Automation technology. Технологии автоматизации. Учебное пособие
.pdfIt is useless to talk to him. |
Бесполезно говорить с ним. |
It is hard to be a doctor. |
Трудно быть врачом. |
It was dangerous to stay there. |
Было опасно оставаться там. |
The infinitive in this construc- |
Инфинитив в этой конструкции |
tion is used after various nouns, for |
употребляется после различных су- |
example, after "duty, fun, idea, |
ществительных, например, после |
mistake, pleasure, surprise, thing, |
"duty, fun, idea, mistake, pleasure, |
time". |
surprise, thing, time". |
It's a good idea to invite John. |
Этохорошаямысль– пригласить |
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Джона. |
It is time to leave. |
Пора уходить. |
It was a surprise to hear such |
Было удивительно слышать та- |
words. |
кие слова. |
It was a terrible thing to say. |
Было ужасно сказать такое. |
FOR + noun / pronoun + infinitive
The action indicated by the infinitive usually refers to the subject or to the object. Compare: I'm planning to visit her. – I asked him to visit her.
In some sentences, the action indicated by the infinitive does not refer either to the subject or to the object: For example: It is pleasant to walk in the park. The tea was too hot to drink.
If it is necessary in such sentences to indicate the person to whom the action of the infinitive refers, add "for + noun / pronoun" before the infinitive. For example: It is pleasant for me to walk in the park. The tea was too hot for the children to drink.
FOR + существительное / местоимение + инфинитив
Действие, указанное инфинитивом, обычно относится к подлежащему или дополнению. Сравните: Я планирую навестить её. – Я попросил его навестить её.
В некоторых предложениях действие, указанное инфинитивом, не относится ни к подлежащему, ни к дополнению. Например: Приятно гулятьв парке. Чай был слишком горячим, чтобы его пить.
Если нужно в таких предложениях указать лицо, к которому относится действие инфинитива, добавьте for + существительное / местоимение перед инфинитивом. Например: Мне приятно гулять в парке. Чай был слишком горячим, чтобы дети могли его пить.
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Examples: Примеры:
It is difficult for him to live alone.
It is easy for her to learn English.
The first thing for you to do is to find Tom.
This is not for us to decide.
In some cases, "of + noun / pronoun" is used before the infinitive to indicate the person to whom the action of the infinitive refers. For example: It was very nice of you to bring her flowers. It was inconsiderate of him to ask her such questions.
Ему трудно жить одному.
Ей легко изучать английский язык.
Первое, чтовыдолжнысделать– найти Тома.
Это не нам решать.
В некоторых случаях перед инфинитивомупотребляетсяof + существительное / местоимение, чтобы указать, к кому относится действие инфинитива. Например: Было очень любезно с вашей стороны принести ей цветы. Было неделикатно с его стороны задавать ей такие вопросы.
Infinitive of purpose |
Инфинитив цели |
The infinitive is often used as an adverbial modifier of purpose. In this function the infinitive may be preceded by "in order" or "so as".
He went to London in order to study English.
She came here to study.
He did it to help her.
Press Enter to start the installation.
For emphasis, the infinitive of purpose is sometimes placed at the beginning of the sentence.
Инфинитив часто употребляется как обстоятельство цели. В этой функции перед инфинитивом может стоять "in order" или "so as".
Он поехал в Лондон, чтобы изучать английский язык.
Она приехала сюда учиться.
Он сделал это, чтобы помочь ей.
Нажмите Enter, чтобы начать установку.
Для усиления, инфинитив цели иногда ставится в начале предложения.
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To understand his stories, you |
Чтобы понять его рассказы, вам |
need to know where he grew up. |
нужно знать, где он вырос. |
Infinitive of consequence
The infinitive is also used as an adverbial modifier of consequence, with the adverbs "too" and "enough".
I was too tired to notice it.
It is too late to call him now.
He is too young to be a manager.
She is old enough to understand it.
I don't know this subject well enough to discuss it with you.
Инфинитив следствия
Инфинитив также употребляется как обстоятельство следствия, с
наречиями "too" и "enough".
Я слишком устал, чтобы заметить это.
Слишком поздно звонить ему сейчас.
Он слишком молод, чтобы быть менеджером.
Она достаточно взрослая, чтобы понять это.
Я знаю этот предмет не настолько хорошо, чтобы обсуждать его с вами.
Other infinitive constructions
In speech and writing of general character, the infinitive is not used as the predicate. But there are some constructions in which the infinitive may serve as the predicate.
The infinitive without the particle "to" may be used as the predicate in interrogative sentences beginning with "Why" and expressing suggestion, usually in everyday speech.
Why pay more than necessary?
Why not wait a little?
Другие инфинитивные конструкции
В устной и письменной речи общего характера инфинитив не употребляется как сказуемое. Но есть некоторые конструкции, в которых инфинитивможетслужитьсказуемым.
Инфинитив без частицы "to" может употребляться как сказуемое в вопросительных предложениях, начинающихся с "Why" и выражающих предложение-побуждение, обычно в разговорной речи.
Зачем платить больше, чем нужно?
Почему бы не подождать немного?
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The infinitive with the particle |
Инфинитив с частицей "to" мо- |
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"to" may be used as the predicate |
жет употребляться как сказуемое в |
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in the meaning close to the mean- |
значении, близком к значению |
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ing of the phrase BE TO express- |
фразы BE TO, выражающей сильное |
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ing strong expectation that some |
ожидание, что какое-то действие |
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action is going to happen accord- |
произойдёт согласно правилам, до- |
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ing to rules, agreements, plans, and |
говоренностям, планам и т.п. Такое |
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the like. Such use of the infinitive |
употребление инфинитива в основ- |
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is mostly found in legal, commer- |
ном встречается в юридических, |
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cial, or technical texts, in newspa- |
коммерческих |
или |
технических |
per articles and advertising materi- |
текстах, в газетных статьях и ре- |
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als. |
кламных материалах. |
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Buyers to pay for ordered |
Покупателидолжныоплатитьза- |
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goods upon delivery. (= Buyers are |
казанные товары после доставки. |
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to pay for ordered goods upon de- |
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livery.) |
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Three new schools to open |
Три новые школы должны от- |
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next year. (= Three new schools |
крыться в следующем году. |
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are to open next year.) |
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The same construction may be |
Такая же |
конструкция может |
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used as an infinitive phrase at the |
употребляться |
как |
инфинитивный |
end of the sentence. |
оборот в конце предложения. |
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Goods are ordered by cata- |
Товары заказываются по ката- |
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logue, buyers to pay for ordered |
логу, апокупателидолжныоплатить |
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goods upon delivery. |
заказанные товары после доставки. |
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Registration lasts till Septem- |
Регистрация длится до сентября, |
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ber, applications to be submitted in |
причем заявления должны пода- |
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person. |
ваться лично. |
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Set expressions with infinitives |
Устойчивые выражения |
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с инфинитивом |
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Set expressions containing in- |
Устойчивые выражения, содер- |
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finitives, such as "needless to say; |
жащие инфинитив, такие как "need- |
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so to speak; to be quite frank; to |
less to say; so to speak; to be quite |
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make matters worse; to put it |
frank; to make matters worse; to put it |
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mildly; to say the least; to tell the |
mildly; to say the least; to tell the |
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truth", are used as parenthetical |
truth", употребляются как вводные |
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words. For example: |
слова. Например: |
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To be quite frank, I didn't want |
Честно говоря, я не хотел давать |
to lend him my books. |
ему мои книги. |
Needless to say, he lost my |
Нестоитиговорить, чтоонпоте- |
books. |
рял мои книги. |
Split infinitive |
Разделённый инфинитив |
A split infinitive is a construction in which the adverb that modifies the infinitive is placed between the particle "to" and the infinitive. Split infinitives are quite common in informal English speech.
Generally, style manuals say that the particle "to" should not be separated from the infinitive without necessity, especially in writing.
For example, splitting the infinitive in the following sentences is considered unnecessary: They want to quickly sell the house. He seems to often complain about it. In such cases, it is better to use more typical constructions: They want to sell the house quickly. He seems to complain about it often.
Разделённый инфинитив – это конструкция, в которой наречие, которое определяет инфинитив, помещеномеждучастицей"to" иинфинитивом. Разделённый инфинитив весьмачасто встречается вразговорной английской речи.
В целом, справочники по стилю говорят, что частица "to" не должна быть отделена от инфинитива без необходимости, особенно в письменной речи.
Например, разделение инфинитива в следующих предложениях считается ненужным: They want to quickly sell the house. He seems to often complain about it. В таких слу-
чаях, лучше употребить более типичные конструкции: They want to sell the house quickly. He seems to complain about it often. (Они хотят быстро продать дом. Видимо, он часто жалуется насчёт этого.)
However, in some cases plac- |
Однако в некоторых случаях по- |
ing the adverb between the particle |
мещение наречия между частицей |
"to" and the infinitive is preferable |
"to" и инфинитивом предпочти- |
to placing that adverb in any other |
тельно помещению этого наречия в |
part of the sentence because such |
любой другой части предложения, |
use may help to express the mean- |
т.к. это может помочь выразить зна- |
ing more clearly and may even |
чение более ясно или даже может |
help to avoid possible misunder- |
помочь избежать возможного непра- |
standing of the whole sentence. |
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The adverbs "really, fully, even, |
вильного понимания всего предло- |
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never, ever" are rather often placed |
жения. Наречия "really, fully, even, |
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between the particle "to" and the |
never, ever" довольно часто помеща- |
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infinitive. |
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ются между частицей "to" и инфини- |
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тивом. |
For example, look at this sen- |
Например, посмотрите на это |
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tence: She always tried to really |
предложение: She always tried to re- |
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understand |
young |
children and |
ally understand young children and |
their hopes and fears. If we move |
their hopes and fears. (Она всегда ста- |
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"really" to some other places, the |
ралась действительно понять ма- |
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meaning will change, the construc- |
леньких детей и их надежды и |
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tion will become awkward or in- |
страхи.) Если мы передвинем "re- |
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correct: always really tried to un- |
ally" в другие места, значение изме- |
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derstand; always tried really to un- |
нится, конструкция станет громозд- |
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derstand; |
to understand really |
кой или неправильной: always really |
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young children; |
to understand |
tried to understand; always tried really |
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young children and their hopes and |
to understand; to understand really |
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fears really. |
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young children; to understand young |
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children and their hopes and fears re- |
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ally. |
1. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the Infinitive.
1. To solve this complicated problem is an actual task in our investigation. 2. He expected to discover more accurate figures in the course of the ex-
periment.
3. He was one of the first scientists to appreciate the importance of complex numbers.
4. It is a peculiar thing to do.
5. He was able to create an ingenious method.
6. To complete the survey, you have to collect more data. 7. You might prefer to experiment with these substances.
8. This approach gives you great power to reveal hidden relations between these methods.
9. Nowadays scientists tend to take these benefits for granted. 10. It is hard to believe that they achieved such great progress.
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2. Translate from Russian into English, using different forms of the Infinitive.
1. Это позволяет нам производить оборудование нового поколения. 2. Он, должно быть, обдумывает результаты своей работы.
3. Мы довольны тем, что получили подобные данные.
4. Было бы отлично выполнить проект до наступления крайнего срока.
5. Нам надо закончит множество экспериментов.
6. Установку следует демонтировать.
7. Ему надо попросит техника починить станок.
8. Руководитель заставил его повторить эксперимент.
9. Оказывается, они талантливые ученые.
10. Натрий и хлор соединяются, образуя хлорид натрия.
3. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one, using enough.
Follow the example given below.
She is clever. She can answer the question. – She is clever enough to answer the question.
1.The data were sufficient. We could conduct a survey.
2.The arguments are strong. He can prove his viewpoint.
3.The equipment is new. The mechanics can make the moulds.
4. The experiments are numerous. They can come to a definite conclusion.
5. They are prepared. They can answer the opponents̒questions.
4.Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Complex Subject.
1.The plane was reported to have landed safely.
2.He is considered to be a good specialist.
3.He is said to be working on this report.
4.That project was declared to have taken the first place.
5.The conference was supposed to be making great progress.
5. Translate the sentences using the Passive Infinitive.
1.Мы хотим, чтобы предложение было принято.
2.Я бы хотел, чтобы эксперимент был проведен прямо сейчас.
3.Мы не хотим, чтобы станок демонтировали.
4.Руководитель хочет, чтобы проблема была решена немедленно.
5.Мы ожидаем, что факты будут доказаны.
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TRANSLATE
1. Translate the text from English into Russian. ROBOT PROGRAMMING
The computer system that controls the manipulator must be programmed to teach the robot the particular motion sequence and other actions that must be performed in order to accomplish its task. There are several ways that industrial robots are programmed. One method is called lead-through programming. This requires that the manipulator be driven through the various motions needed to perform a given task, recording the motions into the robot’s computer memory. This can be done either by physically moving the manipulator through the motion sequence or by using a control box to drive the manipulator through the sequence.
A second method of programming involves the use of a programming language very much like a computer programming language. However, in addition to many of the capabilities of a computer programming language (i.e., data processing, computations, communicating with other computer devices, and decision making), the robot language also includes statements specifically designed for robot control. These capabilities include (1) motion control and (2) input/output. Motion-control commands are used to direct the robot to move its manipulator to some defined position in space. For example, the statement “move P1” might be used to direct the robot to a point in space called P1. Input/output commands are employed to control the receipt of signals from sensors and other devices in the work cell and to initiate control signals to other pieces of equipment in the cell. For instance, the statement “signal 3, on” might be used to turn on a motor in the cell, where the motor is connected to output line 3 in the robot’s controller.
2. Make the glossary to the text above. Fill in the table.
word |
transcription translation |
1particular motion sequence
2lead-through programming
3data processing
4computations
5statements specifically designed for robot control
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SPEAKING
1. Make the plan of the text "Robotics". Reproduce the text. 2. Make the plan of the text "Robot programming". Reproduce the
text.
WRITING
1.Write the summary of the text "Robotics".
2.Write the summary of the text "Robot programming".
SUPPLEMENTARY READER
1. MANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS
One of the most important application areas for automation technology is manufacturing. To many people, automation means manufacturing automation. In this section, the types of automation are defined, and examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described.
Three types of automation in production can be distinguished: (1) fixed automation, (2) programmable automation, and (3) flexible automation.
Fixed automation, also known as “hard automation,” refers to an automated production facility in which the sequence of processing operations is fixed by the equipment configuration. In effect, the programmed commands are contained in the machines in the form of cams, gears, wiring, and other hardware that is not easily changed over from one product style to another. This form of automation is characterized by high initial investment and high production rates. It is therefore suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation include machining transfer lines found in the automotive industry, automatic assembly machines, and certain chemical processes.
Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in batches. The products are made in batch quantities ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new batch, the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over to accommodate the new product style. This reprogramming and changeover take time to accomplish, and there is a period of nonproductive time followed by a production run for each new batch. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization.
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A numerical-control machine tool is a good example of programmable automation. The program is coded in computer memory for each different product style, and the machine tool is controlled by the computer program. Industrial robots are another example.
Flexible automation is an extension of programmable automation. The disadvantage with programmable automation is the time required to reprogram and change over the production equipment for each batch of new product. This is lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation, the variety of products is sufficiently limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done off-line; that is, the programming is accomplished at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Accordingly, there is no need to group identical products into batches; instead, a mixture of different products can be produced one right after another.
2. AUTOMATED PRODUCTION LINES
An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are typically set up for long production runs, perhaps making millions of product units and running for several years between changeovers. Each station is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. A raw work part enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation, and emerges at the other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the line, there is a work part being processed at each station, so that many parts are being processed simultaneously and a finished part is produced with each cycle of the line. The various operations, part transfers, and other activities taking place on an automated transfer line must all be sequenced and coordinated properly for the line to operate efficiently. Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are special computers that facilitate connections with industrial equipment (such as automated production lines) and can perform the kinds of timing and sequencing functions required to operate such equipment.
Automated production lines are utilized in many industries, most notably automotive, where they are used for processes such as machining and pressworking. Machining is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting or shaping tool, so that the remaining work part is the desired
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