The Infinitive. The Gerund. The Participle. Учебное пособие

1)The expedition will reach the North Pole. It is likely.

2)This project is very costly. It is unlikely that it will be implemented.

3)You’re drinking too much, dear! I’m sure you’ll have a terrible hangover tomorrow!

4)I don’t believe he will succeed.

5)When will he be able to come?

6)She promised to come at 5, but I don’t believe it will happen.

7)Which of the two candidates has a better chance to win?

8)It’s possible that he has said that.

9)Do you think it’s possible we’ll reach an agreement?

10)The inflation rate will go up next year, I’m certain.

11)Thecompanyhasbeenlosingalotofmoneyovertheyears,Iamcertain.

12)We are sure that the meat and potatoes of any contract is money.

51. Rephrase the requests below to make them more polite using Do you happen to have …? or Do you happen to know …? Change the word order in questions if necessary.

1)Can I have your pen?

2)Do you know where Church Street is?

3)Have you got an extra handkerchief?

4)Are we going to have a lecture later today?

5)Do you know her address?

6)Where is Baker Street?

7)What’s the time?

8)Is there a greengrocer’s near here?

9)Where is the National Gallery?

10)Do you have a cigarette?

11)Is there a chemist’s near here?

12)Do you have an extra five pounds?

13)Which number bus goes to Victoria?

14)Which platform does the train for Chichester leave from?

Now act out mini-conversations using the ideas above as in the examples:

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52. Choose the correct form of the infinitive.

1)If we stayed in the restaurant much longer, we’d be sure ____________

(miss) the beginning of the film.

2)____________ (you / happen / know) someone in this village?

3)‘‘The landlord wants you out by the end of January, if that suits.’’ – ‘‘And where ____________ (we / expect /go)?’’

4)She was faithful to her husband though it had already proved

____________ ( be) a marriage without love.

5)The town is reported ____________ (virtually / surround), with frequent shelling, power cuts and food shortages.

6)More than 1,500 people are believed ____________ (kill) since fighting began.

7)Your father was a teacher at the Orphan Homes and a director, too. Sir, you are sure ____________ (take on) there as a teacher.

8)‘‘He ____________ (report / be) a very successful businessman.’’ – ‘‘Yes, he ____________ (tend / convert) all his businesses into corporations.’’

9)In the darkness she saw him stirring. He seemed ____________

(mutter), his voice surprisingly clear.

10)Harry seemed ____________ (sink) into unconsciousness again, but George wasn’t scared now.

11)She sat behind a large desk in a store room, which had been converted into an office by means of the addition of rows of shelving, a large wooden cupboard and several hard wooden chairs that appeared ___________

(come) from a schoolroom. The office was the only part of the new hospital that had been completed.

53. Choose the correct form of the infinitive.

1)The young are meant ____________ (dream).

2)Everything exciting ____________ (seem / happen) before I was born.

3)In primary school we ____________ (allow / sit) in little groups while we cross-stiched a small piece of fabric to make tray cloths.

4)The police are combing through the wreckage at the site, for as many as 80 bodies ____________ (think / remain) there.

5)If you go by train and avoid the rush-hour crowds, you ____________

(certain / reach) London at a suitable time.

6)Never any good at school, she ____________ (turn out / be) quick with numbers when it mattered.

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7)Sean and Anna have been married since university, run a business together and ____________ (appear / have) the perfect marriage.

8)Her mother always ____________ (seem / accept) what was around her, and be content.

9)I bought a wool jumper, but it turned out ____________ (make) of polyester.

10)Our charity can’t confine our work to those children and families who happen ____________ (involve) in our projects.

11)What shall we do if we happen ____________ (have) a bill that we can’t pay?

54.Translate into English using the complex subject.

A:with verbs in theActive Voice – happen/chance, turn out/prove, seem/appear

1)Он оказался приятным и общительным человеком.

2)Мои родители познакомились в студенческом общежитии. Получилось так, что они были соседями.

3)Кажется, он говорит правду.

4)Оказалось, что документы фальшивые.

5)Кажется, мы встречались.

6)Кажется, она забыла обо всем.

7)Мы встретились пять лет назад. Получилось так, что мы жили в одном и том же отеле в Италии.

8)Оказывается, они ничего не знают об Арктике.

9)Она случайно проходила мимо, когда случилась авария.

10)Я оказалась случайным свидетелем их ссоры.

11)Подпись оказалась подделанной (forged).

12)Машина оказалась краденой.

13)Получилось так, что я видела это происшествие своими глазами.

14)Оказалось, что на пленке (tape) – важная информация.

15)Получилось так, что я видела это происшествие своими глазами.

B:with adjectives likely, unlikely, certain, sure

1)Вряд ли этот файл содержит важную информацию.

2)Вряд ли он слышал об этой теории.

3)Вероятно, им дадут инструкции завтра.

4)Вряд ли он знает ответ.

5)Наверняка, они уже связались с нашими партнерами.

6)Я знала, что это точно произойдет.

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7)Я точно его где-то встречала, но не помню где.

8)Вряд ли правительство выделит деньги на строительство дорог.

9)Вряд ли они сделают лучшее предложение. Соглашайся!

С: with verbs in theActive Voice – tend, pretend, claim

1)Я притворилась, что не заметила его.

2)Первокурсники склонны делать много ошибок.

3)Климат Земли имеет тенденцию изменяться.

4)Все женщины стремятся выйти замуж. – Разумеется. А все мужчины притворяются, что хотят остаться в холостяках.

5)Он утверждает, что знает многих важных персон. – Я думаю, что он склонен все преувеличивать.

D:with verbs in the Passive Voice

1)Студентов заставляют посещать все занятия. Это несправедливо.

2)Его заставили подписать бумагу.

3)Полагают, что этот подход – самый прогрессивный.

4)Считается, что глобальное потепление влияет на все континенты.

5)Полагают, что Атлантида (Atlantis) была выдумана древними греками.

6)Ее заставили принять лекарство.

7)Полагают, что Бориса Березовского отравили.

8)Меня заставили выучить доклад наизусть.

9)Известно, что нанотехнологии – приоритет в мировой науке.

10)Этот биологический вид, как полагают, вымер (to die out) еще в

XVIII веке.

55. Translate into English using the complex subject with different forms of the Infinitive.

1)Ты обязательно выиграешь приз!

2)Предполагают, что мэр выступит с обращением (to make an address) завтра.

3)Этого мальчика считают самым одаренным в школе.

4)Известно, что Шекспир не оставил ни одной рукописи.

5)Кажется, мама что-то печет.

6)Как ты думаешь, есть вероятность, что они согласятся на наши условия (terms)? – Конечно! Они наверняка согласятся.

7)Маловероятно, что переговоры будут завершены сегодня.

8)Вчера сообщили, что президент подал в отставку (to step down / to resign).

9)Известно, что Россия потеряла двадцать миллионов человеческих жизней во Второй мировой войне.

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10)Наши партнеры, вероятно, опоздают на встречу.

11)Ожидается, что делегация прибудет во вторник.

12)Известно, что Шекспир написал 37 пьес и 154 сонета. – А также известно то, что он не оставил ни одной рукописи.

13)Кажется, он в последнее время очень много работает.

56. Rephrase the sentences so as to use the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

1)It turned out that my neighbour was a local millionaire.

2)Whenever I visit Nice, it seems that it is party time.

3)The kitchen was a complete mess, but it seemed she knew where to look for empty bottles and conjured up three from various hiding places.

4)On entering the room I said hello, but it appeared nobody noticed me.

5)It seemed Connie was always reading, or writing in her journal, while Mum was doing less and less and getting more tired.

6)They believe blueberries and carrots improve your eyesight.

7)At present the children were in the vegetable garden, working with big spades. It appeared they were digging a large hole.

8)One day, she resolved, she would find a way to thaw the ice that, it seemed, had settled aroundAmy’s heart. Just maybe not today.

9)If you are a woman and it happens that you drive a car all alone, you have to change the tire yourself. That’s life.

10)He entered the house via the back door and then crept along to her bedroom. So it happened that I was in the way.

11)It is reported that the Johns family have been running crime rings for generations.

12)It turned out that John was an even more successful businessman than his father.

13)Cheshire is the oldest of all the English cheeses and is referred to in the Domesday Book. However, they think it dates back to pre-Roman times.

57. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

1.The things you …… me into are illegal.

They didn’t want to become the …… of the town and moved.

Most people prefer not to …… about how much money they have or earn.

2.If we don’t hurry, we won’t …… it to the meeting.

The scent hung in the cool air. It was not overpowering, but enough to …… your heart sing with its magic.

What …… is your car?

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3.Could you …… me five minutes before the lectures start?

We arrived at the theatre with ten minutes to …… but couldn’t find anywhere to park.

My host didn’t have a …… bedroom, so I had to sleep in the living room.

4.I was never one to …… about the bush. Her heart seemed to miss a …….

For the filling, …… the butter with the icing sugar until light and fluffy, then add chocolate liqueur.

5.I don’t suppose you happened to …… whether there was a cash machine there?

We hope the product will be cheap, reliable and available at short …… . ‘‘I apologize,’’John said at once, ‘‘I didn’t …… you here.’’

58. Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.

1.I know it was wrong of me to lose my temper in front of the children.

GOT

I know that I should …… in front of the children.

2.It is possible that the burglars got into the building through the fire exit.

MAY

The burglars …… through the fire exit.

3.People said she was a gossip, but, to my knowledge, she never spread any gossip about anybody.

HEARD

I never …… about anybody.

4.Art experts believe that this is a fair copy of a painting by the old Master.

BE

Art experts believe the painting …… of the old Master’s.

5.‘‘Please, don’t use the computers until we deal with the virus attack,’’ she said.

TOLD

We …… the computer because of a virus attack.

59. The Subjective Infinitive Construction is often used in scientific or academic texts. Read the text below. Where do you think you can come across such a text?

Central heating was invented by the Romans. They used a very advanced technology for heating houses they lived in. Their homes had spaces

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under the floors and between the walls. This was called a hypocaust. Hot air would come from a furnace and would travel all through the house, keeping the rich Romans nice and warm in the cold weather.

The furnace of the hypocaust may (1)____________ (see) outside this room to the left of the steps. This is one of several furnaces found during the excavations. Charcoal, which is known (2)____________ (give out) a greater heat than wood, was burnt. It seems (3)____________ (be) efficient as it is documented that after a while the mosaic floor became so warm that it was too hot (4)____________ (walk) on it with bare feet.

Now insert the correct form of the infinitive.

60. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

DMITRI MENDELEEV

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907) was a Russian chemist, who formulated the Periodic Law and is (1) …… to have created the first widely recognized periodic table, which was published in 1869.

Mendeleev’s biography is stunning. He was born in Siberia. His grandfather was a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church from the Tver region. Mendeleev is (2) …… to be the youngest of 17 children in the family, though this fact was not documented. He attended the gymnasium in Tobolsk in Siberia.

Mendeleev’s mother was (3) …… to have noticed her youngest son’s talent and wanted him (4) …... get a higher education. So in 1849 she took her son across the entire state of Russia from Siberia to Moscow. After Moscow university did not accept him, he entered (5) …… the Main Teacher-Training Institute in Saint-Petersburg. After graduation Mendeleev got tuberculosis which (6) …… him to move to the Crimea in 1855. He taught science in the Simferopol Gymnasium No.1. His health is (7) …… to have been fully restored and he returned to Saint Petersburg in 1857.

Between 1859 and 1861, he worked in Germany and wrote his first scientific book. Later Mendeleev became a professor at the SaintPetersburg Technological Institute and Saint-Petersburg University.

(8) …… to Mendeleev Saint Petersburg turned into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research.

Mendeleev developed his periodic table to systematise the properties of the elements that had already been discovered. Amazingly, he also predicted

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the properties of elements yet (9) …… be discovered. These elements were expected to (10) …… the gaps in his table. Much later, when they were actually discovered, most of his predictions were proved correct.

In 1906 Mendeleev was recommended for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the periodic system. However, at the full meeting of theAcademy the majority of theAcademy voted for (11) …… candidate.

Mendeleev is also (12) …… to have investigated the composition of petroleum. He helped to build the first oil refinery in Russia. He is (13) …… to say that burning petroleum as a fuel ‘‘would be akin to firing up a kitchen stove with bank notes.’’

In 1907, Mendeleev died at the age of 72 in Saint Petersburg from influenza.

Now identify the Subjective Infinitive Constructions in the text above.

61. What do you know about the legend of King Arthur and his Knights?

A

Read the paragraphs about King Arthur below. With your partner / teacher identify the sentences where you can use the reporting structure with the Subjective Infinitive to make the story sound more appropriate and academic. Then rewrite the story.

KINGARTHUR

The legends of KingArthur and the Knights of the Round Table lie outside recorded time, amidst the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.

As barbarians were at the gates, Britain was in peril. Arthur, son of Uther Pendragon, was destined to become savior of the nation in a series of mighty battles. People believed that he was to establish a wondrous kingdom bright with chivalry /ʃɪvəlrɪ/, goodness and perfect love.

They assume that Arthur was probably a 5th century King of Britons or merely a minor Welsh freedom fighter. However, some people think that he never existed in reality. Others believe that he was a combination of several characters.

Some people believe that Arthur’s story begins in Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. The castle ruins date back to the 12th century, but archeologists reported that a settlement may have existed there in the 5th and 6th centuries. According to the legend, King Uther Pendragon had fallen passionately in love with the beautiful Ygerna, wife of Gorlois, a

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noble who lived in Tintagel Castle. They believed at the time that King Uther Pendragon was aided by the sorcerer Merlin and, thanks to him, spent a night withYgerna while her husband was away. This is howArthur was conceived and born according to the legend.

Rewrite the story. Does it sound natural or have you overused the Subjective Infinitive? Improve your story.

B

There are four more stories about King Arthur below. Divide into four teams. Each team should choose one of the stories and improve it using the appropriate reporting structures. Use the Subjective Infinitive Construction in moderation (do not overuse it) – the story should sound natural.

CAMELOT

Some people believe that the very heart ofArthur’s kingdom was Camelot. It is supposed that here the king held court. Numerous impressive sites have been put forward as possible places whereArthur had his great court. According to one hypothesis, it is Chester, some people also believe it could be Winchester Castle where the Round Table hangs now on a wall in the Great Hall. Another hypothesis is that it is Tintagel Castle. Some historians consider that it is a hill near Cadbury. According to the legend, it is a peculiar place. On midsummer’s eve, it is said that the hillside turns to glass and the king and all his knights can be seen feasting at the Round Table.

Anyway, they suppose that Camelot was King Arthur’s stronghold where he reigned as a good king and protected his kingdom from all its enemies.

THE ROUND TABLE

It is believed the Round Table had been originally fashioned by the wizard Merlin for King Arthur’s father, Uther Pendragon. When Uther died, the Round Table came into the hands of King Leodegrance and when his daughter Guinevere married Arthur, the Round Table came with the new queen as part of her dowry. They said it was a table ‘round in the likeness of the world’which could seat more than 100 knights in equal status.

This famous table is now displayed on the wall in the Great Hall in Winchester Castle. Historians think it dates back to the late 13th century, it is 18 feet in diameter and weighs one and a quarter tons.

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LAUNCELOT

It is reported that Launcelot was the ‘‘best of knights’’ at Camelot, a handsomest chivalrous knight on a snow-white horse. They believe fearless Launcelot was Arthur’s champion and right-hand man and he became his most trusted companion. However, it is said, that Lancelot’s friendship withArthur was marred by tragedy.The knight was passionately in love with Arthur’s lawful wife, Queen Guinevere. This adulterous love lasted for years and causedArthur unbearable pain.

According to the legend,Arthur’s enemiesAgravain and Mordred spied on Launcelot and Guinevere and revealed their disloyalty to the king, and this led to war between the two men. As is known, adultery at that time was equal to treason and Arthur had to sentence Guinevere to be burnt at the stake. Launcelot saved her, but killed a few fellow knights. They supposed it caused the downfall of the Fellowship of the Round Table. Launcelot had to retreat to France. It is believed that when he eventually returned to England,Arthur was already dead, and Guinevere in a convent. They think Lancelot became a hermit. They say, the news of Guinevere’s death broke his heart and he died.

MERLIN

It is known from the legends that Merlin was Arthur’s magician and councellor.

Merlin was born in the south-west of Wales. They say his mother was a pious Christian, but his father was a devil striving to combat the Christian faith. They think Merlin had magical gifts but did not inherit his father’s evil nature.

According to the legend, after Prince Uther took Merlin as his adviser, Merlin foretold he would become King Uther and have a powerful son, Arthur, a lord of vast territories. It is supposed Merlin was a prophet endowed with supernatural powers, who orchestrated Arthur’s birth, the sword in the stone contest, the Round Table and Excalibur.

As is clear from the legend, Merlin warnedArthur that marrying Guinevere could mean the downfall of the kingdom as the beautiful Guinevere would prove a troublesome wife.As we know, this grim prophecy was fulfilled.

C

Now team up with three people, each from a different group. Retell your stories to your new teammates: Student 1 – ‘‘Camelot’’, Student 2 – ‘‘The Round Table’’, Student 3 – ‘‘Launcelot’’, Student 4 – ‘‘Merlin’’. Which story do you like most?

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