Automation technology. Технологии автоматизации. Учебное пособие

12square roots

13central processing unit

14pegs inserted into rotating drums

15Gaussian elimination

16Bernoulli numbers

SPEAKING

1. Speak about the analytical engine using the glossary.

2. Make the plan of the text "History of Automation" and reproduce

it.

WRITING

1. Write the summary of the text "History of Automation". 2. Write the summary of the text "The Analytical Engine".

LESSON 3. MODERN DEVELOPMENTS

IN AUTOMATION

PREVIEW

Answer the questions. Then talk about your answers.

1. What significant developments in various fields occurred during the 20th century?

2. What has development of the electronic digital computer permitted?

VOCABULARY

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READING

READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN AUTOMATION

A number of significant developments in various fields have occurred during the 20th century: the digital computer, improvements in data-storage technology and software to write computer programs, advances in sensor technology, and the derivation of a mathematical control theory. All these developments have contributed to progress in automation technology.

Development of the electronic digital computer (the ENIAC [Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer] in 1946 and UNIVAC I [Universal Automatic Computer] in 1951) has permitted the control function in automation to become much more sophisticated and the associated calculations to be executed much faster than previously possible. The development of integrated circuits in the 1960s propelled a trend toward miniaturization in computer technology that has led to machines that are much smaller and less expensive than their predecessors yet are capable of performing calculations at much greater speeds. This trend is represented today by the microprocessor, a miniature multicircuited device capable of performing all the logic and arithmetic functions of a large digital computer.

Along with the advances in computer technology, there have been parallel improvements in program storage technology for containing the programming commands. Modern storage media include magnetic tapes and disks, magnetic bubble memories, optical data storage read by lasers, videodisks, and electron beam-addressable memory systems. In addition, improvements have been made in the methods of programming computers (and other programmable machines). Modern programming languages are easier to use and are more powerful in their data-processing and logic capabilities.

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Advances in sensor technology have provided a vast array of measuring devices that can be used as components in automatic feedback control systems. These devices include highly sensitive electromechanical probes, scanning laser beams, electrical field techniques, and machine vision. Some of these sensor systems require computer technology for their implementation. Machine vision, for example, requires the processing of enormous amounts of data that can be accomplished only by high-speed digital computers. This technology is proving to be a versatile sensory capability for various industrial tasks, such as part identification, quality inspection, and robot guidance.

Finally, there has evolved since World War II a highly advanced mathematical theory of control systems. The theory includes traditional negative feedback control, optimal control, adaptive control, and artificial intelligence. Traditional feedback control theory makes use of linear ordinary differential equations to analyze problems, as in Watt’s flying-ball governor. Although most processes are more complex than the flying-ball governor, they still obey the same laws of physics that are described by differential equations. Optimal control theory and adaptive control theory are concerned with the problem of defining an appropriate index of performance for the process of interest and then operating it in such a manner as to optimize its performance. The difference between optimal and adaptive control is that the latter must be implemented under conditions of a continuously changing and unpredictable environment; it therefore requires sensor measurements of the environment to implement the control strategy.

Artificial intelligence is an advanced field of computer science in which the computer is programmed to exhibit characteristics commonly associated with human intelligence. These characteristics include the capacity for learning, understanding language, reasoning, solving problems, rendering expert diagnoses, and similar mental capabilities. Developments in artificial intelligence are expected to provide robots and other “intelligent” machines with the ability to communicate with humans and to accept very high-level instructions rather than the detailed step-by-step programming statements typically required of today’s programmable machines. For example, a robot of the future endowed with artificial intelligence might be capable of accepting and executing the command “assemble the product.” Present-day industrial robots must be provided with a detailed set of instructions specifying the locations of the product’s components, the order in which they are to be assembled, and so forth.

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DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 1. Make the glossary to the text.

2. Make up 10 sentences with the words from the glossary. READING COMPREHENSION

1. Answer the questions.

1. What developments of the 20th century have contributed to progress in automation technology?

2. What was the role of the development of integrated circuits in the 1960s?

3.Which trend is represented today by the microprocessor?

4.What do modern storage media include?

5.What is Artificial intelligence?

2. Complete the sentences.

1. Development of the electronic … … in 1946 and Universal Automatic Computer in 1951 has permitted the … … in automation to become much

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more … and the associated calculations to be executed much faster than previously possible.

2. The development of integrated circuits in the 1960s propelled a trend toward … in computer technology.

3. Along with the advances in computer technology, there have been parallel … in program … technology.

4. Advances in sensor technology have provided a vast array of … … that can be used as components in automatic … control systems.

5. Some sensor systems require computer technology for their … . 6. Machine vision requires the processing of … … of data that can be

accomplished only by high-speed … computers.

7. Mathematical theory of control systems includes traditional … … control, optimal control, … control, and … intelligence.

8. Traditional feedback control theory makes use of … ordinary differential … to analyze problems, as in Watt’s flying-ball governor.

9. The difference between … and … control is that the latter must be implemented under conditions of a continuously changing and … environment.

10. Artificial intelligence is an advanced field of … … in which the computer is programmed to … characteristics commonly associated with human intelligence.

11. Developments in artificial intelligence are expected to … robots and other “intelligent” machines with the ability to … with humans.

12. Present-day industrial robots must be provided with a … … of instructions.

ANALYZE

1. Match the words with their English synonyms:

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2. Give the English equivalents:

1.Искусственный интеллект

2.многоконтурный

3.хранилище данных

4.дифференциальное уравнение

5.система управления с отрицательной обратной связью

6.интегральная схема

7.непредсказуемая среда

8.различные промышленные задачи

9.сенсорные технологии

10.лазерные лучи

3.Match the following English words with their definitions:

4. Make up 5 types of questions to each sentence

1. Optimal control theory and adaptive control theory are concerned with the problem of defining an appropriate index of performance for the process of interest and then operating it in such a manner as to optimize its performance.

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2. Advances in sensor technology have provided a vast array of measuring devices that can be used as components in automatic feedback control systems.

3. Artificial intelligence is an advanced field of computer science in which the computer is programmed to exhibit characteristics commonly associated with human intelligence.

WORD BUILDING

1. Form verbs with an opposite meaning adding the prefix disand translate them.

Example:

to agree – соглашаться

to disagree – не соглашаться

1. to cover

2. to appear

3. to place

4. to continue

5. to approve

6. to charge

7. to connect

8. to close

9. to arrange

10. to assemble

11. to mount

12. to join

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