Приложения

П ри л оже н и е 1

Revision tests

Revision Test 11

Part 1. Content and vocabulary

Choose the correct words from the alternatives.

1.The global economy has hardly/steadily increased its trade and financial openness.

2.Developing/developed countries across the globe began a century-long process of modernization.

3.Formal barriers to trade and capital fellows/flows declined.

4.Large emerging economies have accelerated/integrated to sustained growth rates.

5.A growing emerging economy shifts to higher value-added components of international apply/supply chains.

6.Exports consisted/contained mainly of natural resources and agricultural products.

7.The structure of China’s economy is shifting as Japan’s and South Korea’s did after/before it.

8.The majority of countries entering the middle-income trade/ transition have slowed significantly.

9.TNC presupposes the export of capital and its effective deployment/employment.

1 Each of the revisions tests is based on the material of the corresponding unit (e.g. Revision Test 1 – on Unit 1, etc.).

89

10. TNCs often consider exchange operations as the most profitable source of their profiles/profits.

Part 2. Grammar

Fill in the gaps with appropriate forms from the parentheses.

1.TNC is a complex and constantly … (evolving, evolved) phenomenon in the system of links.

2.Transnational corporations have increasingly … (become, became) the determining factor in deciding the fate of a country.

3.TNCs intrude … (in, into) areas that have traditionally been viewed as the public interest.

4.They see … (their, theirs) prospects in the active expansion in foreign markets.

5.EU economic policy focuses … (at, on) creating jobs and boosting growth.

6.The EU is in prime position … (if, when) it comes to global

trade.

7.Workers often deliver their services … (across, through) different countries.

8.The nation’s economy … … (is fueled, has fueled) by abundant natural resources.

9.Its firms are at or near … (a, the) forefront in technological advances.

10.TheU.S.dollaris…(a,the)currencymostusedininternational transactions.

Part 3. Text structure and cohesion

Guess what words are missing.

1.EU trade policy aims ___ ensure that economic development

___ hand in hand ___ social justice, respect ___ human rights, high labour ___ environmental standards.

90

2.___ fact, the EU has retained its ___ to conclude ___ implement trade agreements. The recent Free Trade ___ with South Korea and Singapore ___ examples of this capacity.

Revision Test 2

Part 1. Content and vocabulary

Choose the correct words from the alternatives.

1.The divergence/convergence and intensification of the interdependencies of states is the main trend of the world economy.

2.Economic/economical interdependencies are clearly being manifested.

3.Manifestations and consequences of the global financial and economic crises differ/different.

4.A system approach is needed for the purposeful quantity/ quality change of the position of the individual state in the changing architecture of the global economy.

5.Regional economic integration is determined by the development of deep and stable relationships and the international division/diversion of labor.

6.Much of the world trade is directly effected/affected by regional integration agreements.

7.International economic integration development trends vary/ very significantly.

8.Regional economic integration has unable/enabled countries to focus on issues that are relevant to their stage of development.

9.The primary advantage to workers is that they no longer need a visa or work permit to work in another/ other member country of a common market.

10.Efforts by European companies to acquire US companies and establish subsidiaries/subsidies in the USA have not been very successful due to the strict US rules facing foreign-owned companies.

91

Part 2. Grammar

Fill in the gaps with appropriate forms from the parentheses.

1.All of ... (this, these) techniques have been adopted by armsproducing companies.

2.Cross-border mergers and acquisitions are the … (more, most) radical forms of international integration.

3.Britishcompanieshavemade…(a,the)numberofacquisitions.

4.There is also a need for a coordinating body at the EU level that would … (has, have) three main functions.

5.Joint ventures are partnerships, often in the form of a … (joint, jointly) owned company.

6.The primary advantage to workers is that they … (not, no) longer need a visa or work permit.

7.Tradebarriers…(removed,areremoved),asareanyrestrictions on the movement of labor and capital between member countries.

8.Member countries are free … (for, to) independently determine trade policies.

9.The acquisitions have been successful … (in, at) accessing new markets.

10.The … (depth, deepening) of international cooperation is likely to occur.

Part 3. Text structure and cohesion

Guess what words are missing.

1.Furthermore, European integration has ___ concentrated to the aerospace ___ electronics sectors, while ___ has been only limited integration in other ___, such ___ shipbuilding and land armaments.

2.The primary difference ___ the free trade area ___that members agree ___treat trade ___ nonmember countries ___ a similar manner.

92

Revision Test 3

Part 1. Content and vocabulary

Choose the correct words from the alternatives.

1.International trade is one of the backbones/backhands of almost every economy in the world.

2.Both nations have a vested/invested interest in negotiating a successful trade agreement.

3.Nations also account/count on international trade to access goods and services which cannot be produced domestically.

4.Nations may also be concerned with/worried about topics such as public health or food safety which might be impacted through foreign trade.

5.UK Government has committed to a transparent and exclusive/ inclusive trade policy, which will require active engagement with business and civil society throughout negotiations.

6.Trade negotiations will involve complex trade-ins/trade-offs between different policy priorities.

7.Free trade agreements are treaties requiring scrutiny and ratification in Parliament before they go/come into force.

8.After/Once ratified, an FTA provides the legal framework for trade with new partners but may not on its own deliver an increase in exportswithoutUKbusinessesseekingnewcommercialopportunities.

9.Free trade agreements establish more favourable/favourite terms of trade between countries than those set out at the WTO.

10.Such agreements often involve skilled professionals such as engineers or scientists who bring their expertise to nations where few professionals have the prerequisite/requisite skills to perform certain functions.

93

Part 2. Grammar

Fill in the gaps with appropriate forms from the parentheses.

1.The European Commission has negotiated agreements … (at, on) behalf of the UK.

2.A lack of engagement … (can, must) be problematic for trade

deals.

3.Trade contracts are subject … (by, to) international law.

4.… (For, In) other instances, governments enter into aid-for- trade deals.

5.The commercial lease allows businesses … (use, to use) rental property.

6.Any lease agreement form … (might, should) include certain information, some of which is required by law.

7.Theconsignmentagreementisusedfordurablegoodssales,such as … (those, these) of automobiles, furniture, and heavy machinery.

8.The retailer, or consignee, … (is, are) generally offering the business location as a point of contact with customers.

9.A purchase agreement serves the purpose of creating a … (bound, binding) contract between a buyer and the seller.

10.… (Displayed, Displaying) inventory based on a consignment agreement is often of benefit to both small producers of goods and small retail locations.

Part 3. Text structure and cohesion

Guess what words are missing.

1.The product ownership ___ retained by the creator, not ___

retailer, and all responsibility ___ loss, damage, and expenses ___

delivery and custom display are usually those of the creator of the ___ .

2.Commercial ___ agreements ___ more in depth and complex

___ residential leases, and terms vary greatly, depending ___ the needs of ___ the business and the property owner.

94

Revision Test 4

Part 1. Content and vocabulary

Choose the correct words from the alternatives.

1.Trade agreements between importer and supplier or between countries require documents to protect each/both sides’ rights during trade.

2.There is an abundance/scarcity of documentation involved in international or foreign trade.

3.These documents fall under several groups to apply/supply different regulations systematically.

4.Afreight forwarder should understand how much transportation process and costs are important for all parts/parties to the transactions.

5.These documents are crucial/critical and should be prepared carefully.

6.This instrument is used to protect goods in transit from loss or storage/damage from the time they leave the exporter’s warehouse and until they reach the importer’s warehouse.

7.The document must specify the value assured/insured and the risks covered.

8.In the movement of goods from shipper to consignee, there are five physical steps and two documentation steps, which must all take place for every single shipment/shipping.

9.It would typically be arranged through a local transportation company or freight forwarder who can offer export haulage/leverage as part of the international transportation.

10.Customsclearance/clarityisatransactionwherebyadeclaration is developed and required documents are submitted to authorities, and can only be performed by companies holding valid customs licenses, so-called “customs house brokers.”

95

Part 2. Grammar

Fill in the gaps with appropriate forms from the parentheses.

1.The consignee could be you or … (anyone, someone) that you are selling a product to.

2.Freight forwarder is the logistics provider you will be … (dealt, dealing) with.

3.The cost of the ocean freight will ultimately be charged … (to, from) the shipper or the consignee.

4.Import customs clearance can typically begin before the cargo arrives … (to, at) its destination country.

5.This relates … (to, with) the movement of the cargo from the shipper’s to the forwarder’s premises.

6.The import customs clearance process must be completed prior to the cargo … (leave, leaving) a customs bonded area.

7.Export customs clearance is a formality … (why, where) a declaration is developed and submitted together with relevant documents.

8.The last leg of the transportation is … (an, the) actual delivery of the cargo to the consignee.

9.It can … (either, neither) be performed by the freight forwarder or a local transportation company appointed by the consignee.

10.The documents enable the authorities to register and levy any customs duty … (for, on) the shipment.

Part 3. Text structure and cohesion

Guess what words are missing.

1.Different means of ___ are used throughout the delivery process

___ create ___ most efficient ___ economic route for a given set ___

delivery points.

2.Cooperation ___ a multimodal transport operator ___ typically performed, ___ a rule, ___ the basis of ___ single contract.

96

Revision Test 5

Part 1. Content and vocabulary

Choose the correct words from the alternatives.

1.These promises of time and date of delivery resemble/resume futures contract.

2.Since that time traders have sought/thought ways to simplify and standardize trade contracts.

3.First/At first precious metals were valued for their beauty and intrinsic worth and were associated with royalty.

4.Successful commodity markets require broad consensus on product variations to make each commodity acceptable for trading, such as the purity of gold in billion/bullion.

5.Now, oil prices are rising/raising as economic reopening efforts are spurring expectations of boosted demand in the future, and energy stocks are gaining as well.

6.Oneofthemostsignificanthasbeentheshiftintheconstruction/ composition of global growth over this period.

7.Food prices have been affected by economic development, with the food intake changing as per capita/capital income in these economies rises.

8.To place the recent price movements in a historical/historic perspective, such a sharp increase in real commodity prices has not been seen since the 1970s.

9.The speculators in financial markets may have played a significant role in increasing the volatility/volatibility of some commodity prices.

10. A widely used measure of the size of commodity derivates/ derivativesmarketsisthevalueofopenpositionsinmajorcommodity futures contracts.

97

Part 2. Grammar

Fill in the gaps with appropriate forms from the parentheses.

1.Classical civilizations built complex global markets, … (most, the most) of which had standards of quality and timeliness.

2.There has been a … (corresponded, corresponding) shift in global demand towards commodities.

3.These trends are … (like, likely) to continue for some years.

4.… (Given, giving) the long lead time to bring new production online for many commodities, prices have increased substantially in order to clear the market.

5.Commodity prices … (have risen, rose) rapidly over recent years as commodities have emerged as an asset class for investors.

6.The role of exchanges … (has to, is to) ensure that the rules are fair to all of these market participants.

7.They provide liquidity when … (there, they) are imbalances in the markets.

8.Therewasatimenotlongagowhenmostcommodityexchanges conducted trading … (at, via) open outcry.

9.The process might take as long as … (few, a few) minutes from start to finish.

10.It is a very effective way of … (doing, how to do) business.

Part 3. Text structure and cohesion

Guess what words are missing.

1.Although pit trading is increasingly ___ replaced ___ electronic trading in most commodities exchanges across the globe, ___ are still some places where ___ ___ remains.

2.___ end of an era is nothing ___ than the inevitable march ___

progress ___ ultimately will lead ___ a more sophisticated market.

98

При ложение 2

Reading professional texts in English

ThecontentoftheCurriculumforeconomicsstudentspresupposes abundant reading of text material related to the learners’professional area. It means that their ability to extract and understand information from different types of texts in English cannot be overestimated.

Trainingofreadingskillsandmasteringvariousreadingsourcesin bothforeignandnativelanguagesisthebaseforfurthercommunication in professional context. It is one of the parts of foreign language competence which allows the trainees’to carry out their future duties therefore it should be thoroughly organized.

The present manual contains authentic English and Russian texts compiledfromopenInternetsourceslistedinReferencesandSources.

The treatment of reading skills involves reading for overall understanding,followedbyadeeperandmoredetailedcomprehension of the text. Reading is often integrated with other skills (in particular, speaking, writing, and translating).

Multifarious reading purposes include:

1)understanding gist (skimming);

2)understanding details (scanning);

3)identifying specific information;

4)understanding text structure;

5)compressing (summing up) information;

6)problem-solving;

7)performing case-study tasks;

8)project work, etc.

99

П ри л оже н и е 3

Tips for skimming (summing up) a text

I. Skimming the text

Skimming is a reading technique that can help you to read more quickly. You can use the skimming technique when you want to identify the main ideas in the text.

II. Techniques of skimming

When you use the skimming technique, you do not read the whole text word for word. You should use as many clues as possible to give you some background information.There might be pictures or images related to the topic, or an eye-catching title. Let your eyes skim over the surface of the text and look out for key words while thinking about any clues you have found about the subject.

Therefore, to quickly obtain information about the text, you:

−−read the title, subtitles/ subheadings to find out what the text is about;

−−look at the illustrations (pictures, diagrams, tables) to give you more information about the topic;

−−read the first (topic) sentence and the last sentence of each paragraph;

−−do not read every word or every sentence; let your eyes skim over the text and look out for key words;

−−continue to think about the meaning of the text.

As texts differ, you may not be able to follow these strategies all of the time when skimming a text. For example, not all texts have illustrations or headings, and some short texts and extracts may not end with a conclusion.

III. Clichés for discovering the gist of the skimmed text

While skimming the text, you may use the following clichés:

100

A. The title of the text is …

The text is about …

The subject-matter of the text is … (e.g. advanced techniques of investigation; economic conditions of a certain country, etc.).

B. The author(s) study(ies)/examine(s) … the problem/issue of …

I think the purpose of the author(s) is to provide some information on (e.g. the latest findings in …; to pose a problem of …, etc.).

C. The main idea(s) of the text is(are) …

The main points of the text are as follows. First/firstly, the author(s) write(s) about … Then he/they give(s) an account of/ describes … Further, he/they state(s)/emphasize(s)/prove(s), etc. that … Finally, the author(s) conclude(s)/draw(s) a conclusion/arrive(s) at a conclusion that …, etc.

D.In fact/Actually, the most impressive part of the text reflects the author’s/authors’views/ideas/findings on …

E.The text can be of particular importance/significance/interest

for …

What is more /Moreover, the data/information provided in the text is of some/great value/importance/significance for me/experts/those who work in the field of …

F.I mostly agree/disagree with the author(s) because …

In my opinion /To my mind /I think (that)/I assume (that)… In conclusion, it is worth saying that …

101

П ри л оже н и е 4

Tips for writing an essay on professional issues

An essay is an independent creative work. The author expresses their opinion on the given professional subject (in this case, it should be related to some economic issue). The author should justify their point of view with well-known facts or examples from sources.

There are three main types of essays in English:

1)For andAgainst essays;

2)Opinion essays;

3)Suggesting-solution-to-problem essays.

In essays of Type 1, the topic is considered from different angles, givingarguments“for”or“against.”Theessayisstructuredaccording to the following outline:

−−Introduction, where you are expected to uncover the subject (thesis, statement, question, etc. you are going to expose on);

−−Arguments “for”/“against” the expressed idea; it is necessary to support your viewpoint with reassuring argumentation and/or illustrative examples;

−−Conclusion, where you present your own opinion based on the above arguments “for”/ “against.”

The opinion essay (Type 2) reflects the author’s own point of view. Here you need to consider the subject-matter from different sides, express several points of view and justify your personal opinion related to the discussed issue. The structure of this type of essay is as follows:

−−Introduction, where you introduce the reader to the issue and consistently state your viewpoint on this issue;

−−Main part (body), which contains several paragraphs; each of themreflectsdifferentaspectsoftheissue,withconvincingarguments and examples in support of your opinion;

102

−−Conclusion, where you should re-formulate your opinion and sum up the arguments from the main part.

EssaysofType3implythatthereisaspecificproblemthatneedsto be solved. The structure of the essay includes the following elements:

−−Introduction, where is necessary to clearly state the problem and the reasons for its occurrence, as well as identify possible consequences;

−−Mainpart(body)1, where you should suggest solution(s) to the problem and the likely consequences for each solution.

−−Conclusion,wherethediscussioninthemainpartissummarized. There are also some general tips for writing any type of essay.

1.Dividethetextofyouressayintosemanticparagraphsaccording to the outline.

2.In the first paragraph, state the problem that you will discuss, but do not repeat the title of the essay word for word.

3.Highlight the positive and negative sides of the problem, and think of reasonable arguments to support both points of view.

4.Do not forget to explain why you disagree with the other point of view. Try to maintain a balance between paragraphs.

5.Use language clichés and transition words (e.g. first, then, on the one hand, on the other hand, moreover, however, therefore, in conclusion, etc.) that structure the text to help the reader follow the logic of your reasoning.

6.In the last paragraph, make a general conclusion about this problem. You can also finalize your opinion or suggest ways to solve this problem.

7.In the main part of the essay, paragraphs begin as a rule with an introductory (topic) sentence. Then the idea expressed in the topic sentence is developed and justified.

8.Retain a formal style of writing in your essay.

9.Avoid using contracted or abbreviated forms of words.

1 There can be several – normally 2-3 paragraphs in the main body.

103

10.Do not start your sentences with the words and, but, because or also.

11.For effective writing, use professional vocabulary reasonably.

12.Avoid using the same words and phrases over and over again if they are not the terms you rely on in your essay.

13.Practice as clear and concise way of writing as possible: use correctly structured sentences with clear and unambiguous meaning.

14.Make your essay really original by expressing your personal approach to professional matters or problems of global or expert concern.

15.Find a catchy title to your essay to attract the reader to your

paper.

16.Although the conclusion paragraph comes at the end of your essay, it should not be seen as an afterthought. It does not need to be too long – four well-tailored sentences should be enough. Writing a conclusion, you should provide a restatement of your main idea, statement or thesis to reinforce your argument(s).

17.It is recommended that the final sentence in your essay should be a concluding statement or signal to the reader that the discussion has been completed.

104

1Словарные единицы располагаются в порядке их встречаемости в разделах практикума.

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122