The Infinitive. The Gerund. The Participle. Учебное пособие

6)My father insisted that I should do a lot of sports, but I didn’t want

____________.

7)I don’t play the piano now, but I used ____________.

8)Did you buy any bread? – I meant ____________, but the shop was closed.

9)I was hoping to go with you, but I’ve decided ____________ (not).

15. Make up sentences beginning with I’d rather according to the example. It’s a good idea to do the exercise orally as long as your partner or teacher reads out the prompts.

e.g. stay at home / go to the cinema tonight → I’d rather stay at home than go to the cinema tonight.

1)stay in / go out tonight

2)drink some water / have a cup of coffee

3)solve a/the problem immediately / put it off

4)have lunch at the canteen downstairs / have a sandwich from the vending machine

5)watch a movie / go to the gym tonight

6)read the novel / the screen version of the book

7)see my friends at the weekend / do homework

8)go for a walk / doze off for a while

Now work with your partner. Make true statements about yourself using the prompts above and say them to your partner. Your partner should agree or disagree.Are you and your partner similar or different?

e.g. I’d rather go out tonight than stay at home. – Me too / I wouldn’t.

16. Translate into English using the full or bare infinitive.

1) Если у тебя температура, лучше остаться дома.

2) Я бы лучше выучила еще один язык, чем ходила на занятия по физкультуре.

3) Мы не могли не изменить условия контракта.

4) Я бы, пожалуй, занялся чем-то очень необычным, скажем, дайвингом. 5) Я бы, пожалуй, занялся любым водным спортом.

6) Если у тебя болит горло, лучше не есть мороженого.

17. Use the correct form of the infinitive with or without to.

1)We hope ____________ (meet) by our partners when we arrive.

2)She pretended____________ (read) a book, but in fact she was listening to what they were talking about.

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3)It was so nice of you ____________ (invite) us to your party.

4)I’d rather ____________ (lie) on the beach than ____________ (go) sightseeing.

5)We can’t afford ____________ (go) on holiday now, it’s too expensive.

6)It was nice of you ____________ (cook) dinner for all of us. It was delicious.

7)The police officer made him _______________ (pay) a fine.

8)He was made ____________ (pay) a fine for speeding.

9)Can you help me ____________ (prepare) the presentation?

10)He claims ____________ (be/go) many countries.

11)I’d rather ____________ (buy) the black dress though the red one is very beautiful, too.

12)They saw him ____________ (leave) the office block.

13)I am always the first ____________ (come) to the 9 o’clock class.

14)I heard her ____________ (sing) live.

15)My parents didn’t let me ____________ (stay out) late when I was a teenager.

16)I felt somebody ____________ (give) me a tap on the shoulder. I turned ____________ (see) my classmate who I hadn’t seen for 6 years!

17)He might have witnessed the robbery – he was the last ____________

(drive away).

18)She does nothing in class but____________(text or read) messages. – Why not ____________ (tell) her she can’t use her mobile anymore?

19)He is really upset. He seems ________ (lose) something.

20)What’s she doing? – She seems ________ (draw) a sketch. I have a splitting headache. – You’d better ____________ (take) an aspirin and lie down for a while.

21)His hands are dirty. He seems ____________ (repair) his car all day.

18. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the infinitive, with or without to.

MUSEUM TREASURES

The Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg, Russia, is famous as the palace of Empress Catherine the Great.

The greatness of its cats is the less well-known side of its astonishing story.

They have been here since the 18th century. Fed up with rodents running through the palace, Empress Elizabeth gave an order (1)

____________ (find) the best ratters in Russia and demanded they should

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(2) ____________ (send) to St Petersburg. The first (3) ____________

(respond) are thought (4) ____________ (come) from the city of Kazan – then apparently famous for the rat-catching skills of its cats.

The cats survived the Napoleonic wars. They lived through the revolution of 1917. Their royal masters, Tsar Nicholas II and his family, died in a hail of Bolshevik bullets the following year.

As Russia turned communist, the cats kept their regal home.

They only disappeared during World War II. Hitler’s armies laid siege to St Petersburg, then known by its Soviet name, Leningrad. Hundreds

(6) ____________ (remove) to storage in the Ural mountains, far from the front line. The museum’s cellars became bomb shelters.

Winter shelter

In peacetime, a new generation of cats was welcomed to the palatial surroundings their predecessors had made home. Now it is the responsibility of two full-time employees (7) ____________ (take) care of them. Cosy corners of the Hermitage’s cellars are their shelter in the depths of the icy Russian winter.

They are no longer chosen for their ability (8) ____________ (catch) rats. They have come here from the streets, and the Hermitage is happy for them (9) ____________ (move) on to good homes, if they can (10) ____________ (find).

Officially, there are 50 of them. Museum staff make voluntary contributions (11) ____________ (pay) for their upkeep.

Office antics

To be honest, the cats are more likely (12) ____________ (get) in the way than helping. Some have made their home with the book-keepers. They lounge across desks or curl up (13) ____________ snooze in open boxes of printer paper. They are not allowed in the galleries. But that does not mean they are cut off from the artistic atmosphere. Some of them appear perfectly at home among the statues in the Hermitage’s gardens and courtyards – and occasionally even seem (14) ____________ (strike) poses copied from the classical-era art which surrounds them.

(after James Rodgers, BBC News, St Petersburg)

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1.3.SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OFTHE INFINITIVE

19.Study the functions of the infinitive and make up examples of your own for each function.

20.State the function of the infinitives or infinitive phrases (subjects, predicatives, parts of compound nominal and verbal predicates).

1)To err is human.

2)My goal was to save £500 by the NewYear.

3)It’s nice to see you.

4)I’ll have to walk back to that garage. I shouldn’t be long.

5)I began to panic and thought I was going to faint.

6)Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored.

7)‘‘You must be hungry,’’she said. It was true, he was famished.

8)Mrs Jones, the English teacher, used to sit at her desk, clutching her handbag as if we were going to steal her purse.

9)Lord George, Eighth Earl of Grimley, was to be officially declared dead as the result of a terrible accident.

21. Read the public notices below. Where can you see them in the UK? Then find the infinitives and identify their syntactic function.

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22. State the function of the infinitives or infinitive phrases (objects, adverbial modifiers).

1)Steve had always urged her to make peace with the past.

2)He needed crutches in order to be able to stand.

3)He kissed her. Holding her at arm’s length he stared into her face as if to memorise every detail.

4)I practically ran to the staff room, bravely knocked on the door and asked to see Mr Brown.

5)He was too intelligent not to understand the truth.

6)The enemy retreated in confusion never to recover their territories.

7)I let up on the accelerator, only to gradually reach again the 60 m.p.h.

8)One day, the memories would surely comfort and not hurt. Someday, she’d be strong enough to share them with somebody.

9)When I was at school, I was short-sighted but too vain to wear glasses.

10)She told me how they liked to have garden parties in summer.

11)She noticed her puckered chin where tiny black hairs sprouted, never

to be tweezed away.

23. Translate into English.

1)У нас достаточно времени, чтобы все обсудить.

2)Ты достаточно большой, чтобы сделать уроки самостоятельно.

3)Эта сумка слишком дорогая – мы не можем ее купить.

4)Пациент был так слаб, что не мог ходить.

5)У нас достаточно денег, чтобы поехать в отпуск в Египет.

6)Ты достаточно умна, чтобы решить эту проблему.

7)У нас достаточно муки и яиц, чтобы испечь пирог.

8)Мне не хватает роста (be tall), чтобы дотянуться до верхней (top) полки.

9)Извини, я слишком устала, чтобы сейчас еще спорить с тобой.

10)Правило слишком сложное, я не могу его запомнить.

24. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.

1.The waste lands were not good. They couldn’t be used for growing crops.

ENOUGH

The waste lands …… crops.

2.She was afraid that soon she would be so old that she would never get a husband.

TOO

She was afraid that soon she would be …… .

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3.She is not an adult yet. It’s too early for her to be dating.

YOUNG

She is …… .

4.She gave me an encouraging nod that was so small that it was imperceptible.

AS

She gave me an encouraging nod that was so small …… .

5.Neither of them cared, so what had been broken wasn’t repaired.

ENOUGH

Neither of them cared …… what had been broken.

6.I was always so shy at school that I couldn’t make a move.

TOO

At school I was always …… make a move.

25. Identify the infinitives fulfilling the function of attributes and those performing the function of adverbial modifiers of purpose. Remember you can always use in order to before an infinitive of purpose.Translate the sentences into Russian if necessary.

1)My friends never understood my desire to be a pilot.

2)You’re not the first person to ask that question here.

3)Becky, I’ve got something exciting to tell you.

4)I went down to unlock the door.

5)‘‘You must have a wonderful family.’’ She said it to be polite, she didn’t mean it.

6)He’ll be better off there. I’ve got no time to take care of him.

7)There was no place to sit, but Watson walked slowly from the ladder to the window. He stooped slightly to avoid striking his head on the heavy beams.

8)It was a good place to laze away a spare hour.

9)The ancient giant trees in the Sequoia Grove are a sight never to be forgotten.

10)Mr Brown let me take the guitar home with me to practice.

11)Why am I always the last to find out the news?

26. Complete the sentences using your own ideas. Try to make them true for you.

A

1) I remember ____________. It was a ____________ never to be forgotten.

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2)When I am travelling, I need ____________ to read on the train.

3)The reason to ____________ is that I like it.

4)____________ is a good place to ____________.

5)____________ is a nice thing to ____________ at the weekend.

What is the function of the infinitives inA?

B

1)I have to use ____________ every day in order to ____________.

2)The university administration should raise students’ stipends so as to____________.

3)We have to observe the university code so as not to ____________.

4)I have to attend all the lectures so as (not) to ____________.

5)I am going to a nightclub tonight to ____________.

What is the function of the infinitives in B?

27. Use the correct preposition. Then read the sentences using sentence stress correctly.

1)Look, you’ve got nothing to worry __________.

2)If only she had someone to play __________!

3)‘‘Why didn’t you come up and talk to me?’’‘‘It seemed to me that you had enough company to be getting along __________.’’

4)So Amy doesn’t really have anyone around to talk __________ – except me, of course.

5)Women and girls in a prehistoric village worked on the hides, for they knew how to make them soft and warm to sleep __________.

6)He switched on his computer and got down to business. He was happy to have something to work __________.

7)People who lived centuries ago had a sense of beauty. Even the things they had in everyday use in their homes, such as wooden buckets, cups of earthenware or bronze, were decorated in a way that shows they knew very well what was beautiful to look __________.

28. Read and translate the sentences from English into Russian. Identify the infinitives fulfilling the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.

1)She felt the swish of something furry at her legs and looked up to see the grey cat staring at her.

2)He left a gate open and Mr Cod wandered off, never to be seen again.

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3)In the early evening there was a gentle knock on the cottage door and I opened it to find a young girl in full maid’s uniform standing in front of me.

4)Her husband was a pilot during the war, and she was one of those women who had watched their men fly off into the dusk, never to be heard of again.

5)He arrived home at night to find a crusty new-baked loaf on the step, a meat and potato pasty and a bowl of rich broth.

29. Identify the infinitives fulfilling the function of adverbial modifiers of purpose and those of attendant circumstances. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1)I fell when I was running to catch a bus.

2)James looked up only to discover Elsie staring at him.

3)If you stain your shirt, use bleach to clean it thoroughly.

4)“Thank heaven,” Lewis echoed from the depths of his heart. He turned to find Tom watching the rescued men, not with joy, but with a worried frown on his face.

5)You should plan to leave early tomorrow to avoid traffic jams.

6)Later in life, James and his father drifted apart, never to be reconciled.

7)He scored a goal and the fans’ roar would roll out across the neighbourhood, only to be answered moments later by the opponents’roar for a similar triumph.

8)He did everything he could to keep Christine happy.

9)‘‘But – ’’Elsa began, only to be cut off.

10)He was sure there must be other ways he could work to bring some security to the lives of those people.

11)The convicts escaped from prison, never to be caught.

30. Think of the time when you or your family were in a situation that was unexpected or unusual and it made you feel surprised or confused. Use the infinitives in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances in the phrases below to tell your classmates about that situation. You may also use ideas of your own.

1)I turned

2)I looked up

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31. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.

1.I want you to hand the report in tomorrow.

BE

The report is ...... .

2.He was very worried that he would arrive late.

NOT

He was anxious …… .

3.I learnt that Sue was going to marry Ryan, which was surprising.

TO

I was surprised …… to marry Ryan.

4.Withdrawing money from my account was the reason for visiting the bank today.

IN

I went to the bank today …… from my bank account.

5.When we got there they had already closed the store.

ONLY

We got there … closed the store.

32. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

1.Upon …… thought we realized that we have very little evidence. He was the …… to reach the finish line.

She is having …… thoughts about going to see her Gran at the weekend.

2.Jacky was the …… to hear the news. These cars are built to …….

Ahundred pounds will …… me a fortnight.

3.The curtains were too thin, and at this time of the year, that made it too

…… to go to sleep till late.

In …… of the latest political developments all international law is now in need of reexamination.

I prefer working with an overhead …….

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1.4. INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

THE OBJECTIVE-WITH-THE-INFINITIVE

CONSTRUCTION (THE COMPLEX OBJECT)

33. Point out the simple object and the complex object in the sentences below and translate them into Russian.

e.g. I heard him cry bitterly in the room next door. – ‘‘Him’’ is a simple object, ‘‘him cry bitterly in the room next door’’is a complex object.

1) I heard the professor mention these facts in his lecture. 2)The teacher let the students go before the lesson finished. 3) When I was little my parents made me go to bed at 9 o’clock. 4) I’ve never seen her smile like that. 5) What made you think so? 6) Sherlock Holmes suspected Stapleton to be the murderer. 7) I hate you to behave like that in other people’s presence. 8) I noticed a man with a black beard follow us in the street. 9) He was watching seagulls fly over the sea. 10) We know Popov to be the man who invented radio.

34. Use the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction using the words in brackets.

1)I saw ____________ (he / cross) the street.

2)I felt ____________ (something / crawl) up my leg.

3)He wants ____________ (I / become) a lawyer.

4)I hate ____________ (you / speak) like that!

5)I expect ____________ (the letter / deliver) in time.

6)The British consider ____________ (Shakespeare / be) the greatest poet ever.

7)The police ordered ____________ (the robbers / stop).

8)Will you let ____________ (I / go)?

9)My father made ____________ (I / apply) for a place at this university.

10)I’ll have ____________ (the cleaner /tidy) it up.

11)She is a pretty little thing and she can get ____________ (her parents / do) whatever she wants.

12)What caused ____________ (Vesuvius / blow) inAD 79?

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