The Infinitive. The Gerund. The Participle. Учебное пособие

10)Laura managed, without any fuss, to get most things ____________

(do) the way she wanted.

11)The truth flashed before me. It wasn’t my father who had kept these things ____________ (hide). The penny dropped. It was my mother who had created our austere lifestyle.

12)While the women clearly felt awkward in my house, she kept the conversation ____________ (flow) between church news and general parish gossip.

13)She had her nails ____________ (manicure) yesterday.

THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL

CONSTRUCTION

130. Identify the Subjective Participial Construction in the sentences below. What are its parts expressed by?

1)A large shining ball or disc was seen hovering above the park yesterday.

2)You were seen trying to get in last night, Mr Glynn.

3)At night he was heard weeping in his miserable hut.

4)Michael Robinson’s car was found locked and abandoned on the east coast.

5)Later she was heard shouting, ‘‘Oh, come here!’’

6)The journalist was found stabbed to death in his home

7)Yesterday morning another horse was found injured.

8)Girls could be seen riding slowly past with one hand on the handlebars, the other full of books which they were taking home from school.

131. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

1.As we drove over the river we noticed local women …… their clothes in the water.

He had set down the bag of …… on the floor.

Advertising messages portray hamburgers as ‘‘heavenly’’, …… powder as the source of almost spiritual ‘‘purity’’or exotic holiday destinations as ‘‘paradise’’.

2.…… to Maria was making him increasingly uncomfortable. We discovered an old document …… under the floorboards.

George would spend evenings …… on the hillside watching the sun set.

81

3.This shampoo leaves your hair …… light, full of body and static-free. You can’t really help …… sorry for the poor guy.

I believe happiness is only possible if you follow your …… , your intuition, your real desires.

4.Now, half-hidden behind the forest, only the pink tip of the moon could be seen, …… dimmer and dimmer in the mist.

Men’s toiletry sales are the fastest …… sector of the market. She felt herself …… hot.

THE NOMINATIVEABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL

CONSTRUCTION

132. Read the sentences below, translate them into good Russian. Point out the NominativeAbsolute Participial Construction and define its function.

1)He struggled to break stones and lift them into place, his legs buckling and giving way beneath him.

2)Hunger satisfied, Luke rolled himself up in his topcoat and slept.

3)The ships call at Wick Bay, weather permitting.

4)It still being summer, the first thing she built was an outdoor kitchen in the yard in front of the glass house.

5)Drugs having failed, the patient endured two weeks of pains.

6)Health permitting, her early retirement would be out of character.

133. Rephrase the sentences using the NominativeAbsolute Participial Construction.

e.g. If we have time, the project will be finalized in May. → Time permitting, the project will be finalized in May.

1)If the weather is good, breakfast is served on the large terrace and a lunch time grill is sometimes held by the pool.

2)There was a car outside, crystals of snow were still sitting on its roof.

3)Izzy had flung herself to the ground. Her body was heaving with sobs.

4)I practically ran home from the church, my mother was trailing after me.

5)He had walked her along an almost empty creek. Its waters were running slow in the summer drought.

6)‘‘It’s all right now, everyone,’’he called back to us, his voice was highpitched in terror.

7)“Thank you,” Meg said, her mind was reeling.

8)It was boiling hot. The football ground was exposed to the elements,

so the team did not play to the best of their ability.

82

134. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.

1.Amelia shook her head, her eyes were pricking with tears.

PRICKING

Amelia …… with tears.

2.‘‘Thank you for you kind concern, ladies,’’I said, my hands were shaking slightly as I held my purse over to John.

SLIGHTLY

‘‘Thank you for you kind concern, ladies,’’I said, …… held my purse over to John.

3.I turned my back and began to walk away from the church, my mother was following me.

MOTHER

I turned my back and began to walk away from …… .

4.The next moment the girl had fled, away from the Casa and down the beach, her hair was flailing behind her.

BEACH

The next moment the girl had fled, away from the Casa and down …… her.

THE PREPOSITIONALABSOLUTE

PARTICIPIALCONSTRUCTION

135. Read the sentences below and find the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. Translate the sentences into good Russian. State the syntactic function of the construction.

1)It seemed he wanted to tell her something, and she waited with her heart thudding in her chest.

2)I could see Hugh standing with his arms folded and resting on the mantelshelf.

3)She had gone down the canal, sat with her feet dangling over the side, watching the barges go by, eating apples and dreaming of the wide world.

4)Even with his arms firmly gripped by two policemen, he looked elegantly in control of the situation.

5)Cathy lay with her eyes closed, apparently sleeping.

83

6) I stood on a windswept seashore and watched a seagull in flight, sweeping low over the breaking waves, or hanging almost motionless in a brilliant blue sky with sunlight shining through its snow white and grey plumage.

136. Use the correct participle in the PrepositionalAbsolute Participial Constructions and the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions below.

1)Izzy grabbed Caroline in a hug. As Caroline held her, the sun

____________ (beat down) on them both, she hurt for Izzy, and she hurt for Oscar.

2)The cat came back carrying a small dead bird in his mouth, his tongue slowly ____________(lap) at its wound.

3)With her heart ____________ (thump) so hard that her ears were deaf to any other sounds, Judy ran up the stairs.

4)The old woman had finished her tea and now leant back with her eyes

____________ (close) and the swollen ankle ____________ (prop up) on another chair.

5)Slowly, with her fists ____________ (clench) tightly and her lips

____________ (purse), she came up to the front door.

6)Then, with her heart still ____________ (pound) madly, she looked back over her shoulder.

7)With his teeth ____________ (chatter), his mouth ______ ______

(bleed) and his hair ____________ (flatten) to his skull he obviously didn’t look his best.

8)Josh sat in the balcony with his arms ____________ (fold).

137. Think of a time in your life you could describe using a phrase from the list below. Then tell about this situation to your partner.

138. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

1.He was standing under the apple tree with his arms …… .

We have …… £ 10 000 towards a hydrotherapy pool for the local hospital.

She looked determined, arms folded, chin …… .

84

2.I had lain awake in bed every night with my …… full of memories. When she saw the uncleared breakfast table, she screamed her …… off. George was a good-looking man with a strong-boned face and a …… of thick black hair.

3.Everyone has the right to complain if they’re not …… . Hunger …… , he began to appreciate life again.

After she had made fun of me, she laughed in a very …… way.

4.We passed an hour or so in the park, the three of us talking and …… each other like old friends.

She was playing with the puppy, …… him with a fallen branch from the apple tree, and snatching it away when he made to snap it.

If I promise to stop …… you, will you come out for dinner with me?

5.I struggled to keep my feet on the ground, my head …… the temptation to fall back and disappear into the cushions. The troops withdrew from the region without …… .

The police captured the criminal, but he had been wounded whilst …… arrest.

THE NOMINATIVEABSOLUTE

CONSTRUCTION & THE PREPOSITIONAL

ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION

139. Read the sentences below and point out the Nominative Absolute Construction and the Prepositional Absolute Construction. Translate the sentences into good Russian.

1)She looked at me directly, her voice full of amazement.

2)Sophie was walking along the street with her heart in pieces and her nerves in tatters.

3)‘‘I’m not going toAmerica, Ellie,’’he said firmly, his head still down.

4)The car drivers called to each other, their voices like angry sirens.

5)Amy shook her head, her eyes alight with interest.

6)‘‘Cool,’’saidAmy, leaning over the rock pool, her face intent.

7)With work in the offing and a hearth to come home to, Luke felt he had nothing to grumble about.

8)With her heart in her mouth she entered the imposing building and rang the bell.

85

140. Match the two halves of the sentences below. Then point out the Nominative Absolute Construction in the sentences below, translate them into good Russian.

141. Think of a situation where you could use one of the phrases below. Tell about it to your partners, using the phrase chosen.

1)… with her heart in pieces and her nerves in tatters.

2)…, eyes wide.

3)…, his/her voice icy.

4)…, her/his/my back as straight as a post.

5)…, her/his face intent.

6)With her/his/my heart in her/his/my mouth … (= feeling very nervous or afraid)

3.6.PARTICIPLE vs. GERUND

142.Identify the gerunds and participles in the sentences below.

1)Max stood in the back of a lorry, speaking bravely and loudly.

2)My teacher insists on spelling everything accurately.

3)He found himself walking slowly through narrow and murky streets.

4)You can improve your English by reading in the original.

5)The train was full of children, travelling alone and in groups.

6)Preventing accidents while travelling is an enormously complex issue.

7)I do enjoy travelling.

8)I feel horrible when flying.

9)He got a sentence for causing death by reckless driving.

10)I’ve seen you driving past.

11)Driving home in the car, we spotted a deer at the roadside.

86

4.REVISION EXERCISES

143.Use the correct non-finite form of the verbs in brackets.

THEART OFAFTERNOON TEA

There are few things more quintessentially British than the traditional afternoon tea. Few can resist the temptations of perfectly (1) ____________ (decorate) cakes and finger sandwiches, all (2) ____________

(arrange) beautifully on an elegant three-tier cake stand.

The tradition of afternoon tea came about during the Georgian period, and was initially nothing more than a small meal between breakfast and dinner. The story goes that the Duchess of Bedford,Anna Maria Russel,

a three-tier cake stand began a daily afternoon ritual of (3) ____________

(make) tea and a snack.

She lived during a time when it was common (4) ____________ (eat) only two main meals a day, with breakfast (5) ____________ ( serve) early in the morning and dinner (6) ____________ (occur) late in the evening. (7) ____________ (Strike) by hunger pangs each afternoon, the Duchess used (8) ____________ (take) a nibble. This private routine was firstly taken secretly in her bedchamber, but over time she began

(9) ____________ (invite) friend to join her between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m., and so the tradition of afternoon tea was born.

Over the next few decades, the custom of afternoon tea became firmly

(10)____________ (establish) as a part of the British culture and enjoyed great popularity. Now special occasions are regularly celebrated by

(11)____________ (book) an afternoon tea and it is undoubtedly a good excuse for a social gathering that appeals across the generations.

If you do partake, you’ll be in good company, as Her Majesty the Queen takes tea at 5 p.m., each day, rigidly (12) ____________ (observe) a tradition that goes back centuries.

Now find:

1)two Participles II

2)Participle I IndefiniteActive

3)one PrepositionalAbsolute Participial Construction

4)a gerund used as an adverbial modifier of manner

87

5)a gerund used as an attribute

6)Participle II used as a predicative

144. Use the correct non-finite form of the verbs in brackets or the correct predicative construction. Use prepositions where necessary.

1)As soon as my mother is settled, I want ____________ (we / go) back toAmerica.

2)He made ____________ (I / wear) his jacket and carried my shoes so they wouldn’t get caught in the damp grass.

3)The foolish woman had accused me ____________ (be) stupid and immoral – her own two obvious failures. My revenge was silence in reply.

4)Oh, don’t you fret. Abigail’s turned five and twenty and is more than capable ____________ (look) after herself.

5)I considered ____________ (he / be) the most irresponsible person I have ever known.

6)I quickly puffed over my face with the powder and applied the lipstick. I struggled to get the colour on ____________ (damage) the delicate red pencil.

7)How often do you have ____________ (your hair / cut)?

8)Will you have ____________ (your nose / pierce)?

9)The bright light prevented her ____________ (see) the first row of tables.

10)I have been feeling so useless of late ____________ (my / not /be) fit and able to fight.

11)He knew he had to get ____________ (things / do) before it was too late.

12)What’s the use ____________ (have) things if they are not going to be used?

13)She had ____________ (her nails / manicure) yesterday.

14)I have been like a boy today – couldn’t sleep last night ____________

(think) of you.

15)He thought ____________ (himself / trick) by his enemy.

145. Use the correct non-finite form of the verbs in brackets or the correct predicative construction. Use prepositions where necessary.

1)I’m sure that Tony felt ____________ (himself / betrayed).

2)‘‘Thank you ____________ (be) such a good friend,’’ she said, and kissed me.

3)The floors of Roman villas were covered with mosaics. Mosaics were made ____________ (use) pieces of tile of different colours. Pictures

88

made on the floors of living rooms have been dug up today and can

____________ (see) in museums.

4)When I got outside it was raining hard, but ____________ (rush) back to the house, I turned my face upwards and let ____________ (the shower / rinse) me down. I felt ____________ (the cool water / trickle) down my scalp and the back of my dress, ____________ (drip) from the tip of my eyelashes down onto my cheeks.

5)If he had told any academic psychologist that he had a weird feeling

____________ (live) through that identical situation at some time in the past, he would have been informed that he was a victim of deja vue.

6)When Franz Ferdinand was killed on June 28, 1914,Austria considered

____________ (herself / directly /affect).

7)We’ll get the documents tomorrow if you would like ____________

(they / checked).

8)I like ____________ (things / do) with plenty of time to spare.

9)I lost the invitation. So it’s right to say that this little accident prevented

____________ (I / be) at the presentation.

10)I can’t recall ____________ (he / come) here before.

11)‘‘I don’t feel happy about ____________ (you / swim). That water’s still cold. We don’t want ____________ (you / get) ill again,’’said Dad.

12)We stopped off to have some rest because of ____________ (both/us/ be) hungry and tired.

13)It would be fun to have her Gran and Grandpa live nearer, so she could see them more often, but she couldn’t imagine ____________ (they/be) anywhere other than here.

14)Afterusingthepoolshefound____________(herskin/cover)withspots.

15)She stopped ____________ (go) to a fitness club and put on lot of weight.

146. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.

1.‘‘I’m getting married in July,” Ruth said.

ANNOUNCED

Ruth …… in July.

2.“I have been on a round-the-world tour five times,” he said.

CLAIMED

He …… round-the-world tour five times.

89

3.She sat down, putting her hands over her face. She had got it wrong again.

WITH

She sat down …… face. She had got it wrong again.

4.“I didn’t tell Bob about your plan,” she said.

DENIED

She …… my plan.

5.She stood leaning against the wall.

BACK

She stood …… .

6.She turned round and stared at him in astonishment, her eyes were wide.

ASTONISHMENT

She turned round and stared …… .

7.“No, I won’t do this exercise for you,” Danny said.

REFUSED

Danny …… for me.

8.“Why don’t we buy Emma a dog?” Jane said.

BUYING

Jane ……………………………………… a dog.

9.“You ate my bar of chocolate!” Sarah said to Mike.

OF

Sarah …… of chocolate.

10.“I borrowed your suit,” Mark said.

ADMITTED

David …… my suit.

11.“Let’s meet for dinner,” he said.

MEETING

He …… dinner.

12.“Jacky, don’t forget to invite Miss Green to dinner,” she said.

REMINDED

She …… Miss Green for dinner.

13.“You must come to the meeting with me, Sue,” said Jamie.

ON

Jamie …… to the meeting with him.

90