Учебное пособие «Подготовка профессиональных писем специалистами-логистами на английском языке»

we hear people giving wise advice. 5. He regards this concept as being not a simple one. 6. They got the design reexamined. 7. We have the program debugged. 8. The true way to be deceived is to think oneself more knowing than others;

both — это слово можно было бы перевести как оба (both languages — оба языка), если бы дальше не было слова and, наличие которого меняет его значение: both ..: and - как ... так и, и ... и. В нашем тексте: both dead languages and modem ones- как мертвые, так и

современныеязыки;

ones - слово-заместитель существительного во множественном числе, которое упоминалось раньше (languages). В комментарии к тексту 2 дана информация о всех словах-заместителях. В данном тексте: modern ones — современные языки;

to follow - опять неличная форма глагола — Infinitive, который играет роль определения к слову formula. Как и положено, НФГ переводим сказуемым в придаточном (в данном случае) определительном предложении: formula to follow — формула, которой можно руководствоваться (следовать). Об инфинитиве в роли определения см. в комментарии к тексту 13;

will waste - Future Indefinite Active от глагола to waste. Форма

Indefinite {неопределенный) дает возможность выбирать вид - совершенный или несовершенный: you will: waste - вы потеряете или будете терять. Выбор зависит от контекста и от вас;

make it fit — этоужезнакомыйвамоборот«дополнение с причастием», который следует переводить придаточным предложением: заставить его соответствовать правилам. Но можно дать и другойперевод: подогнать его

под структуру;

pattern — слово очень многозначное, и перевод его всегда диктуется контекстом. В данном случае можно использовать слово правило. Другие эквиваленты: образец, модель, схема, структура, картина, характера т.д.,

например:

Culture and education strongly influence an individual's pattern of thought - Культура и образование сильно влияют на образ мышления

41

(любого) человека;

don't fight — отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения — не сражайтесь. О повелительном наклонении см. в комментарии к тексту 9;

matter — слово, вызывающее затруднения при переводе, поскольку имеет много русских эквивалентов: вещество, материя, материал;

сущность, содержание, предмет, вопрос, дело. В данном контексте: a matter

of memorizing words — вопросзапоминания слов.

Глагол to matter - иметь значение, например:

It matters much — Этоимеетбольшоезначение.

В тексте есть выражение no matter, которое встречается очень часто, и его можно переводить как неважно, безразлично, все равно, при

этом сказуемое предложения сохраняет утвердительную форму, например:

No matter how difficult the work is I will do it -Неважно {не имеет значения), насколькотрудна эта работа, я сделаю ее.

Переведите:

1. This matters little in solving the problem. 2. What matters most, people or business? 3. Such matters were much debated at that time. 4. It does not matter much. 5. It is a matter of a few hours to complete the test. 6. Liquid is a form of matter. 7. No matter what you say I will not believe you;

do need — в данном случае do используется для усиления значения глагола need: действительно нужно, В роли усилителя глагол do стоит перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола (без to) и может переводиться словами действительно, все же, например:

She is not a very good girl, but I do like her - Она не очень хорошая девочка, но она все же мне нравится.

В этой функции глагол do может иметь прошедшее время, которое при переводе переходит на смысловой глагол, например:

I did like it — Мне действительноэтопонравилось.

С помощью do можно усилить значение глагола в повелительном

42

наклонении, и при переводе следует использовать слово пожалуйста, например:

Do help me! Пожалуйста, помоги мне!

Переведите:

1. Не does ask a lot of questions. 2. The fault did occur. 3. Do ask him to do it. 4. Good advice does help us to overcome difficulties. 5. The problem

was much more complex, but we did solve it; get away, look for, blossoms out - здесь надо

вспомнить важное правило: при переводе нельзя оставлять без внимания ни одного слова в английскомпредложении. Внашемслучаепослелогиaway, for и out придают глаголам, стоящим перед ними, новое значение:

глаголов с послелогами, не ленитесь посмотреть.

Переведите:

1. Не gave up the idea. 2.1 looked through the book. 3. He got across his idea. 4j She got after him. 5. She looks after her little sister. 6. They brought about their investigation. 7. They will bring forward a new proposition.

Задание З. Сравните свой перевод с предлагаемымвариантом.

ПЕРЕВОД ТЕКСТА

Как изучать язык

Вы можете выучить иностранный язык. Это правильное утверждение. Оно правильное потому, что вы уже знаете свой родной язык. И если вы смогли выучить родной язык, то сможете выучить любой

43

другой, при условии (конечно), что вы действительно хотите.

Если вам нужно говорить на языке, вы должны слушать, как на нем говорят. Это дает возможность изучать новый язык естественным образом - как это делают дети - путем подражания. Если вы главным образом заинтересованы в том, чтобы (только) читать на языке, вам нет необходимости его слушать. Многие люди изучают как мертвые, так и современные языки без помощи учителя.

Фактически, не существует никакой магической формулы, которой можно руководствоваться при изучении языка. Однако есть некоторые основные принципы, которые окажутся вам полезными, если вы захотите сначала говорить, а потом читать на новом языке. Начинайте изучать язык «ухом». Слушайте тех, для кого язык является родным. Слушайте записи. Включайте радио.

Каждый язык имеет свои собственные грамматические правила. Сначала вам может показаться, что правила в грамматике вашего родного языка более разумные, чем в любом другом языке. Но вы потратите впустую много энергии — и лишите себя большого удовольствия, — если будете пытаться реформировать этот язык или заставлять его соответствовать правилам своего родного. Каждый язык организован согласно своей собственной грамматике. Не сражайтесь с правилами. Изучайте их ста- рательно и учитесь использовать.

Некоторые люди считают, что изучение иностранного языка — это просто вопрос запоминания слов. Вам действительно нужно накопить словарный запас, но вы должны (навсегда) отказаться от мысли отом, чтов отдельныхсловахкроетсятатайна, которую вы ищете.

Слова похожи на цветы. Каждый цветок имеет свой особый стебель и растет на земле по-своему. Роза должна цвести на розовом кусте, а не на сосне. Почти то же самое происходит и с английским словом, оно расцветает в своем полном значении только на стебле английской грамматики.

Как долго следует учить язык? Изучающие язык узнают больше за 50 часов упорного труда в течение нескольких недель, чем за 50 часов, растянутых на многие месяцы.

Когда лучшее время начинать изучать иностранный язык? Вы можете изучать его в любом возрасте, но вам будет легче выработать хорошее произношение, если вы начнете, когда вы еще молоды. Итак, лучшее время начинать изучать язык -это сейчас, независимо от того, сколько вам лет.

44

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ:

Проанализировать, какие трудности здесь присутствуют:

1.Он извинился, сказав, что его часы ОПАЗДЫВАЮТ.Не apologizedsaing that the watch WAS SLOW.

2.Поскольку старая экономическая система УТРАТИЛА ЖИЗНЕСПОСОБНОСТЬ, надо не откладывая создать новую. A NEW ECONOMIC system has to be urgently built, since the old one NO LONGERWORKS.

3.Во всем мире диктаторы ТЕРПЯТ КРАХ. All over the world dictators FALL.

4.Экономика и политика НЕРАЗРЫВНЫ. The economy and politics go HAND-IN-HAND.

5.Мы сейчас СТОИМ на развилке дорог. We ARE now at

crossroads.

6.Направление ВЫБРАНО правильное. We are HEADING in the right direction.

7.В ПОСЛЕДНИЕ ГОДЫ быстро развиваются малые предприятия.

RECENT YEARSSAW a rapid development of small businesses.

8.ЗА ПРОШЕДШИЕ ДЕСЯТЬ ЛЕТ был проведен ряд исследований в этой области. THE PAST DECADE HAS BROUGHT ABOUT a number of investigations into this field.

9.ВОКРУГ ЭТОЙ ПРОБЛЕМЫ всегда было много споров.

THIS PROBLEM has always been the subject of debate.

10.НА ВНЕШНЕМ РЫНКЕ эти товары пользуется большим спросом.

THERE IS a great demand for these goods in the foreign market. 11. ОБ ЭТОМ шел разговор на последнем заседании. THIS was the

theme of the last meeting.

12.Особенно СТРАДАЮТ от сегодняшней безработицы молодые люди, впервые попавшие на рынок труда. THE HARDESTHIT ARE

the first-time job seekers.

13.Германия ЗАНИМАЕТ ОДНО ИЗ ВЕДУЩИХ МЕСТ ПО

45

ЭКСПОРТУ оптических приборов. Germany is A KEY OF EXPORTER

of optical instruments.

14.Снова ВСЕ упирается в экономическую модель. Again WE return

to the economic model.

15.Большинство из предлагаемых программ ЛЕЖИТ МЕРТВЫМ ГРУЗОМ.

Most of the programs offered LIE ON THE SHELVES COLLECTING NG DUST.

THE HISTORY OF BANKING

Bank Education Service is an educational auxiliary sponsored by the clearing banks to provide senior students with factual banking information.

When the new customer of one of the joint stock banks opens his account he may be doing so in a branch opened last year in a newly developing area. He may, on the other hand, find himself in a branch where banking business has been conducted for a hundred years or more; exceptionally, for two or even three hundred years. If the branch is an old one, it will probably have been modernised, certainly as to its interior; outside too, if the original premises were of no architectural merit — and they were sometimes quite exceptionally ugly. The banks have been at pains in recent years to get away from the Dickеnsian image that they carried over from the last century into this one, and the appearance and atmosphere of their premises have obviously had an important part to play in the revolution. But some of those premises have long memories of banking as it developed into what we know today.

The handful of banks and branches that can claim a history of three hundred years or so do in fact span the whole history of the banks in this country. Banking is, of course, much older than that. Many early societies developed various techniques by which money deposited for safe-keeping could be lent to others; various forms of money transfer, or the transfer of credit, were also used by civilisations before ours. More directly linked with our own history, the Lombard financiers in Italy were conducting their business in the fourteenth century; traditionally, they did so on benches or «bancos», and it is from that word that our «bank» is said to be derived (by the same token, «bankrupt» is believed to come from their custom of breaking the bench of a man who could not meet his engagements). In the same period the bill of exchange was developing in

46

Italian-based commerce; our cheques and Bank Giro credits are a long way removed from those early days, but there is a thin line linking the two.

The Lombards brought their expertise to England, and, again according to tradition, gave their name to Lombard Street, which is still the banking centre of the Gty of London. They brought the bill of exchange with them, as a means of settling debts over long distances, two hundred years or more before there was any business here that we can recognise as banking. And in those two hundred years, as England developed from a feudal community, with virtually all its wealth in land, to a commercial society, in which surplus money needed to be stored and used for profit, there were various kinds of money dealers, willing to arrange loans by those who had money to lend to those who wanted to borrow it.

But none of this was banking. Our banks were to find their recognisable beginnings quite suddenly in the latter half of the seventeenth century, in the explosive period of commercial development when so much of our financial machinery, including insurance and joint-stock companies, took shape to accommodate our rapidly expanding trade at home and overseas.

In London the goldsmiths occupied a special position in this developing situation. They had from very early days exchanged foreign currency, keeping some in hand to supply people going abroad, melting down the rest in the course of their basic trade. In the natural course of this foreign currency business they had become familiar with the bill of exchange in its function as a part of the mechanics of overseas trade. They had come to be recognised also as reliable keepers of the valuables and cash of people without their own safe-custody facilities, and this function became more important when Charles 1 destroyed the reputation of the Royal Mint as the best of all places for safe-custody. (In 1640 he requisitioned some 200,000 of safe-custody deposits left with the Mint, and although he paid it all back the damage had been done.) So it was a natural transition for the goldsmiths to move into a form of business we can easily recognise as the forerunner to modem banking: receiving money for safekeeping, lending a safe proportion of that money at interest to people needing finance (the safe proportion being based on the knowledge that not all their deposit customers would want their money at the same time), issuing receipts for money deposited, which rapidly developed into bank notes, and accepting the written instructions of their depositors as to the disposal of their money, which equally rapidly developed into cheques. There is virtually no documentary evidence surviving of «banking» transactions under Charles I; before the end of Charles II's reign the new banking business (although not always so called) was well established. Pepys has many allusions to it, and to

47

individual goldsmith bankers, notably Alderman Edward Backwell and Sir Robert Riner. Backwell changed Dutch money for him, and in 1667 Pepys «discoursed with him about the remitting of this 6,000 to Tangier, which he hath promised to do by the first post»; but more often they were dealing in plate

— Pepys went to Backwell for a pair of candlesticks , and in 1664 he «called at Alderman Backwell's and there changed Mr. Falconer's stale cup, that he did give us the other day, for a fair tankard. The cup weighed with the fashion 5 16s., and another little cup that Joyce Norton did give us 17s., both 6 13s., for which we had the tankard, which came to 6 10s. at 5s. 7d. per oz., and 3s. in money, and with great content away thence to my brother's ...» The new men were bankers, but they were goldsmiths still.

EXERCISES

A.Read the text and complete the sentences given below.

1.The basic aspects of the paper under analysis are ...

2.The handful of banks and branches ...

3.The Lombard financiers ...

4.Bank Giro credits ...

5.British banks ...

6.In London the goldsmiths ...

7.Charles I destroyed ...

8.In 1640...

9.In 1664...

10.In 1667...

B.Give the extensive answers to these discussion questions.

1.What may new customer be doing when he opens his ac count at joint stock banks?

2.How many English banks and branches can claim a history of three hundred years or so?

3.What other banks and brunches do you know in Europe?

4.What banks in the world can claim a history of three hundred years or so? 5.Can you speak about the history of banking in Russia?

D.Sum up the text and present your summary in class.

E.Discuss the text with your partner.

F.Your presentation at the lesson «Mergers, takeovers and LBO».

THE HISTORY OF BANKING

48

NATIONAL WESTMINSTER

Before the end of the century there was to be another kind of banking development. Englishmen had for a good while been looking with admiration at the national banks that were a feature of some Continental economies. Of these, the best known was the Bank of Amsterdam, which was widely regarded as having played an important part in Holland's commercial success. A variety of schemes for the launching of such a bank in England were canvassed, but in the event, not for the first or last time in our history, it was the urgent emergency of war that turned talk into action. The Bank of England was founded in 1694 primarily to raise money for the conduct of the war with France. Its founders were to provide the Government with a loan of 1,200,000, the interest was to be 100,000 a year, the Bank was to have a Royal charter, and the loan was not to be repaid before 1706.

The importance of this development lay wholly in the future. For the present, the founders, a group of influential City men with a Scot, William Paterson, as their protagonist, had no more in mind than the kind of business the goldsmiths were doing already. The Bank's founders would have been surprised, and possibly alarmed, if they could have foreseen the part the Bank was to play in the future. The model of the great Continental banks was not followed, for whereas they were usually banks of deposit, the Bank of England was from the start a bank of issue — as, of course, were the pioneer gol dsmith bankers when they began to issue their own notes. Banks of issue print their own notes, and they can lend money of their own creation to the extent that prudence permits, while deposit banks initially lend to borrowing customers the money left with them by depositing customers. It was to be many years before English bankers understood that deposit banking could be profitable even without the right of note issue. They learned this basic fact of modern banking as the Bank of England's notes increasingly drove their notes out of circulation: the Bank of England remained a bank of issue, and in due time became the only one in England.

In 170S the charter was renewed, the consideration being further finance for the Government; and now, if not by accident at least with no understanding of the consequences, the charter included a clause prohibiting note issue to anybody of people exceeding six in number. This «monopoly» clause did nothing to hinder the activities of the existing goldsmith-bankers, who were trading as individuals or small partnerships; but it effectively prevented for more than a hundred years the establishment of joint stock banks in England and Wales. In Scotland a similar monopoly given initially to the Bank of Scotland was not renewed with the renewal of its charter in 1716. As

49

a result, the Royal Bank of Scotland was founded as early as 1727, and Scottish banking developed thereafter mainly in the shape of joint stock companies. The Bank of England was a formidable competitor for the private bankers. In the nature of things it became very quickly the Government's bank; and although the private bankers disliked and feared it, the convenience of keeping their surplus balances there made it almost equally quickly the bankers' bank too. During the eighteenth century, as the private bankers increasingly learned their business, the Bank of England increasingly dominated the banking scene, although still without the remotest thought of becoming the central bank we know today.

The private, bankers were not confined to London. Country banking developed only a little later than banking in London — indeed there were probably one or two pioneers in the middle of the sixteenth century. The country bankers were merchants of various kinds who developed banking as a subsidiary business in much the same way as the City goldsmiths, although without their previous experience with money as such. Indeed it is in the emergence of the country bankers that we see most clearly highlighted the most important of all the characteristic features of banking: the credit of the banker. Obviously enough, nobody will trust his wealth with an untrustworthy person. Not quite so obviously, nobody will accept the I.O.U. of an untrustworthy person as being the equivalent of cash — and of cou rse the bank notes issued by the early bankers were no more than I.O.U's, redeemable, it is to be remembered, in gold. The merchants who turned to banking had to be men who were trusted by the whole community in which they worked; at the outset they had to be honest, and as time went by they had also to be demonstrably men of sound financial judgment.

For as banking become increasingly important in the nation's business it became apparent that the judgment of the banker was almost, if not quite, as important as his honesty. The proportion of his deposits that he could safely lend was, in the early days, a matter of judgment rather than rule of thumb. Then, as now, the decision as to who could safely be allowed a loan and who must be refused was a matter of judgment. And the disposal of money not lent was in some cases the point on which ill judgment brought disaster; many bankers were to fail in times of stress merely because their assets were not «liquid» and so could not be realised quickly enough to meet sudden demands upon them. The early bankers were still working out empirically the proportion of money deposited with them that they need keep in cash, and in quickly realisable assets as a second line of defence, and what proportion they might reasonably have tied up for longer periods. They were a long way still from a

50