Automation technology. Технологии автоматизации. Учебное пособие

SPEAKING

1. Speak about workstation assembly machines and their advantages using the glossary.

2. Make the plan of the text "Automation" and reproduce it. WRITING

HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY

A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece of writing.

A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be long.

Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading.

What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?

1. Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main point.

In the text (article) “ …” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.

The text “ … ” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems relating to ..., provides information on ...).

2. Write in the present tense.

At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes... (comments on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).

Attention is drawn to the fact that... . It should be noted that ... .

3. Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily follow your thoughts.

Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that ....

4. Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.

Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analyses of ... (the description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .

In conclusion ... .At the end of the text / article the author describes ..., emphasizes that ..., points out that.., summarizes that ... .

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5.Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary.

Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.

6.Write the summary of the text "Automation".

7.Write the summary of the text "Workstation Assembly Machines".

LESSON 2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

OF AUTOMATION

PREVIEW

Answer the questions. Then talk about your answers.

1. What was the main driving force behind mechanization?

2. How much time was required for the development of simple mechanical devices and machines such as the wheel, the lever, and the pulley?

3. What was Charles Babbage̕s impact to automation?

VOCABULARY

READING

READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT

HISTORY OF AUTOMATION

The technology of automation has evolved from the related field of mechanization, which had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution. Mechanization

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refers to the replacement of human (or animal) power with mechanical power of some form. The driving force behind mechanization has been humankind’s propensity to create tools and mechanical devices. Some of the important historical developments in mechanization and automation leading to modern automated systems are described here.

Early developments

The first tools made of stone represented prehistoric man’s attempts to direct his own physical strength under the control of human intelligence. Thousands of years were undoubtedly required for the development of simple mechanical devices and machines such as the wheel, the lever, and the pulley, by which the power of human muscle could be magnified. The next extension was the development of powered machines that did not require human strength to operate. Examples of these machines include waterwheels, windmills, and simple steam-driven devices. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing water and waterwheels. The early Greeks experimented with simple reaction motors powered by steam. The mechanical clock, representing a rather complex assembly with its own built-in power source (a weight), was developed about 1335 in Europe. Windmills, with mechanisms for automatically turning the sails, were developed during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East. The steam engine represented a major advance in the development of powered machines and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. During the two centuries since the introduction of the Watt steam engine, powered engines and machines have been devised that obtain their energy from steam, electricity, and chemical, mechanical, and nuclear sources.

Each new development in the history of powered machines has brought with it an increased requirement for control devices to harness the power of the machine. The earliest steam engines required a person to open and close the valves, first to admit steam into the piston chamber and then to exhaust it. Later a slide valve mechanism was devised to automatically accomplish these functions. The only need of the human operator was then to regulate the amount of steam that controlled the engine’s speed and power. This requirement for human attention in the operation of the steam engine was eliminated by the flying-ball governor. Invented by James Watt in England, this device consisted of a weighted ball on a hinged arm, mechanically coupled to the output shaft of the engine. As the rotational speed of the shaft increased, centrifugal force caused the weighted ball to be moved outward. This motion controlled a valve that reduced the steam being fed to the engine, thus slowing

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the engine. The flying-ball governor remains an elegant early example of a negative feedback control system, in which the increasing output of the system is used to decrease the activity of the system.

Negative feedback is widely used as a means of automatic control to achieve a constant operating level for a system. A common example of a feedback control system is the thermostat used in modern buildings to control room temperature. In this device, a decrease in room temperature causes an electrical switch to close, thus turning on the heating unit. As room temperature rises, the switch opens and the heat supply is turned off. The thermostat can be set to turn on the heating unit at any particular set point.

Another important development in the history of automation was the Jacquard loom , which demonstrated the concept of a programmable machine. About 1801 the French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised an automatic loom capable of producing complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of many shuttles of different colored threads. The selection of the different patterns was determined by a program contained in steel cards in which holes were punched. These cards were the ancestors of the paper cards and tapes that control modern automatic machines. The concept of programming a machine was further developed later in the 19th century when Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, proposed a complex, mechanical “analytical engine” that could perform arithmetic and data processing. Although Babbage was never able to complete it, this device was the precursor of the modern digital computer.

DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 1. Make the glossary to the text.

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2. Make up 8 sentences with the words from the glossary.

READING COMPREHENSION

1. Answer the questions.

1. What were the first human tools made of? 2. What did the Chinese develop?

3. What mechanisms appeared in the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East?

4. What can you say about the introduction of the Watt steam engine? 5. What did the device invented by James Watt in England consist of? 6. What is the main principle of its work?

7. How does a thermostat work?

8 What is the Jacquard loom?

2. Complete the sentences.

1. Mechanization refers to the replacement of … … with mechanical power of some form.

2. The … … behind mechanization has been humankind’s … to create tools and mechanical devices.

3. Thousands of years were undoubtedly required for the … of simple … … and machines such as the wheel, the lever, and the…, by which the power of human muscle could be magnified.

4. The early Greeks experimented with simple … … powered by steam. 5. The steam engine represented a … … in the development of powered

machines and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

6. Each new development in the history of powered machines has brought with it an … … for control devices to … the power of the machine.

7. The earliest steam engines required a person to open and close the … . first to admit steam into the … … and then to exhaust it.

8. The thermostat can be set to turn on the … … at any particular set point.

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ANALYZE

1. Match the words with their English synonyms:

2. Give the English equivalents:

1.центробежный регулятор с шарами

2.регулирование с обратной связью

3.станок с механическим приводом

4.падающий молот

5.отопительный агрегат

6.ткацкий автомат

7.получать паровую энергию

8.челнок

3. Match the following English words with their definitions:

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4. Put the words in the correct order:

1. Did/ powered / machines /not /require/ strength /human /to /operate. 2. Europe /the /was /mechanical/ clock/ developed/ about/ 1335/ in. 3. The/ remains /example /flying-ball/ governor /an /feedback /elegant

/early / of/ a/ control /system/ negative.

4. The/ Jacquard /concept/ loom/ demonstrated /the /of /a /programmable machine.

5. Was/Babbage̕s /of/ device /the /precursor /the /modern /digital /computer.

WORD BUILDING

1. Form nouns adding the suffixes -er, -or to the given verbs. Translate the nouns and verbs into Russian

Example:

to design – a designer (конструировать – конструктор) to detect – a detector (определять – детектор)

1.to build

2.to operate

3.to contain

4.to receive

5.to read

6.to produce

7.to transmit

8.to invent

9.to discover

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GRAMMAR

1. Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian

1. While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory. 2. A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant. 3. At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of re-

searchers.

4. The apparatus will be working when you come.

5. The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with the most difficult problems.

6. For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.

7. The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy.

8. This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.

9. For a long time the electronic devices were being used for control. 10. An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our

Institute.

11. Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody.

12. Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups. 13. We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not

find it.

14. The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system. 15. Our laboratory is housed in an old building.

TRANSLATE

1. Translate from English into Russian:

1. The technology of automation has evolved from the related field of mechanization, which had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution.

2. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing water and waterwheels.

3. Invented by James Watt in England, this device consisted of a weighted ball on a hinged arm, mechanically coupled to the output shaft of the engine.

4. A common example of a feedback control system is the thermostat used in modern buildings to control room temperature.

5. About 1801 the French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised an automatic loom capable of producing complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of many shuttles of different colored threads.

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2. Read the text and translate it from English into Russian:

THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE

The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, which was a design for a simpler mechanical calculator.

The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete. In other words, the logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era. The Analytical Engine is one of the most successful achievements of Charles Babbage.

Babbage's first attempt at a mechanical computing device, the Difference Engine, was a special-purpose machine designed to tabulate logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating finite differences to create approximating polynomials. Construction of this machine was never completed; Babbage had conflicts with his chief engineer, Joseph Clement, and ultimately the British government withdrew its funding for the project.

During this project, Babbage realized that a much more general design, the Analytical Engine, was possible. The work on the design of the Analytical Engine started in 1833.

The input, consisting of programs ("formulae") and data, was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter, and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. It employed ordinary base-10 fixed-point arithmetic.

There was to be a store (that is, a memory) capable of holding 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each (ca. 16.6 kB). An arithmetic unit (the "mill") would be able to perform all four arithmetic operations, plus comparisons and optionally square roots. Initially (1838) it was conceived as a difference engine curved back upon itself, in a generally circular layout, with the long store exiting off to one side. Later drawings (1858) depict a regularized grid layout. Like the central processing unit (CPU) in a modern computer, the mill would rely upon its own internal procedures, to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating drums called "barrels", to carry out some of the more complex instructions the user's program might specify.

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The programming language to be employed by users was akin to modern day assembly languages. Loops and conditional branching were possible, and so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later defined by Alan Turing. Three different types of punch cards were used: one for arithmetical operations, one for numerical constants, and one for load and store operations, transferring numbers from the store to the arithmetical unit or back. There were three separate readers for the three types of cards. Babbage developed some two dozen programs for the Analytical Engine between 1837 and 1840, and one program later. These programs treat polynomials, iterative formulas, Gaussian elimination, and Bernoulli numbers.

In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published a description of the engine in French, based on lectures Babbage gave when he visited Turin in 1840. In 1843, the description was translated into English and extensively annotated by Ada Lovelace, who had become interested in the engine eight years earlier. In recognition of her additions to Menabrea's paper, which included a way to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine (widely considered to be the first complete computer program), she has been described as the first computer programmer.

3. Make the glossary to the text above. Fill in the table.

1mechanical general-purpose computer

2an arithmetic logic unit

3logarithms

4trigonometric functions

5finite differences

6polynomials

7mechanical looms

8punched cards

9base-10 fixed-point arithmetic

10assembly languages

11arithmetic unit

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