The World of Computers and IT. Учебное пособие

Most cybercrime is an attack on information about individualV FRUSRUDWLRQV RU governments. Although the attacks do not take place on a physLFDO ERG\ WKH\ GR WDNH place on the persoQDO RU FRUSRUDWH YLUWXDO ERG\ ZKLFK LV WKH VHW RI LQIRUPDWLRQDO DW tributes that define people and institutions on the Internet. In oWKHU ZRUGV LQ WKH GLJL tal age our virtual identities are essential elements of eYHU\GD\ OLIH ZH DUH D bundle of numbers and identifiers in multiple computer databases owned by governments and corporations. Cybercrime highlights the centrality of networked computers in our

OLYHV DV ZHOO DV WKH IUDJLOLW\ RI VXFK VHemingly solid facts as individual identity.

An important aspect of cybercrime is its nonlocal cKDUDFWHU DFWLRQV FDQ RFFXU in jurisdictions separated by vast distances. This poses severe problems for law enforcement since previously local or even national crimes now require international cooperation.

IQ WKH Council of Europe Wogether with government representatives from

WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV &DQDGD DQG -DSDQ GUDIWHG D SUHOLPLQDU\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUHDW\ FRYHU ing comSXWHU FULPH $URXQG WKH ZRUOG FLYLO OLbertarian groups immediately protested provisions in the treaty requiring Internet service providers (ISPs) to store information on their customers’ transactions and to turn this information over on demand. Work on the treaty proceeded neveUWKHOHVV DQG RQ 1RYHPEHU WKH Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime was signed by 30 states. The convention came into effect in 2004.

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Cybercrime ranges across a spectrum of activities. At one end are crimes that involve fundamental breaches RI SHUVRQDO RU FRUSRUDWH SULYDF\ VXFK DV DVVDXOWV Rn the integrity of information held in digital depositories and the use of illegally obtained dLJLWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WR KDUDVV KDUP RU blackmail a firm or individual.

These new cybercapabilities have caused intense debate. Pegasus spyware IRU LQVWDQFH DFFRUGLQJ WR LWV FUHDWRU the Israeli cyber-intelligence firm 162 *URXS is sold exclusively to government security and law enforcement agencies and only for the purpose RI DLGLQJ UHVFXH RSHUDWLRQV DQG EDWWOLQJ FULPLQDOV VXFK DV money launderers GUXJ-traffickerV <HW WKH VPDUWSKRQH-DWWDFKHG VS\ZDUH ZKLFK FDQ VWHDO SUL vate data without lHDYLQJ DQ REYLRXV WUDFH RI LWV DFWLYLWLHV KDV EHHQ ZLGHO\ XVHG FRY ertly by governments WR WUDFN SROLWLFLDQV JRYHUQPHQW OHDGHUV human rights DFWLYLVWV

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Midway along the spectrum lie transaction-based crimes such as fraud digital piracy money laundering DQG counterfeiting. These are specific crimes with specific viFWLPV EXW WKH FULPLQDO Kides in the relative anonymity provided by the Internet. Another part of this type of crime involves individuals within corporations or government bureaucracies deliberately altering data for either profit or political objectives.

At the other end of the spectrum are those crimes that involve attempts to disrupt the actual workings of the Internet. These range from spam KDFNLQJ DQd denial of service attacks against specific sites to acts of cyberterrorism—WKDW LV WKH XVe of the Internet to cause public disturbances and even death.

Cyberterrorism focuses upon the use of the Internet by nonstate actors to affect a nation’s economic and technological infrastructure.

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While breaching privacy to detect cybercrime works well when the crimes involve the theft and miVXVH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ UDQJing from credit card numbers and personal data to file sharing of various commodities – PXVLF YLGHR – what of crimes that attempt to wreak havoc on the very workings of the machines that make up the network?

The story of hacking actually goes back tR WKH V ZKHQ D JURXS RI SKUHDNV

(short for “phone freaks”) began to hijack portions of the world’s telephone networks PDNLQJ XQDXWKRUL]HG ORQJ-distance calls and setting up special “party lines” for fellow phreaks. With the proliferation of computer bulletin board systems (BBSs) in the latH V WKH LQIRUPDO phreaking culture began to coalesce into quasi-RUJDQL]HG groups of individuals who graduated from the telephone network to “hacking” corporate and government computer network systems.

Although the term hacker predates computers and was used as early as the mid-

V LQ Fonnection with electronic KREE\LVWV WKH ILUVW UHFRUGHG LQVWDQFe of its use in connection with computer programmers who werH DGHSW DW ZULWLQJ RU ³KDFNLQJ ´ FRPSXWHU FRGH VHHPV WR KDYH EHHQ LQ D DUWLFOH LQ a student newspaper at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). After the first computer systems were linked to multiple users through telephone lines in the earO\ V hacker came to refer to individuals ZKR JDLQHG XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR FRPSXWHU QHWZRUNV ZKHWKHU from another computer neWZRUN RU DV personal computers EHFDPH DYDLODEOH IURP their own computer systems.

Although it is outside the scope of this article to discuss hacker FXOWXUH PRVW hackers have not been criminals in the sense of being vandals or of seeking illicit financLDO UHZDUGV ,QVWHDG PRVW KDYH EHHQ \RXQJ SHRple driven by intellectual FXULRVLW\ many of these people have gone on to become computer security architects. Howev-

HU DV VRPH KDFNHUV VRXJKW QRWRULHW\ DPRQJ WKHLU SHHUV WKHLU H[SORLWV OHG WR FOHDU-cut crimes. Hackers began breaking into computer systems and then bragging to one an-

RWKHU DERXW WKHLU H[SORLWV VKDULQJ SLOfered documents as trophies to prove their boasts. These exploits grew as hackers not only broke into but sometimes took control of government and corporate computer networks.

The scale of hacking crimes is among the most difficult to assess because the victims often prefer not to report the crimes – sometimes out of embarrassment or

fear of further security breaches. Officials estimate KRZHYHU WKDW Kacking costs the world economy billions of dollars annually.

One of the largest known cases of computer hacking was discovered in late 0DUFK ,W Lnvolved government and private computers in at least 103 countries. The worldwide spy network known as GhostNet was discovered by researchers at the University of Toronto ZKR KDG EHHQ Dsked by representatives of the Dalai /D ma to investigate the exiled Tibetan leader’s computers for possible malware. In addition to finding out that the 'DODL /DPD¶V FRPSXWHUV ZHUH compromised WKH UHVHDUFK ers discovered that GhostNet had infiltrated more than a thousand computers around the world.

The highest concentration of compromised systems was within embassies and foreign affairs bureaus of or located in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries.

5HSRUWHGO\ WKH FRPSXWHUV ZHUH LQIHFWHG E\ XVHUV ZKR RSHQHG H-mail attachments or clicked on Web page links. Once infected with the GhostNet PDOZDUH WKH FRPSXWHUV began “phishing” for files throughout the local network—even turning on cameras and video-recording devices for remote monitoring.

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