Automation technology. Технологии автоматизации. Учебное пособие
.pdfform "having been done" is perfect passive.
активная; форма "being done" (делаемый) – пассивная; форма
"having been done" (уже сделан-
ный) – перфектная пассивная.
Examples of simple and compound Примеры простых и сложных forms форм
The student is reading a book.
The reading student didn't pay any attention to the teacher's words.
Студент читает книгу.
Читающий студент не обратил никакого внимания на слова преподавателя.
The student reading a book didn't pay any attention to the teacher's words.
He was sitting by the window, reading a book.
Студент, читающий книгу, не обратил никакого внимания на слова преподавателя.
Он сидел у окна, читая книгу.
Having read ten pages of the book, he decided to have a break.
The books read by him last week included several novels.
Прочитав десять страниц книги, он решил сделать перерыв.
Книги, прочитанные им на прошлой неделе, включали в себя несколько романов.
Published in 1900, the story was |
Опубликованная в 1900 году, |
adapted into a film in 1939. |
этаповестьбылаэкранизированав |
Having been translated into sev- |
1939 году. |
Будучи переведённой на не- |
|
eral languages, this story is well |
сколько языков, эта повесть хо- |
known in many countries. |
рошо известна во многих странах. |
Translation of Participles |
Перевод причастий |
Depending on the function in the sentence, on the context and meaning, English participles are translated into Russian as participles, as adjectives, as adverbial participles, as verbs. Compare these examples:
I saw a running boy.
He was running very fast.
В зависимости от функции в предложении, от контекста и значения, английские причастия переводятся на русский язык как причастия, как прилагательные, как деепричастия, как глаголы. Сравните эти примеры:
Я увидел бегущего мальчика. Он бежал очень быстро.
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He ran shouting something.
Running past the bakery, the boy stopped abruptly.
He stood there, looking at the shopwindow intently.
Having found the door locked, the boy left.
Adverbial Participles
Он бежал, крича что-то. Он бежал и кричал что-то.
Пробегая мимо булочной, мальчик внезапно остановился.
Он стоял там, пристально глядя на витрину. Он стоял там и пристально смотрел на витрину.
Найдя дверь запертой, мальчик ушёл.
Деепричастия
In the examples above, "shouting something; running past the bakery; looking at the shop window; having found" have been translated into Russian with the help of adverbial participles.
There are no adverbial participles in English. We translate English participles into Russian with the help of suitable adverbial participles in those cases where it is required by the norms of the Russian language.
Participle after noun
Впримерах выше, "shouting something; running past the bakery; looking at the shop window; having found" переведены на русский язык с помощью деепричастий (крича, пробегая, глядя, найдя).
Ванглийском языке нет деепричастий. Мыпереводиманглийские причастия на русский язык с помощью подходящих деепричастий в тех случаях, где это требуется нормами русского языка.
Причастие после существительного
Participles are often placed after the nouns that they modify: the problems remaining; the people involved; the questions discussed
In such cases, you can use a participle construction instead of a single participle. A participle construction expresses the same meaning as a relative subordinate clause (attributive clause)
Причастия часто ставятся после определяемых существительных: остающиеся проблемы; люди, причастные к этому; обсуждавшиеся вопросы
В таких случаях можно употребить причастный оборот вместо одиночного причастия. Причастный оборот выражает такое же значение, как относительное (определительное) придаточное предложение.
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The questions discussed were |
Обсуждавшиесявопросыбыли |
quite important. – The questions dis- |
весьма важными. – Вопросы, об- |
cussed at the meeting were quite im- |
суждавшиеся на собрании, были |
portant. – The questions that were |
весьмаважными. – Вопросы, кото- |
discussed at the meeting were quite |
рые обсуждались на собрании, |
important. |
были весьма важными. |
Participle construction after noun |
Причастный оборот после |
|
существительного |
Participle constructions in the function of attributes stand after the nouns that they modify. For example:
I talked to several people participating in the project.
Active and passive meanings of Participles
In the function of attributes, present participles express active meaning, and past participles express passive meaning.
Причастные обороты в функции определений стоят после существительных, которые они определяют. Например:
Я говорил с несколькими людьми, участвующими в проекте.
Активные и страдательные значения причастий
В функции определений, причастия настоящего времени выражают активное значение, а причастия прошедшего времени выражают страдательное значение.
In a number of cases there are no corresponding Russian participles with active and passive meaning, for example, in the case of "boring, bored". Compare these sentences:
В ряде случаев нет соответствующих русских причастий с активным и страдательным значением, например, в случае "boring, bored". Сравните эти предложения:
His attitude is annoying. She looks annoyed.
Some past participles in the function of attributes can express active meaning. For example: advanced students; experienced users; developed countries; increased activity.
Егоотношениераздражающее. Она выглядит раздражённой.
Некоторые причастия прошедшего времени в функции определения могут выражать активное значение. Например: продвинутые студенты; развитые страны; опытные пользователи; возросшая активность.
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Participles as adverbial modifiers Причастия как обстоятельства
Participles in the function of adverbial modifiers (of time, reason, manner, accompanying circumstances, etc.) are usually found in participle constructions, though single participles are also quite possible. The negative particle "not" is placed before the participle. Participle constructions in the function of adverbial modifiers are used mostly in writing.
Причастия в функции обстоятельств (времени, причины, образа действия, сопутствующих обстоятельств и т.д.) обычно встречаются в причастных оборотах, хотя одиночные причастия тоже вполне возможны. Отрицательная частица "not" ставится перед причастием. Причастные обороты в функции обстоятельств употребляются в основном в письменной речи.
Having finished my work, I went home. (After I finished my work, I went home.)
Not knowing what to expect, she was afraid to open the door.
Surprised by his strange decision, his friends tried to talk him out of it.
Prepositions and conjunctions in the form of participles
Some prepositions and conjunctions are in the form of participles. For example: concerning, considering, including, notwithstanding, owing to, judging from, provided that, regarding, supposing.
Owing to the rain, the game was postponed. Considering the price, this table is a good buy.
Закончив работу, я пошёл домой. (После того, как я закончил работу, я пошёл домой.)
Не зная, чего ожидать, она боялась открыть дверь.
Удивлённые его странным решением, его друзья пытались отговорить его от этого.
Предлоги и союзы в форме причастий
Некоторые предлоги и союзы имеют форму причастий. Напри-
мер: concerning, considering, including, notwithstanding, owing to, judging from, provided that, regarding, supposing.
Из-за дождя игра была отложена. Принимая во внимание цену, этот стол – удачная покупка.
Absolute Participle Construction Самостоятельный причастный оборот
The absolute participle construction has its own subject and can stand at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
Самостоятельный причастный оборот имеет своё собственное подлежащее и может стоять в начале или в конце предложения.
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Nobody knowing what to do, we decided to do nothing.
Sydney is the largest city in Australia, with Melbourne being the second largest.
Our work finished, we said goodbye and left.
Participles in constructions with Complex Object
In sentences like "I saw him crossing the street. I had my car washed.", the constructions "him crossing; car washed" are often called "Complex Object" .
Так как никто не знал, что делать, мы решили ничего не делать.
Сидней – самый большой город в Австралии, а Мельбурн – второй по величине.
Так как наша работа была закончена, мы попрощались и ушли.
Причастия в конструкциях со сложным дополнением
В предложениях типа "I saw him crossing the street. I had my car washed.", конструкции "him crossing; car washed" часто называются
"Complex Object" (сложное допол-
нение).
Present Participle in constructions |
Причастие настоящего времени |
with Complex Object |
в конструкциях со сложным |
|
дополнением |
Constructions after verbs of sense |
Конструкции после глаголов |
perception |
чувственного восприятия |
The present participle is used in constructions with complex object after the verbs of sense perception "hear, see, watch, observe, notice, feel" to indicate the action in progress. For example:
Причастие настоящего времени употребляется в конструкцияхсосложнымдополнениемпосле глаголов чувственного вос-
приятия "hear, see, watch, observe, notice, feel", чтобы показать действие в процессе. Например:
I saw him locking the door.
The infinitive in such constructions usually expresses a completed action, but if the verb is of continuing nature, the infinitive can express the action in progress. Compare:
Я видел, как он запирал дверь.
Инфинитив в таких конструкциях обычно выражает законченное действие, но если глагол продолженногохарактера, инфинитив может выражать действие в процессе. Сравните:
I saw him crossing the street. – I saw him cross the street.
Я видел, как он переходил улицу. – Я видел, как он перешёл улицу.
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Past Participle in constructions with Complex Object
Constructions after "see, hear, want, consider"
The past participle is used in constructions with complex object to show that the person or thing indicated by the object undergoes the action indicated by the participle.
He saw his bags put into the trunk of a large car.
She saw several participants registered during the conference.
We heard her name mentioned during the discussion.
He wants it done as soon as possible.
I consider this matter closed.
Construction "have something done"
Причастие прошедшего времени в конструкциях со сложным дополнением
Конструкции после "see, hear, want, consider"
Причастие прошедшего времени употребляется в конструкциях со сложным дополнением, чтобыпоказать, чтолицоилипредмет, указанный дополнением, подвергается действию причастия.
Он видел, как его вещи положили в багажник большого автомобиля.
Она видела, как нескольких участников зарегистрировали во время конференции.
Мы слышали, как её имя упоминали во время дискуссии.
Он хочет, чтобы это было сделано как можно скорее.
Ясчитаюэтотвопросзакрытым.
Конструкция "have something done"
In such constructions the past participle is used after the verb "have" to show that the action is performed for you by someone, usually at your request.
She got her TV repaired.
In some cases the action expressed by the participle after the verb "have" is performed not at your request, the action may be unpleasant.
She had her purse stolen yesterday.
Втаких конструкциях прошедшего времени употребляется после глагола "have", чтобы показать, что действие выполняется для вас кем-то, обычно по вашей просьбе
Ей починили телевизор.
в некоторых случаях, действие, выраженное причастием после глагола "have" в таких конструкциях, совершается не по вашей просьбе, действиеможетбытьнеприятным.
У неё вчера украли кошелёк.
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1. Define the function of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them.
1.The scientist working at this design is well known.
2.Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments.
3.These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.
4. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.
5. Electronics occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.
6. Being cooled water turns into ice.
7. The scientist is carrying on an important research, 8. Developing the new method they achieved good results.
2. Translate the following sentences.
1. Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes. 2. When making the experiment he made notes.
3. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current.
4. This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver. 5. Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research in-
stitutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people.
6. Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year.
7. While being checked the motor showed good performance.
8. The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty. 9. Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance.
3. Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian.
Example:
While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
1. When he was translating the article he used a dictionary.
2. While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments.
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3. When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results.
4. While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful. 5. When the engineer was improving the design he made many calcula-
tions.
6. While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples.
7. When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.
One more example:
The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.
The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.
1. The scientist who is working at the method is well known.
2. These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory.
3. The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.
4. The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor.
5. The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties.
TRANSLATE
1. Translate from English into Russian: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
While a number of definitions of artificial intelligence (AI) have surfaced over the last few decades, John McCarthy offers the following definition in this 2004." It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable."
However, decades before this definition, the birth of the artificial intelligence conversation was denoted by Alan Turing's seminal work, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" which was published in 1950. In this paper, Turing, often referred to as the "father of computer science", asks the following question, "Can machines think?" From there, he offers a test, now famously
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known as the "Turing Test", where a human interrogator would try to distinguish between a computer and human text response. While this test has undergone much scrutiny since its publish, it remains an important part of the history of AI as well as an ongoing concept within philosophy as it utilizes ideas around linguistics.
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig then proceeded to publish, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach becoming one of the leading textbooks in the study of AI. In it, they delve into four potential goals or definitions of AI, which differentiates computer systems on the basis of rationality and thinking vs. acting:
Human approach:
Systems that think like humans
Systems that act like humans
Ideal approach:
Systems that think rationally
Systems that act rationally
Alan Turing’s definition would have fallen under the category of “systems that act like humans.”
At its simplest form, artificial intelligence is a field, which combines computer science and robust datasets, to enable problem-solving. It also encompasses sub-fields of machine learning and deep learning, which are frequently mentioned in conjunction with artificial intelligence. These disciplines are comprised of AI algorithms which seek to create expert systems which make predictions or classifications based on input data.
Today, a lot of hype still surrounds AI development, which is expected of any new emerging technology in the market. As noted in Gartner’s hype cycle, product innovations like, self-driving cars and personal assistants, follow “a typical progression of innovation, from overenthusiasm through a period of disillusionment to an eventual understanding of the innovation’s relevance and role in a market or domain.” As Lex Fridman notes here in his MIT lecture in 2019, we are at the peak of inflated expectations, approaching the trough of disillusionment.
As conversations emerge around the ethics of AI, we can begin to see the initial glimpses of the trough of disillusionment. To read more on where IBM stands within the conversation around AI ethics, read more here.
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2. Make the glossary to the text above. Fill in the table.
|
word |
transcription |
translation |
1 |
to surface |
|
|
2 |
to confine |
|
|
3 |
biologically observable |
|
|
4 |
to denote |
|
|
5 |
Turing Test |
|
|
6 |
to delve into |
|
|
7 |
overenthusiasm |
|
|
8 |
to emerge |
|
|
9 |
robust datasets |
|
|
10 |
to enable problem-solving |
|
|
11 |
disillusionment |
|
|
12 |
relevance |
|
|
13 |
trough |
|
|
14 |
ethics |
|
|
SPEAKING
1. Speak about the Artificial Intelligence using the glossary. 2. Make the plan of the text "Modern Developments in Automation"
and reproduce it.
WRITING
1. Write the summary of the text "Modern Developments in Automation".
2. Write the summary of the text "Artificial Intelligence".
LESSON 4. PRINCIPLES AND THEORY
OF AUTOMATION
PREVIEW
Answer the questions. Then talk about your answers.
1. What are the main elements of automation?
2. What is the most commonly used power in today’s automated systems?
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