of leukemia are treated with chemical therapy, using drugs which prevent cell division and selectively injure rapidly dividing cells.
5.By serving as a channel for the flow of substance from tissue spaces to the bloodstream, lymph has an important function in the body.
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APPENDIX B. INFINITIVE
The Infinitive. Variant 1
A
1.There are some objectives to keep in mind as you study medical terminology.
2.Your goal is to learn the tools of word analysis.
3.We will learn to divide words into basic elements.
4.In the case to be discussed the patient’s autopsy findings indicate that lymphosarcoma may be the cause of extreme rigors.
5.The patient was found to have massive retroperitoneal adenopathy.
B
1.The patient began to have marked fatigue and malaise.
2.Cultures of the heart’s blood are thought to represent contaminants or terminal sepsis.
3.Cells are different, or specialized, throughout the body to carry out their individual functions.
4.The anatomical divisions of the abdomen are used to describe the regions in which organs and structures are found.
5.The combining vowel, such as o, is used to connect the root to the
suffix.
The Infinitive. Variant 2
A
1.We will learn to analyze terms structurally.
2.There are some important rules to remember as you study the medical language.
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3.A prostatic mass was resected and found to be a poorly differentiated lymphosarcoma.
4.Two weeks of cephalothin and kanamycin failed to affect the patient’s course.
5.Fever appeared to be secondary to malignancy.
B
1.An epithelial cell may be square and flat to provide protection.
2.The term clinical divisions of the abdomen is used to describe the divisions of the abdomen when a patient is examined in clinic (at bedside).
3.Read the following to note the differences between the three different types of cells in the blood.
4.Hemoglobin helps to carry the oxygen as it travels through the bloodstream.
5.Eosinophils are thought to be elevated in allergic conditions.
The Infinitive. Variant 3
A
1.Tissue necrosis does not appear to have been a factor leading to chills in this patient.
2.There are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.
3.The purpose is to expand your understanding of terminology.
4.A medical term is given to illustrate the use of the suffix.
5.A chiropractor is a nonmedical person who manipulates the bones of the vertebral column to relieve pressure on nerves.
B
1.The jaundice results from the destruction of red blood cells, which causes a substance called bilirubin to accumulate in the body.
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