The Infinitive. The Gerund. The Participle. Учебное пособие

15)‘‘I don’t bother much with cooking,’’ he said, as though reading her thoughts.

16)Frankly speaking, I don’t like this man.

111. Make up sentences with Participle I in different syntactic functions.

3.3. PARTICIPLE II. TIME REFERENCE

AND EXPRESSING THE CATEGORY OFVOICE

112. Look at Participle II in the sentences and phrases below and say whether it denotes an action prior to or simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite (predicate) verb.

1)Janie shrugged when told to sleep at Irene’s again.

2)Their kingdom established, the Saxons settled to farm – and to fight among themselves.

3)Prudence Chambers, inevitably known as ‘Potty’ Chambers to her pupils, recently retired as head teacher of the local primary school.

4)I crawled into bed at last, frozen to the marrow.

5)Tired, she stayed at home.

6)She clapped her hand up to her mouth, as if too shocked to say anything.

113. Look at Participle II in the sentences and phrases below and say whether it is formed of a transitive or intransitive verb. Does the participle have an active or a passive meaning?

the letter written long ago, a fallen leaf, the picture painted by my brother, a withered flower, an escaped convict, a broken chair, a retired officer, a recorded message, a grown-up daughter, a table made of wood, swollen ankles, polished silver, vanished civilizations, a faded leaf, developed countries, a cloth torn to pieces, advanced students, worn-out jeans.

114. Rephrase the sentences using Participle II.

e.g. He could barely move. He was exhausted. – He could barely move, exhausted.

1)I touched her hands. They were frozen.

2)In the bathroom, I found a small, antique cabinet which was stocked with soaps.

3)It was a small room. It was furnished with a chaise longue and walls which were lined with rails and racks of clothes.

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4)As I was relieved at having an excuse to break the silence, I said, ‘‘Do you need a cushion there, Bridget?’’

5)He turned round and looked at me. He was astonished.

6)The next minute she was running through the onlookers towards the miners who had been rescued.

7)John and I became very economical, because we were determined to avoid poverty.

8)A few years ago, a gull in the centre of Aberdeen caused a real stir. When it was perched on a letterbox close to a newsagent’s shop, it spied a stand near the open door that was laden with crisps of all varieties and apparently casually walked in to steal one.

9)When she was asked what omissions in the book she regretted, the editor admitted one thing: there were too few female authors who were represented in it.

10)A camel is a horse which was designed by a committee. (Anonymous witticism)

115. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the infinitive or participle.

Perhaps the only city (1) ____________ (rival) the picture-postcard qualities of Regensburg is Bamberg. Two hours to the north-west, we have reached Franconia and it has (2) ____________ (say) that arrival at the main station doesn’t provide the best first impression.

Don’t be (3) ____________ (disappoint). Once across the river, the Old Town, yet another UNESCO World Heritage Site, is quite breathtaking. Bamberg is busy, particularly around the Old Town Hall, (4)

____________ (build) over the Regnitz River.

(5) ____________ (Know) as Franconian Rome, as it’s built on seven hills, the religious importance is obvious, particularly on Cathedral Hill with the Imperial Cathedral, the Old Court, the Baroque new residence and its Rose Garden, as well as the Michelsberg Monastery.

(from The Best of Bavaria by K.Rafferty,

The People’s Friend Seaside, 2014)

3.4.SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE II

116.Define the functions of Participle II.

1) Tom was watching the rescued men, not with joy, but with a worried frown on his face.

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2)‘‘Broadway,’’said a small, neatly placed plaque on the side of a building.

3)He examined his hands for a moment as if embarrassed.

4)Shocked, I closed the door.

5)John looked embarrassed; he picked up a stick and sliced the air with it.

6)She didn’t sound convinced.

7)Unless otherwise stated book your place in advance by phoning.

8)If given the opportunity, we would travel round the world.

9)Accustomed to how crowded these gatherings could become, several of the older women had brought their own stools and chairs to sit on.

10)She had her hair cut yesterday.

11)I am going to get a new pair of glasses made.

12)Lancelot, the ‘‘best of knights’’ of King Arthur, was brought up by the lady of the Lake in her underwater kingdom. Introduced to the Round Table when he was 18, Lancelot was soon dazzling the court with his remarkable exploits.

13)Stretched across the sweeping scene God had laid out for me that morning, I saw my life.

14)The cat looked thin and undernourished.

117. Match the two halves of the sentences. Then define the functions of the participial phrases.

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C

Now make up sentences of your own using the participial phrases below. Try to make them true for you.

118.Make up sentences with Participle II in different syntactic functions.

119.Read the public notices below. Where can you see them in the UK? Work with your partner and match the signage with the places below.

Now identify Participles I and II and define their syntactic functions.

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120. Use Participle I or II of the verbs in brackets.

1)‘‘My father is ill,’’I said. ‘‘I don’t know if he’s dead as yet. But thank you for your kind enquiry.’’ ‘‘Please God, he’ll be alright,’’ he said, not at all ____________ (embarrass).

2)John was standing in the doorway, barefoot, ____________ (strip) to the waist and ____________ (hold) a towel.

3)Once, ____________ (pick up) some guest’s cloths from the floor, I had noticed a ____________ (lose) button, and a hemline ____________

(tear) by a sharp heel – ____________ (snag) whilst ____________

(dance) the Charleston, no doubt.

4)‘‘Here, Nuala,’’I said, ____________ (pass) the glass cat across to the

____________ (astonish) redhead, ‘‘you take this. I brought these things home fromAmerica to give as gifts.’’

5)I placed the dish carefully on the ____________ (polish) mahogany surface.

6)‘‘Here,’’I said, ____________ (find) a set of ____________ (embroider) cotton napkins in a garish purple, and ____________ (pass) them around. ‘‘You can keep it,’’ I said. Then, ____________ (see) her ____________

(confuse) look back at me, I said, ‘‘As a gift – please, have them.’’

7)It was a high shelf, ____________ (contain) hats that had been mysteriously separated from their boxes and were sitting in this

____________ (ignore) corner ____________ (fade and gather) dust.

8)I felt ____________ (crush) by his ____________ (seem) ambivalence.

9)We painted a picture of our future home. It would be ____________

(whitewash) with curtains and bed covers, ____________ (decorate) with dainty crockery and full of food.

10)Nuremberg has the best ____________ (preserve) city walls in Europe.

121. Use Participle I or II of the verbs in brackets.

1)Female mammals are often stronger when ____________ (compare) to males.

2)Each man was doing the work ____________ (suit) to him.

3)She seemed ____________ (root) to the spot.

4)She picked up the ____________ (embroider) tablecloth and the set of

____________ (match) napkins that were lying ____________ (fold) on the bed.

5)____________ (walk) across our back field he gradually disappeared into the landscape, became ____________ (swallow) into the hues of green and gold.

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6)____________ (Mystify), he went back into the hall and sprang up the stairs two at a time.

7)Yvonne became ____________ (interest) in cake decorating at the age 13 when she became ____________ (captivate) whilst ____________

(watch) her friend’s mother ____________ (bake and decorate) wedding cakes.

8)Some of the men on our deck were drunk and called obscenities across to a well-dressed lady. ____________ (Shock) by their language, she put her hand over her mouth.

9)I felt ____________ (betray) and angry.

10)At night I would lie beside his ____________ (break) body and watch the last ____________ (glow) embers from the fire, ____________

(know) that a bedroom fire was an extravagance we could not afford, but

____________ (build) it anyway to try and restore some warmth into our marriage.

122. Contract the sentences below using conjunctions when, while, if, as if and a participle.

e.g. The meat will taste better if it is salted. → The meat will taste better if salted.

1)I will provide full evidence if I am asked.

2)She said these words mechanically while she was silently continuing to pray: ‘‘Please don’t let them bomb us any more!’’

3)He was abrupt, as if he was embarrassed, when he told me, ‘‘The invitation was till Tuesday only.’’

4)Add tomato sauce if it is desired, or parsley sauce.

5)Unless it is otherwise stated book your place in advance by phoning.

6)Jane’s parents were happy though they were embarrassed at meeting her fiancé.

7)He would stop at nothing to achieve his goal if he was given the chance.

8)As though they had been given permission to stare at her, the men all turned their heads simultaneously in her direction.

9)Though it was being widely discussed in the press, the case still needed a thorough investigation.

10)Follow steps 1–6 of the instruction unless it is otherwise specified.

11)The cuckoo is a tiny bird, but it has a savage peck and if it is wounded it may become a killing machine.

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123. Use the sentences beginnings or endings below to make up true sentences about yourself or people you know.

124. Read the text below. Why is it entitled like this? ATASTE OFTHE WILD

after Robin Gates

Back in the 1960s, my Gran could fill a large basket with the wild herbs, nuts and fruit she found (1) ____________ (grow) within yards of her garden gate. Her knowledge of wild food had been passed down through generations (2) ____________ (raise) in the country where it was common sense to pick what grew around them. She was forward thinking, too, (3)

____________ (stew, pickle and brew) throughout the year. Her larder smelled fantastic. I’d slip in there and be (4) ____________ (overwhelm) by swirling aromas (5) ____________ (waft) down from the shelves.

As a teenager, I grew (6) ____________ (alienate) from the origins of my food. Partly it was down to the urgency of youth when food was treated as a necessary inconvenience. But it was a fear that anything wild must be (7)

____________ (contaminate) with the noxious emissions of industry and traffic. Perfect-looking food wrapped in plastic seemed (8) ____________

(justify) in a paranoid world full of nuclear weapons.

Then the truth hit home. While supermarket giants had been proclaiming the freshness of their food, their growers had been blasting it with chemicals discreetly (9) ____________ (label) with the skull-and- crossbones. Their emphasis has switched to ‘organic’now, but even that seems doubful.

Gathering food is a natural, primitive instinct. It ought to be (10)

____________ (encourage) now more than ever, as our children’s disconnection with Nature has never been greater.

That (11) ____________ (say), I don’t hanker for the Stone Age lifestyle – I’ve got things to do besides foraging. So I keep it simple by looking locally for what can be (12) ____________ (eat) raw. Within the compass of an hourly walk home, on the Isle of Wight, my palate has been

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rejuvenated and my appreciation of the countryside has matured to take account of taste.

(adapted from the Countryman,August 2013)

Now fill in the gaps with Participle I or Participle II.

125. Fill in the gaps with the correct participle, infinitive or a gerund. State the forms of the verbals.

If you like gardening, here are some tips for you. Why don’t you make your garden fragrant? (1)____________ (Select) your plants carefully you will be able to enjoy the lovely scents all through the summer.

Sweet pea is the most scented sweet pea in the world! First

(2)____________ (introduce) in the 17th century by Sicilian monk Francis Cupani, this old-fashioned plant with strongly fragrant maroon and mauve flowers is ideal to scramble over anything you want to beautify. Once flowering, it can (3)____________ (pick) every day. Its strong and heady scent will be a talking point in your garden. This scented wonder can grow up from the smallest patch of earth or a large pot – no vast space

(4)____________ (need).

Tree lupins are a glorious garden colour, bright, bold, hardy and evergreen. Deliciously fragrant, they can form a beautiful hedge or screen, that is why they are so much cheaper and more attractive than fencing. Once

(5)____________ (plant), tree lupins will go on (6)____________ (grow) year-after-year without (7)____________ (replant) – a real investment. They have a long (8)____________ (flower) period and are in leaf all year round. Tree lupins reach a height of approximately 5 feet, so they need

(9)____________ (trim) to the (10)____________ (require) height. We recommend (11)____________ (plant) 3-feet apart.

3.5. PARTICIPIALCONSTRUCTIONS

THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIALCONSTRUCTION

126. Rephrase the sentences so as to use the Objective Participial Construction.

e.g. I could see that she was sleeping peacefully. → I could see her sleeping peacefully.

1)I saw my friend yesterday. She was walking with a man I had never seen before.

2)When Ray saw that I was coming, he turned his radio off.

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3)He is droning on again. I can’t listen to him.

4)I found her. She was sitting on the dusty tiled floor surrounded by packages and purchases.

5)He turned and, as he was rising, he felt that his hat was swept from his head. He nearly fell over.

6)Something is burning. I can smell it.

7)I found her. She was sitting alone, as still as a statue.

8)He thought that he had been tricked by his enemy.

9)I heard the cow was braying in the shed.

10)Harry felt that he was blushing.

11)From somewhere inside the village wall I could hear a blacksmith who was putting his last touches to his day’s work.

12)As I turned, I saw that John was nodding at the shop window and asking, ‘‘How much is that, Mrs Pearson?’’

13)He imagined that she was frightened for her life, terrified.

14)She didn’t see that he was watching her as she walked lightly away.

15)She was standing by the shop in the square, and when she saw that I was coming down, she waved her hand and shouted hello.

127. Choose between Participle I or the infinitive of the verbs in brackets.

1)‘‘She’s a silly girl,’’he said, watching Laura ____________ (sit) on the grass beside Gregory.

2)I felt my mouth ____________ (drop).

3)As I was leaving, I saw Mike ____________ (walk) along the road towards the house. I ran through two fields and would have run a dozen more when I saw two men ____________ (come) rapidly towards me down the slope.

4)No one saw her ____________ (go) — they were too busy shouting at one another to notice that she had disappeared.

5)‘‘You’ll be all right,’’I thought I heard him ____________ (answer) – but it was only the wind from the sea.

6)He stared and felt his heart ____________ (sink).

7)Then I felt something hard ____________ (strike) my knees.

8)Soon I felt something alive ____________ (move) along my leg, and when I looked down, I saw a very small human being, only a few inches tall.

9)She could hear the tide ____________ (come in).

10)I looked back at the house and noticed mum was watching me

____________ (drive) away.

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11)He saw her ____________ (turn) and ____________ (look) at him, for a moment barely recognising him.

12)The landlord had not noticed him ____________ (come in).

13)Even as I put these thoughts together, I was still watching Charles

____________ (walk) away across the lawn, square and solid in his wide trousers and his white shirt.

128. Read the paragraph below and fill in the gaps using the verbals in the box. Underline the complex objects.

vanish stare send call move

She lay awake for most of the night, (1) ____________ into the darkness. She heard the frogs (2) ____________ for a while, then they fell silent. She watched the setting moon (3) ____________ a spear of light into the humpy through the open gable, and saw it gradually (4) ____________

across the few pieces of furniture, then (5) ____________ as the moon moved down the sky.

(from Freedom’s Land byA. Jacobs)

129. Use the correct participle.

1)I want a job ___________ (do) and I want it ____________ (do) properly.

2)Jordan looked up at his grandad and saw tears ____________

(shimmer) in his eyes. Almost without thinking he reached out and squeezed his eyes.

3)This was not her sort of party. The guests were listening to their host

____________ (talk) about himself, and she wished she hadn’t come.

4)Why do you have all these beautiful things ____________ (lock away) in cupboards?

5)Ann wasn’t sure whether to ask Andrew in or not, so she left him

____________ (stand) outside.

6)Our early forefathers were not Christians. They believed that there were spirits in wind, trees and water because they say and felt these

____________ (move).

7)Come on, Ellie – for God’s sake, get her ____________ (undress) and into bed!

8)We want each new topic ____________ (explain) properly before going over to the next one.

9)Acrowdofmusic-loverswerewaitingforthesaletostart,manyofwhom had never heard such a unique violin ____________ (play) before close up.

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