Сдаем кандидатский экзамен. Учебное пособие
.pdfAnd this is what Sweet was so good at. He presents grammar as a science, where evidence can be mustered and alternatives can be eliminated. Is cannon in cannon ball a noun or an adjective? What's odd about the phrase artificial florist (a dealer in artificial flowers)? How many tenses does English have? Out with dogma; in with understanding.
Better still, he presents the data – often using data from ordinary speech, unlike his predecessors – in the framework of a general theory of grammar as an independent structure that links meanings to forms, but which does so in complicated and sometimes imperfect ways. All very sensible, I thought, and I've spent the rest of my life trying to stand on his shoulders.
I can't imagine a better springboard for a novice, not only for measuring progress in the succeeding century (which is less impressive than it would have been if we had all started from scratch in 1957), but also for defining its aims.
Why study grammar? Just because it's there, and it's interesting? As a window for looking into the human mind? No. Sweet is very clear that the main object of what he calls "practical grammar" ("descriptive grammar" in current terminology) is to help students to learn foreign languages by providing clear and correct explanations. I wished that my teachers at school had read Sweet.
Sweet's grammar has had an interesting history in terms of impact, with messages for us today. It had some uptake abroad, but absolutely none at home. An education report in 1921 complained that schools could not teach English grammar because "no one knows exactly what it is" – Sweet could have told them, but they weren't listening.
Even Gleason's 1965 history of school grammars doesn't mention him. "Neglected masterpiece" seems a fair description – and it is likely to remain so unless OUP reprints it or (as it tells me it now hopes to do) makes it available as part of Oxford Scholarship Online.
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GLOSSARY |
|
|
А |
агглютинация |
agglutination |
аккомодация |
accommodation theory |
актуальное членение |
actual division of the sentence |
аллоформ |
allomorph, morphemic vari- |
|
ant |
аллюзия |
allusion |
аналитический строй языка |
analytical / analytic structure |
|
of the language |
антитеза |
antithesis |
античность |
antiquity, ancient world |
антонимия |
antonimy |
антропология |
anthropology |
антропоним |
anthroponym, personal name |
артикуляция |
articulation |
архетип |
archetype |
ассимиляция |
аssimilation |
– полная ассимиляция |
– complete аssimilation |
– неполная ассимиляция |
– partial аssimilation |
|
Б |
баллада |
ballade |
басня |
fable |
беллетристика |
belles-lettres, fiction |
билингвизм |
bilingualism |
библиография |
bibliography |
бихевиоризм |
behaviorism, behavior theory |
|
62 |
|
В |
валентность |
valency |
– теория валентности |
– valency grammar |
– с нулевой валентностью |
– avalent |
варваризм |
barbarism, foreignism |
вариантность |
variation, dimorphism |
внутренняя речь |
endorphasy, inner speech |
вокализм |
vocalism |
вульгаризм |
vulgarism |
высказывание |
utterance, speech act |
|
Г |
генеративная лингвистика |
generative linguistics |
генеративная грамматика |
generative grammar |
германистика |
Germanic philology, |
|
Germanistics |
герменевтика |
hermeneutics |
гипербола |
hyperbole |
гласный |
vowel |
гносеология |
grammatical category |
грамматическая категория |
|
грамматическая форма |
grammatical form |
грамматическое значение |
grammatical meaning |
гротеск |
grotesque |
гуманизм |
humanism |
|
Д |
действующее лицо |
character, personage |
дескриптивная лингвистика |
Descriptivism, descriptive |
|
linguistics |
детерминант |
determinant |
|
63 |
диалект |
dialect |
– местный диалект |
– local / regional / territorial |
|
dialect |
диалектология |
dialectology |
диахроническая типология |
diachronic linguistics |
диглоссия |
diglossy |
дискурс |
discourse |
|
З |
заимствование |
lexical borrowing |
замысел художественный |
artistic design, artistic con- |
|
cept |
звукоподражание |
onomatopoeia, echoism |
– теория звукоподражания |
– bowwow theory |
|
И |
инверсия |
inversion |
инкорпорация |
incorporation |
иносказание |
allegory |
интертекстуальность |
intertextuality |
интонация |
intonation, tone |
инфикс |
infix |
ирония |
irony |
искусствоведение |
art criticism, art history |
историзм |
historism |
|
К |
калька (словообразовательная) |
calque |
– переводческая калька |
– translation loan-word |
канон |
canon |
картина мира |
worldview |
– языковая картина мира |
– linguistic world-image |
|
64 |
кириллица |
Cyrillic alphabet |
классицизм |
classicism |
клише |
cliché, stereotyped expression |
коммуникация |
communication |
– вербальная коммуникация |
– verbal communication |
– невербальная коммуникация |
– nonverbal communication |
комедия |
comedy |
компаративистика |
comparative linguistics, |
|
comparativistics |
композиция литературного |
contexture |
произведения |
connotation |
коннотация |
|
конструктивизм |
constructionism |
контакты языковые |
language contacts |
контекст |
context |
косвенная речь |
indirect speech |
критика литературная |
literary criticism |
культурология |
cultural studies |
|
Л |
лабиализация |
labialization |
лексема |
lexeme |
лексикография |
lexicolography |
лексикология |
lexicology |
лирика |
lyrics |
литературоведение |
study of literature, theory |
|
and history of literature |
|
М |
массовая культура |
mass culture, mainstream |
|
culture |
мертвый язык |
dead language |
метатеза |
metathesis |
|
65 |
метафора |
metaphor |
метаязык |
metalanguage |
методология |
methodology |
метонимия |
metonymy |
мифология |
mythology |
многоязычие |
multilingualism |
модальность |
modality |
модернизм |
modernist art |
морфема |
morpheme |
морфология |
morphology |
|
Н |
неологизм |
neologism |
новелла |
novelette |
номинация |
nomination |
норма |
norm, standard |
|
О |
образ |
image, character |
окончание |
inflexion, ending |
олицетворение |
personification |
омонимия |
homonymy |
омофон |
homophone |
ономасиология |
onomasiology |
описательная грамматика |
descriptive grammar |
оппозиция |
opposition |
орфография |
orthography, spelling |
орфоэпия |
orthoepy |
основа слова |
stem |
очерк |
sketch, essay |
|
66 |
|
П |
падеж |
case |
палатализация |
palatalization |
парадигма |
paradigm |
пародия |
parody, caricature (литера- |
|
турная) |
паронимия |
paronymy |
пафос |
pathos |
перифраза |
periphrasis |
персонаж |
character |
пиджин |
pidgin |
повествование |
narrative |
– повествование от первого |
– first-person narrative |
лица |
|
– повествование от третьего |
– thirdperson narrative |
лица |
|
подтекст |
subtext, implied sense, |
|
implication |
поле |
field |
– дискурсивное поле |
– field of discourse |
– лексическое поле |
– lexical field |
полисемия |
polysemy |
постмодернизм |
postmodernism |
поэма |
poem |
прагматика |
pragmatics |
праязык |
protolanguage, linguistic |
|
parent |
предикация |
predication |
|
67 |
предложение |
sentence |
– простое предложение |
– simple sentence |
– простое предложение в со- |
– clause |
ставе сложного |
– complex sentence |
– сложноподчиненное пред- |
|
ложение |
– compound sentence |
– сложносочиненное пред- |
|
ложение |
preface, introduction |
предисловие |
|
проза |
prose |
пролог |
prologue, preface |
прикладная лингвистика |
applied linguistics |
прямая речь |
direct speech |
психолингвистика |
psycholinguistics |
|
Р |
разговорная речь |
colloquial speech |
редукция |
reduction |
рема |
rheme |
ремарка |
remark, stage direction |
|
(авторская) |
род |
gender |
роман |
novel |
романистика |
Romance philology |
русистика |
Russian philology |
|
С |
самопознание |
self actualization |
сатира |
satire |
семантика |
semantics |
|
68 |
семиотика |
semiotics |
сигнификат |
significatum |
символизм |
symbolism, symbology |
синекдоха |
synecdoche |
синкретизм |
syncretism |
синтагма |
sintagm |
синтаксис |
syntax |
словоизменение |
word-changing |
словообразование |
word-building |
согласные |
consonant |
сопоставительный метод |
comparative method |
социолингвистика |
sociolinguistics |
спряжение |
conjunction |
старославянский язык |
Old Slavonic |
стилистика |
stylistics |
стиль |
style |
строфа |
verse, stanza, strophe |
структурализм |
structuralism |
структурная лингвистика |
structural linguistics |
сценарий |
script |
сюжет |
subject, plot |
|
Т |
текст |
text |
тема |
theme |
типология |
typology |
|
У |
умлаут |
umlaut |
устаревшие слова |
archaism |
|
69 |
|
Ф |
фольклор |
folklore |
фонема |
phoneme |
фонетика |
phonetics |
формализм |
formalism |
фраза |
phrase |
фразеология |
phraseology |
фузия |
fusion |
|
Ц |
цитата |
quotation |
|
Ч |
часть речи |
part of speech |
число |
number |
– единственное число |
– singular |
– множественное число |
– plural |
|
Э |
эклектизм |
eclecticism |
эллипсис |
ellipsis |
эмфаза |
emphasis |
эпиграф |
epigraph, motto |
эпилог |
epilogue, afterword, |
|
coda (романа) |
эпифора |
epiphora |
эстетика |
aesthetics |
этимология |
etymology |
этнолингвистика |
ethnolinguistics |
|
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