The World of Computers and IT. Учебное пособие

3.Deep learning ______ (to eliminate) some of the manual human intervention required and enabling the use of larger data sets.

4.Machine learning _____ (to be) more dependent on human intervention to

learn.

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1.What does abbreviation ASR mean?

2.:KDW GRHV DEEUHYLDWLRQ 1/3 PHDQ"

3.What is automatic speech recognition?

4.What do online virtual agents do?

5.What does computer vision technology enable computers to do?

6.What can AI algorithms do using past consumption behavior data?

TheUH DUH QXPHURXV UHDO-world applications of AI systems today. Below are some of the most common examples.

Speech recognition

,W LV DOVR NQRZQ DV DXWRPDWLF VSHHFK UHFRJQLWLRQ $65 FRPSXWHU VSHHFK UHFRJQLWLRQ RU VSHHFK-to-WH[W DQG LW LV a capability which uses natural language proFHVVLQJ 1/3 WR SURFHVV KXPan speech into a written format. Many mobile devices

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Customer service

Online virtual agents are replacing human agents along the customer journey.

7KH\ DQVZHU IUHTXHQWO\ DVNHG TXHVWLRQV DURXQG WRSLFV OLNH VKLSSLQJ RU SURYLGH SHU VRQDOL]HG DGYLFH FURVV-selling products or VXJJHVWLQJ VL]HV IRU XVHUV FKDQJLQJ WKH way we think about customer engagement across websites and social media platforms.

Computer vision

This AI technology enables computers and systems to derive meaningful in-

IRUPDWLRQ IURP GLJLWDO LPDJHV YLGHRV and other visual inputV DQG EDVHG RQ WKRVH LQ SXWV LW FDQ act. This ability to provide recommendations distinguishes it from image

UHFRJQLWLRQ WDVNV 3RZHUHG E\ FRQYROXWLRQDO QHXUDO QHWZRUNV FRPSXWHU YLVLRQ KDV applications within photo tagging in social medLD UDGLRORJ\ LPDJLQJ LQ KHDOWKFDUH and self-driving cars within the automotive industry.

Recommendation engines

8VLQJ SDVW FRQVXPSWLRQ EHKDYLRU GDWD $, DOJRULWKPV FDQ KHOS WR GLVFRYHU GDWD trends that can be used to develop more effective cross-selling strategies. This is used to make relevant add-on recommendations to customers during the checkout process for online retailers.

Face recognition

Face recognition LV DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RI $, WKDW IRFXVHV RQ OHDUQLQJ DQG UHFRJQL] ing patterns that lead to quick and efficient outputs. Facial recognition is a type of technology that maps and stores an individual’s facial traits as a face print. To vali-

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print using deep learning techniques. The backbones of this technology are image processing and machine learning. Face recognition has gotten a lot of interest from researchers because of the human actions that can be found in numerous security ap-

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1.Automatic speech recognition _____ (to process) human speech into a written format.

2.This mobile device ____ (to incorporate) speech recognition into their systems to conduct voice search.

3.Online virtual agents ______ (to replace) human agents along the customer

journey.

4.They _______ (to answer) frequently asked questions and _____ (to provide) personali]HG DGYLFH

5.Computer vision AI technology ______ (to derive) meaningful information

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6. AI algorithms _____ (to help) to discover data trends that can be used to develop more effective cross-selling strategies.

)DFH UHFRJQLWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ BBBB WR IRFXV RQ OHDUQLQJ DQG UHFRJQL]LQJ patterns that lead to quick and efficient outputs.

8. Facial recognition technology ____ (to store) an individual’s facial traits as a face print.

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1.Many mobile devices incorporate speech recognition into their systems to

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The idea of 'a machine that thinks' dates to ancient Greece. But since the advent of electronic computing important events and milestones in the evolution of artificial intelliJHQFH LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

. Alan Turing publishes &RPSXWLQJ 0DFKLQHU\ DQG ,QWHOOLJHQFH In the

SDSHU 7XULQJ proposes to answer the question 'can machines think?' He introduces the Turing Test to determine if a computer can demonstrate the same intelligence as a human.

. John McCarthy coins the term 'artificial intelligence' at the first-ever AI

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. )UDQN 5RVHQEODWW EXLOGV WKH 0DUN 3HUFHSWURQ WKH ILUVW FRmputer based on a neural network that 'learned' though trial and error. Just D \HDU ODWHU 0DUYLQ Minsky and Seymour Papert publish a book titled 3HUFHSWURQV ZKLFK EHFRPHV ERWK WKH ODQGPDUN ZRUN RQ QHXUDO QHWZRUNV DQG DW OHDVW IRU D ZKLOH DQ DUJXPHQW DJainst future neural network research projects.

V. Neural networks which use a backpropagation algorithm to train itself become widely used in AI applications.

. IBM's Deep %OXH EHDWV WKHQ ZRUOG FKHVV FKDPSLRQ *DUU\ .DVSDURY LQ D chess match.

2011. IBM Watson beats champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter at -HRSDUG\

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2015. Baidu's Minwa supercomputer uses a special kind of deep neural net-

ZRUN FDOOHG D FRQYROXWLRQDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN WR LGHQWLI\ DQG FDWHJRUL]H LPDJHV ZLWK D higher rate of accuracy than the average human.

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1.The idea of 'a machine that thinks' _____ (to date) to ancient Greece.

2.In Alan Turing _____ (to publish) &RPSXWLQJ 0DFKLQHU\ DQG IQWHOOL

JHQFH

3.The Turing Test ____ (to introduce) to determine if a computer can demonstrate the same intelligence as a human.

4.In John McCarthy ____ (to coin) the term 'artificial intelligence'.

5./DWHU WKDW \HDU WKH /RJLF 7KHRULVW WKH ILUVW-ever running AI software program _____ (to create) by Allen 1HZHOO - & 6KDZ DQG +HUEHUW 6LPRQ

6.In Frank Rosenblatt ___ (to build) the Mark 1 Perceptron.

The first computer ______ (to base) on a neural network that 'learned' though trial and error.

8. Neural networks ____ (to use) in AI applications.

In IBM's Deep Blue ___ (to beat) a world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a chess match.

10.In 2011 IBM Watson ____ (to beat) champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter at -HRSDUG\

11.Baidu's Minwa supercomputer _____ (to use) a special kind of deep neural

network.

12.DeepMind's AlphaGo program _______ (to power) by a deep neural net-

work.

13.Google _____ (to purchase) DeepMind for USD 400 million.

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1.When was ChatGPT released?

2.What have analysts called ChatGPT?

3.What are Google and Microsoft in a battle for regarding online search?

4.What are teachers worried about?

5.What kinds of jobs might chatbots be a threat to?

6.What did Google allay?

What did Google say chatbots could turn information into?

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The next online revolution has started. It is gathering pace at breakneck speed. It began on November the 30th when the tech company OpenAI released its ChatGPT chatbot.

This is a search box you can have a conversation with. It can provide the an-

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ChatGPT has spread like wildfire across social media. Analysts have dubbed it a game changer. Hot on the heels of ChatGPT comes Google's Bard chatbot. This was launched on February the 6th. A GoogleMicrosoft battle for supremacy over the future of online search is now unfolding.

There are countless questions regarding how chatbots will shake up the Internet and our world. Educators are worrying about "the end of homework" as bots can instantly provide convincing essays and answers to a grade-A standard.

Workers are concerned the bots are a genuine threat to all manner of jobs. On

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,W VDLG AI can deepen our understanding of information and turn it into useful knowledge more efficiently – making it easier for people to get to the heart of what they're looking for and get things done."

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1.The next online revolution ____ (to start) recently.

2.On November the 30th the tech company Open AI ______ (to release) its ChatGPT chatbot.

3.A search box ____ (to provide) the answer to pretty much any request you

make.

4.ChatGPT ____ (to spread) like wildfire across social media.

5.Google's Bard chatbot ___ (to launch) on February the 6th.

6.A Google Microsoft battle for supremacy over the future of online search

___ (to unfold) now.

Educators _____ (to worry) about "the end of homework".

8.Bots ______ (to provide) convincing essays and ____ (to answer) to a grade- A standard.

Google _____ (to allay) people's fears about the emergence and possible threats of chatbots.

10.AI _____ (to deepen) our understanding of information.

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1.The article says the next Internet revolution is happening very quickly.

2.The company that created ChatGPT is called AI Open.

3.The grammar ChatGPT creates is often incorrect.

4.Analysts say ChatGPT is great for changing games.

5.Teachers are worried students might get ChatGPT to do their homework.

6.ChatGPT can generate essays at a grade-A level.

Microsoft said ChatGPT represented a new year for search.

8. Google said AI means we can get things done more efficiently.

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1.Should schools ban ChatGPT or embrace the technology instead?

2.How AI chatbots in search engines will completely change the internet.

3.The impressive capabilities of ChatGPT can be turned to cybercrimes like phishing despite safety precautions taken by OpenAI to prevent misuse.

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1.What is ChatGPT?

2.How is it impacting the game development industry?

3.How can game developers use ChatGPT to improve the gaming experience for players?

4.In what ways does ChatGPT help game developers conduct market research and make more informed decisions about their games?

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1.What is the potential risk associated with feeding identifiable patient information into ChatGPT?

2.How does the use of ChatGPT in medical research potentially compromise the integrity of evidence-based healthcare?

3.Why is it important for lowand middle-income countries to have specific regulations governing the use of ChatGPT in healthcare?

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1.When was ChatGPT released?

2.What is one of the key features of ChatGPT?

3.What does the future hold for ChatGPT and other AI chatbots?

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The ‘AI Chatbot Race’

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Almost everyone uses computers these days for everything from shopping to working to playing games. But have you ever stopped to think about where all this

DPD]Lng technology came from? :KR LQYHQWHG LW DOO" :HOO EHKLQG HYHU\ FRPSDQ\ SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH RU SLHFH RI VRIWZDUH WKHUH is a person – or sometimes a team of people – who turned ideas into reality.

We've all heard of Bill Gates WKH IRXQGHU RI 0LFURVRIW DQG RQH RI WKH ULFKHVW men in history. Equally famous is Steve Jobs WKH SHUVRQ ZKR DORQJ ZLWK Steve

:R]QLDN VWDUWHG $SSOH FRPSXWHUV +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH KXQGUHGV RI RWKHU SHRSOH from early pioQHHUV WR ODWHU JHQLXVHV ZKR DUHQW DV ZHOO NQRZQ EXW Zho deserve recognition for the work they did in advancing the world of computing.

One of the first people to conceive of computers was Charles Babbage DQ (QJ lish mathematician and analytical philosopher who drew up plans for the first programmable computer called the Difference Engine.

George Boole came up with a way of describing logical relations using mathematical symbols – now called Boolean logic – that is the basis of all modern computer processes.

Vannevar Bush fiUVW SURSRVHG DQ LGHD LQ KH FDOOHG PHPH[ ZKLch we now know as 'hypertext'.

Another notable figure in early computing was Alan Mathison Turing DQ (QJ lishman known as the "father of computer science". He invented WKH 7XULQJ 7HVW which is a way to find out if a computer is acting like a machine or a human.

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As computing became PRUH FRPSOLFDWHG SHRSOH QHHGHG D ZD\ WR PDNH LW HDVL er to tell computers what to do – LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKH\ QHHGHG ZD\V WR SURJUDP Whe computers. These computer instruction systemV EHFDPH NQRZQ DV FRPSXWHU RU SUR JUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJHV )2575$1 WKH ILUVW ZLGHO\ XVHG KLJK-level programming lanJXDJH ZDV LQYHQWHG E\ DQ $PHULFDn computeU VFLHQWLVW John Warner Backus.

Other notable North American inventors of programming languages include Dennis Ritchie DXWKRU RI WKH & SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH /DUU\ :DOO FUHDWRU RI 3HUO and Canadian James Gosling NQRZQ DV WKH IDWKHU RI Java.

Two men from Denmark are responsible for writing two other famous programming languages. Bjarne Stroustrup came up with C++ and 5DVPXV /HUGRUI devised PHP. Dutchman Guido van Rossum wrote the Python programming languDJH while the Japanese FRPSXWHU VFLHQWLVW Yukihiro Matsumoto PDGH D ODQJXDJH FDOOHG

Ruby.

One of the uses of pURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJHV LV WR FUHDWH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV which are essentially sets of instructions that allow computers to function. The most widely-XVHG RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP LQ WKH ZRUOG LV 0LFURVRIW :LQGRZV EXW WKHUH DUH RWKHU powerful ones that exist VXFK DV 8QL[ FUHDWHG E\ Ken Thompson and his team at

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DQRWKHU FRPSDQ\ ,QWHO WKDW LV HTXDOO\ LPSRUWDQW ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR KDUGZDUH ,QWHO was started by several people who are now legends in the computer ZRUOG LQFOXGLQJ Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Moore is also famous for coming up with Moore's

/DZ ZKLFK SUHGLFWV WKH UDSLG LQFUHDVH of computer technology over time. Intel expandeG UDSLGO\ GXULQJ WKH V DQG V ZKHQ D PDQ QDPHG Andy Grove was in charge of the company.

Other notable figures in the evolution of the computer industry are Ralph Baer LQYHQWRU RI WKH ILUVW KRPH YLGHR JDPH FRQVROH Seymour Cray IRU PDQ\ \HDrs the PDQXIDFWXUHU RI WKH ZRUOGV IDVWHVW VXSHUFRPSXWHUV Richard Stallman IRXQGHU RI WKH free software movement called *18 DQG Tim Berners-/HH WKH PDQ who created the basis for the World Wide Web.

Through their creativity and harG ZRUN all these people contributed to shaping what we now experience as Information and Computer Technology.

(YHU\ WLPH \RX ERRW XS D FRPSXWHU SOD\ D YLGHR JDPH RU VXUI WKH ,QWHUQHW WU\ to remember the individuals who made these wonders possible.

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1.Everyone _____ (to use) computers these days for everything from shopping to working to playing games.

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