Сдаем кандидатский экзамен. Учебное пособие
.pdf5. Choose the appropriate word(s).
I ... if the other doctors were good men, but they are not.
A)won`t mind
B)wouldn`t mind
C)don`t mind
D)haven`t minded
E)hadn`t minded
6.Choose the best answer.
Those people sound ... .
A) angry
B) more angrily C) the more angry D) most angry
E) the most angrily
7.Choose the best answer.
He never puts ... sugar in his coffee.
A)anything
B)some
C)no
D)any
E)something
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8. Choose the appropriate answer.
The doctor seems such a polite woman. We don`t believe she could have said anything ... .
A)possible
B)urgent
C)important
D)impossible
E)impolite
TEST III
1. Types of war (civil, cold, conventional, guerrilla, fullscale, nuclear, devastating).
Use the expressions to complete the extracts.
a.The Cold War is over. The world is learning to live without the imminent threat of ________________war that had conditioned our lives for 40 years.
b.F grim reminder of the______________ war – the border crossing point between East and West Berlin is to dismantled.
c.As the ______________ war in Liberia enters its tenth month, thousands of people continue to stream across the borders into neighboring countries.
d.Because of the intensity of the fighting – what analysts call ‘low-intensity ________________ war’ – neither side appears strong enough to defeat the other.
e.The President himself said he is against withdrawing all NATO nuclear weapons from Europe and thus making it safe for
______________ war.
f.The question is whether anything else but a neutral outside force would be strong enough to persuade them to leave
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the scene before the current clashes degenerate into
_________________ war.
g. The two men stressed the importance of averting the catastrophe of a _____________ war and the need to achieve a common Arab stand.
2. Complete the sentences using active vocabulary.
a.The different sides of the civil war are _______________
______________ .
b.Factions opposing a central government are
_____________ .
c.Countries or factions with the same interests
_________________ themselves with each other and are
______________ forming an ______________ .
d.Opposing sides are _____________ , _____________ or
___________ .
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PART II
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
TEXT 1
«Cambridge University admits more state school students» (The Telegraph. 2011)
More state school students were admitted to Cambridge last year, despite the introduction of an elite A* grade to identify the brightest candidates.
The university was among only a handful of institutions to use the new A-level grade to identify the most able students applying for degree courses in autumn 2010.
Most universities, including Oxford, ruled out employing the A* amid fears that it was too hard to predict and could lead to a sharp rise in the number of teenagers admitted from private schools who were more likely to achieve the elite grade. But figures published on Friday by Cambridge showed that the number of students from state schools and colleges increased to 59.3 per cent last year – up 0.8 percentage points in 12 months. It was the university’s second highest state school intake for around 30 years.
Senior dons insisted the use of the grade, which is awarded to students scoring at least 90 per cent in the second year of A-level courses, boosted the standard of applicants from all school types. Fewer students failed to meet their course offer in 2010 compared with 2009, figures show, suggesting they "raised their game" in the sixth-form to hit the more challenging entry target.
The disclosure is bound to place fresh pressure on other universities to employ the A*.
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Geoff Parks, Cambridge’s director of admissions, said: “The goal of our admissions policy is to identify and admit the brightest and the best prospective students, regardless of their backgrounds. “Our decision to use the A* A-level grade in our conditional offers for 2010 entry was part of our strategy of focusing admissions decisions on performance in public examinations, which our research has shown to be the best indicator of success at Cambridge. “Many commentators predicted that using the A* would harm our goal of widening access to the university. Our own modeling showed that it would not, and these results speak for themselves.” According to figures, the overall number of applications to Cambridge increased by two per cent last year to 15,966 – a record high.
All universities seeking to charge more than £6,000 must submit an “access agreement” to the Government’s Office for Fair Access outlining plans to increase participation among deprived students. This includes proposed fee-waivers and outreach programs to attract more applications from disadvantaged communities. On Friday, the university also outlined targets to increase the proportion of state school students to between 61 and 63 per cent from 2012.
It is not yet known if that will be enough to pacify the Coalition following claims from Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister, that top universities should “dramatically” increase their intake of poor students under the new fees regime.
Words and word combinations
1.intake – набор, прием, поступление
2.don – преподаватель, член совета колледжа
3.score – насчитывать
4.boost – повышать
5.disclosure – раскрытие, разглашение, разоблачение, обнаружение
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6.deprived students – нуждающиеся студенты
7.waiver – отказ
8.disadvantaged communities – неблагополучные слои общества
Questions for the discussion:
1.What is traditionally used by universities to identify the most able students?
2.Why did senior dons insist on the use of the A-level grade? What was special in that strategy?
3.What are proand against facts concerning using the A*?
TEXT 2
«Strike rule must change»
Telegraph View: These strikes expose the inadequacy of labour laws that allow strikes to be triggered by very small numbers of politically motivated activists.
London’s hard-pressed commuters learnt yesterday that they face fresh strike action by drivers on the Underground. Such disputes have become an annual fixture in the capital. This year’s walk-outs – spread over a week in May and a week in June – come courtesy of the RMT trade union. The stoppage is being called in protest at the sacking of two drivers (who have been suspended on their full, £45,000-a-year salaries pending tribunal hearings).
Bob Crow said that rather than cutting public services, the Government should tax email traffic and not replace the Trident nuclear defence system.
Last year there were four one-day strikes on the Underground and the year before that a 48-hour strike. These stoppages all have one thing in common, other than the immense disruption
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and economic cost they cause. They have all been called on the votes of a small minority of union members. The strikes announced yesterday won the backing of just 29 per cent of Tube drivers balloted. Bob Crow, RMT’s general secretary, rather bizarrely described this as a “massive vote for action”. Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London, described the decision, rather more accurately, as “immoral, irresponsible and idiotic”. These strikes expose the inadequacy of labour laws that allow strikes to be triggered by very small numbers of politically motivated activists. That is unacceptable in a sophisticated modern economy.
Mr Johnson has in the past proposed that for a strike ballot to be valid, it should have a participation rate of at least 50 per cent of a union’s members. That is a fair and reasonable proposal. Last week, a Private Member’s Bill sponsored by the Conservative MP Dominic Raab sought to enact just such a change, but it was defeated in the Commons after a whipping operation by the Labour Party. David Cameron should take over the measure as a Government Bill. It would not only drag labour law into the 21st century, but would also be immensely popular with the public.
Words and word combinations
1. trigger – спускать курок
2.commuter – тот, кто добирается на работу на какомлибо транспорте
3.fixture – заранее назначенный день
4.walk-out – забастовка
5.courtesy – льгота, привилегия
6.stoppage – прекращение работы, забастовка
7.call on – созывать
8.sack – увольнять с работы
9.pending – находящийся на стадии рассмотрения
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10.disruption – потрясение, нарушение
11.bizarre – дикий, невероятный
Questions for the discussion:
1.What do strikes often expose?
2.Why do such disputes become common practice (according to the text)?
3.By whom are stoppages usually called on?
4.How should strikes be organized in order to be acceptable in a modern economy?
TEXT 3
«July 7 inquiry: How will we deal with the next disaster if no one's in charge»?
The July 7 inquiry has revealed how difficult unimaginably challenging operating under such extreme conditions can be.
Today, at 10am, HM Coroner Lady Justice Hallett delivers her verdicts on the inquests into the July 7, 2005 bombings. She has spent the past six months taking witness statements from survivors, listening to the families of the dead and hearing testimony from officers from the security services, members of the emergency services and people who knew the bombers.
Her inquests into the 52 deaths are as close as we are likely to get to the public inquiry the families of the victims initially demanded; their openness and transparency has been unprecedented. The Security Service, in particular, has been pushed further than ever before to shed light on decisions it made about the terror suspects it was monitoring and what it knew about the actual conspirators. The emergency services, mean-
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while, have been questioned and cross-questioned about their operational procedures.
It is easy to recommend that Tube trains be fitted with complex and expensive communications systems which enable drivers to speak to passengers and their control rooms. It is just as easy to recommend that air ambulances be funded from the public purse rather than from charity contributions and corporate responsibility, or that more ambulances, and more paramedics, should be available at all times. What is hard is finding the money in the public sector to effect the changes.
At the moment, the emergency services sit under different government departments, each with a different budget and priorities, which makes it near impossible to consider their needs and requirements collectively. Emergency service helicopters, for example, are operated by the police, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, fire and rescue services and by air ambulance services. While many of these organisations have recently reviewed their use of helicopters, they haven't been able to do so in a way that might enable consolidation and real savings between all agencies.
In five, 10 or maybe 15 years' time, as we await the review of whatever the next major incident might be, we must not be asking why previous recommendations were not implemented. Instead, we need to ask now how we can ensure that those made today are acted upon. Lord West, the then minister for security, was able to push through his review of security in crowded places very quickly following 2007's failed bombings in London and Glasgow; if someone had been able to act as quickly to implement the King's Cross recommendations, the same failings in 2005 might not have been identified. For this to happen, we need a minister for the emergency services. And if it disagrees, the Government needs to be very clear in its explanation of why we can afford to go another 20 years without one.
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Words and word combinations
1.deliver a verdict – вынести приговор
2.inquest – следствие, расследование
3.testimony – свидетельские показания
4.to shed light on – проливатьсветначто-либо, разъяснять
5.conspirator – заговорщик
6.failing – недостаток
7.crucially – важно, существенно
8.coroner – судебный следователь
Questions for the discussion:
1.What are the July 7 verdicts connected with?
2.Who was suspected in the disaster?
3.What was special about the process?
4.What recommendations could really effect the changes in future?
TEXT 4
«Prince Charles takes on agricultural lobbies on both sides of Atlantic»
(The Guardian)
Prince Charles proposes complete overhaul of farming practices and 'curiously perverse' economic incentives
Wedding party over, a seemingly relieved Prince Charles got back to his real passion on Wednesday – sustainable agriculture – and promptly took on the powerful agricultural lobbies on both sides of the Atlantic. "It certainly makes a change from making embarrassing speeches about my eldest son during wedding receptions," he quipped at a food conference in Washington. Pleasantries over, he went on to propose a complete overhaul
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