Automation technology. Технологии автоматизации. Учебное пособие
.pdfNote: Gerunds and Infinitives af- |
Примечание: Герундий и инфи- |
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ter adjectives |
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нитив после прилагательных |
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Gerunds |
and |
Infinitives |
are |
Герундийиинфинитивупотреб- |
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used after many adjectives and Par- |
ляются после многих прилагатель- |
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ticiples. Gerunds are used after |
ных и причастий. Герундий упо- |
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prepositions, mostly in construc- |
требляется после предлогов, в ос- |
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tions like "He is tired of waiting" |
новном в конструкциях типа "He is |
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described above. Infinitives are of- |
tired of waiting" (Он устал ждать), |
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ten used in constructions like "He is |
описанных выше. Инфинитив часто |
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glad to see them" and "It is difficult |
употребляется в конструкциях типа |
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to be a doctor". |
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"He is glad to see them" (Он рад ви- |
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деть их) и "It is difficult to be a |
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doctor" (Трудно быть врачом). |
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Some adjectives and participles |
За |
некоторыми прилагатель- |
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are followed by Gerunds, some oth- |
ными и причастиями следует герун- |
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ers by Infinitives. After "afraid, an- |
дий, за некоторыми другими инфи- |
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noyed, |
disappointed, |
frightened, |
нитив. После "afraid, annoyed, |
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proud, scared, surprised", there is |
disappointed, |
frightened, |
proud, |
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not much difference in meaning be- |
scared, surprised" нет большой раз- |
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tween |
gerunds |
and |
infinitives. |
ницы в значении между герундием |
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Compare: |
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и инфинитивом. Сравните: |
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He was surprised at hearing the |
Он был удивлён, услышав ново- |
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news. – He was surprised to hear |
сти. – Он был удивлён, услышав но- |
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the news. (The Gerund is more for- |
вости. (Герундий здесь более офи- |
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mal here; the Infinitive is more |
циален; инфинитивболееупотреби- |
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common.) |
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телен.) |
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In other cases of the use of Ger- |
В других случаях употребления |
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unds and Infinitives after the same |
герундия и инфинитива после од- |
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adjectives and Participles there is |
них и тех же прилагательных и при- |
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usually a noticeable difference in |
частий обычно есть заметная раз- |
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meaning. Compare: |
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ница в значении. Сравните: |
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I'm sorry for keeping you wait- |
Извините, что заставил вас |
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ing. I missed my bus. – I'm sorry to |
ждать. Я пропустил свой автобус. – |
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keep you waiting. I will be free in |
Извините, что заставляю вас ждать. |
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half an hour. (In relation to the ac- |
Я освобожусь через полчаса. (По от- |
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tion of the main verb, the gerund |
ношениюкдействиюосновногогла- |
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expresses a |
preceding |
action; |
the |
гола, |
герундий |
выражает |
предше- |
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infinitive expresses a simultaneous |
ствующее действие; инфинитив вы- |
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action.) |
ражает одновременное действие.) |
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Gerund as attribute |
Герундий как определение |
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Gerunds in the function of at- |
Герундийвфункцииопределения |
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tributes stand after the nouns that |
стоит после существительного, кото- |
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they modify, usually after the prep- |
рое он определяет, обычно после |
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ositions "of, for, in, at". The most |
предлогов "of, for, in, at". Наиболее |
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frequently used preposition is "of". |
частоупотребляетсяпредлог"of". |
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The Gerund is preceded by "of" |
Перед герундием стоит предлог |
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after the nouns "advantage, art, |
"of" после существительных "ad- |
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chance, cost, custom, danger, fear, |
vantage, art, chance, cost, custom, |
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feeling, habit, hope, idea, illusion, |
danger, fear, feeling, habit, hope, idea, |
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importance, intention, joy, luxury, |
illusion, |
importance, intention, joy, |
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misery, necessity, opportunity, |
luxury, misery, necessity, opportunity, |
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pain, pleasure, possibility, process, |
pain, pleasure, possibility, |
process, |
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prospect, question, risk, sensation, |
prospect, |
question, |
risk, |
sensation, |
task, thought, way". |
task, thought, way". |
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He has no intention of marrying |
У него нет намерения жениться |
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her. |
на ней. |
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After "excuse, motive, passion, |
После "excuse, |
motive, passion, |
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reason", the Gerund is preceded by |
reason" |
герундию |
предшествует |
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"for". The preposition "for" is also |
"for". Предлог "for" также употреб- |
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used to indicate for what something |
ляется, чтобы указать, для чего что- |
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is designed. |
то предназначено. |
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Did she have any reason for do- |
У неё была какая-то причина |
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ing that? |
сделать это? |
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A key is an instrument for |
Ключ – это инструмент для от- |
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opening a door. |
крывания двери. |
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After "belief, difficulty, experi- |
После "belief, difficulty, experi- |
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ence, harm, pleasure", the preposi- |
ence, harm, pleasure" перед герун- |
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tion "in" is used before the Gerund. |
дием употребляется предлог "in". |
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Did you have any difficulty in doing this exercise?
У вас были какие-либо трудности в выполнении этого упражнения?
He has five years' experience in teaching.
After "astonishment, pleasure, surprise", the preposition "at" is used before the Gerund.
He could not conceal his surprise at seeing them together.
Note: Prepositions before Gerunds
У него пятилетний опыт в преподавании.
После "astonishment, pleasure, surprise" перед герундием употребляется предлог "at".
Он не смог скрыть своего удивления, увидев их вместе.
Примечание: Предлоги перед герундием
Nouns formed from phrasal |
Существительные, образован- |
verbs usually keep the same prepo- |
ные от фразовых глаголов, обычно |
sition. For example: to insist on |
сохраняют тот же предлог. Напри- |
buying – insistence on buying; to |
мер: настаивать на покупке – наста- |
object to moving – objection to |
ивание на покупке; возражать про- |
moving. |
тив переезда – возражение против |
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переезда. |
If a noun is formed from a verb |
Если существительное образо- |
that requires a direct object, the |
вано от глагола, требующего пря- |
preposition "of" is used before the |
мого дополнения, употребляется |
gerund: to intend calling him – the |
предлог "of" перед герундием: |
intention of calling him. |
намереватьсяпозвонитьему– наме- |
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рение позвонить ему. |
The choice of a preposition also depends on the context. For example: the pleasure of walking; no pleasure in waiting; his pleasure at seeing her.
Note: Gerunds and infinitives after nouns
Gerunds and Infinitives as attributes are used after many nouns. Some nouns are followed by Gerunds; some other nouns are
Выбор предлога также зависит от контекста. Например: удовольствие гулять; нет удовольствия в ожидании; его удовольствие при виде её.
Примечание: Герундий и инфинитив после существительных
Герундий и инфинитив как определения употребляются после многих существительных. За некоторыми существительными следует
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followed by Infinitives. For exam- |
герундий, за некоторыми другими |
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ple: possibility of going there; hope |
инфинитив. Например: возмож- |
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of finding them; decision to stay |
ность / вероятность поехать туда; |
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here; no need to hurry. |
надежда найти их; решение |
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остаться здесь; нет необходимости |
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спешить. |
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In some cases, Gerunds and In- |
В некоторых случаях, герундий |
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finitives are used after the same |
и инфинитив употребляются после |
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nouns, but the constructions are dif- |
одних и тех же существительных, |
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ferent. For example: |
но конструкции разные. Например: |
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The idea of talking it over with |
Идея обсудить это с Томом ка- |
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Tom seems interesting. – It might |
жется интересной. – Возможно, не- |
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be a good idea to talk it over with |
плохая идея обсудить это с Томом. |
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Tom. |
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He made the mistake of laugh- |
Он сделал ошибку, посмеяв- |
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ing at them. – It was a mistake to |
шись над ними. – Было ошибкой |
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laugh at them. |
смеяться над ними. |
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There is little difference in |
Нет большой разницы в значе- |
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meaning between Gerunds and In- |
нии между герундием и инфинити- |
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finitives after the nouns "attempt, |
вом |
после |
существительных |
chance, excuse, intention, neces- |
"attempt, chance, |
excuse, intention, |
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sity, opportunity, way". Compare: |
necessity, opportunity, way".Срав- |
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ните: |
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His attempt at getting out ended |
Егопопыткавыбратьсязакончи- |
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in failure. – His attempt to get out |
лась неудачей. – Его попытка вы- |
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ended in failure. (The Gerund is |
браться закончилась неудачей. (Ге- |
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more formal here; the Infinitive is |
рундий более официален здесь; ин- |
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more common.) |
финитив более употребителен.) |
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He had no intention of going |
У него не было намерения идти |
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there. – He had no intention to go |
туда. – У него не было намерения |
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there. |
идти туда. |
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They have a good chance of |
У них хорошие шансы выиграть |
winning this game. (Chance as pos- |
эту игру. (Chance как вероятность.) |
sibility.) – This is your chance to |
– Это твой шанс получить хорошую |
get a good job. You will have a |
работу. У вас будет возможность |
chance to talk to him / a chance of |
поговорить с ним. (Chance как воз- |
talking to him. (Chance as |
можность.) |
opportunity.) |
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Gerunds in set phrases |
Герундий в устойчивых фразах |
Note the use of the Gerund after |
Обратите внимание на употреб- |
nouns in the following set expres- |
ление герундия после существи- |
sions. The Infinitive is not used in |
тельных в следующих устойчивых |
these cases. |
выражениях. Инфинитив не упо- |
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требляется в этих случаях. |
Mike is in charge of inviting guests.
There was no point in going there.
There is no sense in waiting for them here.
There is no harm in being careful.
He had no difficulty / no trouble getting a credit card.
He had difficulty breathing.
Gerunds in constructions after formal subject IT
Gerunds are used after certain adjectives and nouns in constructions with the formal subject IT. On the whole, Infinitives are more common in constructions with the formal subject IT.
Майк отвечает за приглашение гостей.
Не было смысла идти туда.
Нет смысла ждать их здесь.
В осторожности нет вреда.
У него не было затруднений в получении кредитной карточки.
Он с трудом дышал.
Герундий в конструкциях после формального подлежащего IT
Герундий употребляется после некоторых прилагательных и существительных в конструкциях с формальным подлежащим IT. В целом, инфинитив более употребителен в конструкциях с формальным подлежащим IT.
It is useless asking him. (It is |
Бесполезно просить его. (Беспо- |
useless to ask him.) |
лезно просить его.) |
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It is worth talking to him. It's |
Стоит поговорить с ним. Стоит |
worth doing it. |
сделать это. |
It is no use talking about it. (It |
Бесполезно говорить об этом. |
is no use to talk about it.) |
(Бесполезно говорить об этом.) |
It is no good asking him for |
Бесполезно просить его о по- |
help. (It is no good to ask him for |
мощи. (Бесполезно просить его о |
help.) |
помощи.) |
Gerund as adverbial modifier |
Герундий как обстоятельство |
Gerunds in the function of ad- |
Герундий в функции обстоя- |
verbial modifiers are used after var- |
тельства употребляется после раз- |
ious prepositions, for example, af- |
личных предлогов, например, после |
ter "after, before, on" to indicate |
"after, before, on" для указания, ко- |
when the action is performed; after |
гда выполняется действие; после |
"by" to indicate how (in what man- |
"by" для указания, как (каким обра- |
ner, with the help of what) the ac- |
зом, с помощью чего) выполняется |
tion is performed; after the preposi- |
действие; после предлогов "without, |
tions "without, besides, instead of" |
besides, instead of" для указания со- |
to indicate accompanying events, |
путствующих обстоятельств и т.д. |
etc. |
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I switched off the light before |
Я выключила свет перед ухо- |
leaving. |
дом. |
On returning home he found the |
По возвращении домой он |
door open. |
нашёл дверь открытой. |
He surprised us by saying a few |
Онудивилнас, сказавнесколько |
words first in Chinese and then in |
слов сначала на китайском, а затем |
French. |
на французском. |
What did he do today besides |
Что он сегодня делал кроме |
playing computer games? |
игры в компьютерные игры? |
He went to the meeting in spite |
Он пошёл на собрание несмотря |
of feeling sick. |
на то, что чувствовал себя больным. |
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Gerunds as adverbial modifiers are used after the compound prepositions "for the purpose of; on the point of; in the event of; subject to", and some others, mostly in formal writing.
In the event of losing the key to your room, inform the manager immediately. (If you lose the key to your room, inform the manager immediately.)
Other cases of use Gerund after "no"
A Gerund after "no" indicates that something is not allowed. For example: No parking. No littering. No smoking.
In sentences beginning with "there is", Gerunds after "no" indicate that something is impossible or not allowed. For example:
There is no smoking here.
There is no accounting for tastes. (proverb)
There's no denying that this situation really scares me.
There was no arguing with him when he spoke in such a tone. (It was useless to argue with him when he spoke in such a tone.)
Gerund as predicate
Generally, the Gerund is not used as the predicate. But Gerunds are used as predicates in questions beginning with "what about" and
Герундий как обстоятельство употребляетсяпослесложныхпред-
логов "for the purpose of; on the point of; in the event of; subject to" и неко-
торых других, в основном в официальной письменной речи.
В случае потери ключа от вашей комнаты, немедленно сообщите менеджеру. (Если вы потеряете ключ от вашей комнаты, немедленно сообщите менеджеру.)
Другие случаи употребления Герундий после "no"
Герундий после "no" указывает, что что-то не разрешено. Например: Не парковаться. Не сорить. Не курить.
В предложениях, начинающихся с "there is", герундий после "no" указывает, что что-то невозможно или не разрешено. Например:
Здесь нельзя курить.
О вкусах не спорят. (пословица)
Не стану отрицать, что эта ситуация очень пугает меня.
Было бесполезно спорить с ним, когда он говорил таким тоном. (Было бесполезно спорить с ним, когда он говорил таким тоном.)
Герундий как сказуемое
Обычно, герундий не употребляется как сказуемое. Но герундий употребляется как сказуемое в вопросах, начинающихся с "what
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"how about" and expressing sug- |
about" и "how about" и выражающих |
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gestion, usually |
in |
everyday |
предложение-побуждение, обычно |
speech. For example: |
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в разговорной речи. Например: |
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How about seeing Tony and |
Как насчёт того, чтобы уви- |
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Ella tomorrow? |
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деться с Тони и Эллой завтра? |
Gerunds in compound nouns |
Герундий в сложных существи- |
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тельных |
A Gerund is often used as the |
Герундий часто употребляется |
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first component |
of |
compound |
как первый компонент сложных су- |
nouns. The main stress is on the |
ществительных. Главное ударение |
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first component, that is, on the ger- |
напервомкомпоненте, т.е. нагерун- |
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und. |
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дии. |
Usually, a Gerund as the first |
Обычно, герундий как первый |
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component of a compound noun in- |
компонент сложного существитель- |
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dicates for what something is used. |
ного указывает, для чего использу- |
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For example, drinking water is wa- |
ется что-то. Например, drinking |
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ter for drinking; a parking lot is a |
water (питьевая вода) – вода для пи- |
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place / a lot for parking cars |
тья; parking lot – участок для пар- |
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ковки автомобилей |
1. Define the functions of the Gerund in the following sentences and translate them.
1.Go on making the experiment.
2.Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments.
3.There can be no progress in science without experimenting.
4.Solving such problems helps us greatly.
5.Their wish is mastering the fundamentals of engineering.
6.The melting point of aluminum is 657°C.
7.I remember visiting this laboratory.
8.They succeeded in obtaining these data.
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2. Translate the following sentences. Note the words which help you to define whether the word with the suffix -ing is a Verbal Noun, a Gerund or a Participle.
1. Our aim is solving this complex problem.
2. They succeeded in obtaining good results working with this metal. 3. The building of the house will be finished next month.
4. In testing the devices they found some serious faults.
5. The growing importance of automatic equipment in industry attracts world-wide attention.
6. Russian scientists played a great role in the spreading of the metric system in Russia.
7. After graduating from Petersburg University he remained there as a post-graduate at the Physics Department.
8. Using the new method it is possible to increase accuracy and speed of spectral analysis.
9. Thousands of scientists, using the most modern equipment, are studying the atmosphere.
TRANSLATE
1. Translate the text from English into Russian.
MACHINE PROGRAMMING
The programmed instructions determine the set of actions that is to be accomplished automatically by the system. The program specifies what the automated system should do and how its various components must function in order to accomplish the desired result. The content of the program varies considerably from one system to the next. In relatively simple systems, the program consists of a limited number of well-defined actions that are performed continuously and repeatedly in the proper sequence with no deviation from one cycle to the next. In more complex systems, the number of commands could be quite large, and the level of detail in each command could be significantly greater. In relatively sophisticated systems, the program provides for the sequence of actions to be altered in response to variations in raw materials or other operating conditions.
Programming commands are related to feedback control in an automated system in that the program establishes the sequence of values for the inputs (set points) of the various feedback control loops that make up the automated system. A given programming command may specify the set point for the
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feedback loop, which in turn controls some action that the system is to accomplish. In effect, the purpose of the feedback loop is to verify that the programmed step has been carried out. For example, in a robot controller, the program might specify that the arm is to move to a designated position, and the feedback control system is used to verify that the move has been correctly made.
Some of the programmed commands may be executed in a simple openloop fashion—i.e., without the need for a feedback loop to verify that the command has been properly carried out. For example, a command to flip an electrical switch may not require feedback. The need for feedback control in an automated system might arise when there are variations in the raw materials being fed into a production process, and the system must take these variations into consideration by making adjustments in its controlled actions. Without feedback, the system would be unable to exert sufficient control over the quality of the process output.
The programmed commands may be contained on mechanical devices (e.g., mechanical cams and linkages), punched paper tape, magnetic tape, magnetic disks, computer memory, or any of a variety of other media that have been developed over the years for particular applications. It is common today for automated equipment to use computer storage technology as the means for storing the programmed commands and converting them into controlled actions. One of the advantages of computer storage is that the program can be readily changed or improved. Altering a program that is contained on mechanical cams involves considerable work.
Programmable machines are often capable of making decisions during their operation. The decision-making capacity is contained in the control program in the form of logical instructions that govern the operation of such a system under varying circumstances. Under one set of circumstances, the system responds one way; under different circumstances, it responds in another way. There are several reasons for providing an automated system with deci- sion-making capability, including (1) error detection and recovery, (2) safety monitoring, (3) interaction with humans, and (4) process optimization.
Error detection and recovery is concerned with decisions that must be made by the system in response to undesirable operating conditions. In the operation of any automated system, malfunctions and errors sometimes occur during the normal cycle of operations, for which some form of corrective action must be taken to restore the system. The usual response to a system malfunction has been to call for human assistance. There is a growing trend in automation and robotics to enable the system itself to sense these
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