ВЫСШЕЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Е. А. Николаева, Р. В. Дражан

ОСНОВЫ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИИ ДЛЯ СУДОВОДИТЕЛЕЙ

BASICS OF METEOROLOGY

FOR NAVIGATORS

Практикум

Вузовское образование Саратов • 2020

4

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Практикум подготовлен на кафедре иностранного языка факультета инженеров морского транспорта ИВТ им. Г.Я. Седова — филиала «ГМУ им. адм. Ф.Ф. Ушакова» и предназначен для студентов очного отделения специальности 26.05.05 «Судовождение».

Целью данного практикума является формирование навыков изучающего чтения на основе текстов по специальности и овладение студентами новой морской и метеорологической терминологией, необходимой для последующей самостоятельной работы с оригинальными текстами по специальности.

Практикум разделен структурно на 2 части. В первой части, помимо текстов, представлен комплекс упражнений, выполнение которых способствует лучшему усвоению прочитанного материала и свободному владению новой лексикой. Во второй части даны тестовые задания и упражнения для самостоятельной работы студентов. Некоторые упражнения имеют контролирующий характер и могут быть использованы как часть контрольно-измерительного материала при проведении зачетов.

В практикум включены стандартные фразы International Maritime Organisation (IMO) для общения на море.

Тематика текстов подобрана с учетом ранней профессиональной ориентации. В первой части представлены отдельные темы, изложенные в краткой и доступной для понимания форме. Для облегчения работы даны ключевые термины и выражения. Упражнения дают студентам на разных уровнях владения языком возможность проверить свое понимание материала и активизировать лексику. Дискуссия в группах и ответы на воп росы дают курсантам возможность развивать навыки практического использования языка.

Предлагаемая структура практикума позволяет привлекать дополнительный материал в процессе обучения в зависимости от контингента обучаемых, их возможностей и потребностей. Привлечение дополнительного материала, безусловно, будет существенно активизировать речевую деятельность обучаемых. В конце практикума есть словарь, который содержит лексический минимум для студентов.

5

PART 1. WEATHER

Vocabulary and reading

Practise these words, and then read the text

Humidity — влажность, сырость;

Precipitation — (зд. метеор.) — осадки;

Pressure — давление;

Vapour — пар(ы), туман;

Moisture — влага, влажность;

Saturation — насыщенность (влажность воздуха);

Imminent — надвигающийся, близкий;

Drizzle — изморозь, мелкий дождь;

Hail — град;

Sleet — дождь со снегом, слякоть;

Merely — только, просто;

Rotation — вращение;

Hemisphere — полушарие;

Clockwise — по часовой стрелке;

Forecast — прогноз погоды.

Read the text and learn the definitions of the meteorological elements mentioned:

Meteorological elements

Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth in which a number of processes varying in duration and dimension operate. These result in the weather experienced by an observer on the surface of the earth.

Climate is the more general pattern of weather established by analyzing, on an annual basis, the daily conditions at a particular point. The atmosphere may be considered as having a number of distinctive layers which are defined by the variation of air temperature with increase in height. For the standard atmosphere the layers are:

•Troposphere — Surface of the earth to 12 km — the tropopause.

•Stratosphere — Tropopause to 47 km — the stratopause.

•Mesosphere — Stratopause to 80 km — the mesopause.

6

Atmospheric pressure is the most important meteorological element observed since it is the principal guide to the state of the atmosphere at a given time. The weather map or surface synoptic chart is derived from a set of readings of this element taken at different locations at internationally agreed times known as synoptic hours. The principal synoptic hours are 00.00, 06.00, 12.00 and 18.00 UTC.Corrected atmospheric pressure readings for a synoptic hour are plotted on a chart, where they are compared with each other. Lines can then be drawn on the chart joining points having the samepressure value, each line beingan isobar. The interval between isobars on a chart is always constant, usually being 4 hPa or 5 hPa.

Weather conditions have a great influence on the safety during a voyage and should always be taken into consideration in voyage-planning and when underway.

Temperature: any change in temperature is significant in weather-forecasting. When measuring temperatures three different scales can be used:

-the scientifically used Kelvin-scale, also referred to as the absolute scale;

-the commonly used Celsius-scale, which measures a temperature in centi-

grades;

-the obsolete Fahrenheit-scale.

Match the term and the definition:

1.…. is the more general pattern of weather.

2.A set of readings of this element taken at different locations at internationally agreed times known as……

3.…… is the scientific study of the atmosphere.

4.…… is the most important meteorological element observed since it is the principal guide to the state of the atmosphere at a given time.

5.An observer experiences on the surface of the earth, the result of this experience is….

6.……. is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth.

7.Line drawn on the chart joining points having the same pressure valueis….

a)an isobar;

b)synoptic hours;

c)meteorology;

d)climate;

e)atmosphere;

f)atmospheric pressure;

g)weather.

7

Learn the definitions for the meteorological elements in English and ask your colleague to explain any of these words and phrases. Pose your question to anybody under the models:

What do you mean by…? How would you explain …? What’s the meaning of…?

WATER IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Translate and learn the following words and phrases, read the text and be ready to speak about water in atmosphere and clouds

To exist, state, liquid, droplet, solid, under certain circumstances, cloud, to change, to suspend, occurrence, to provide, valuable, forecasting, flattened, heaped, thread-like, genera, species, variety, to be related to, height, surface, to indicate, imminent.

STATES OF WATER

Water can exist in the atmosphere in the following states: Vapour — Water vapour.

Liquid — Water droplets. Solid — Ice crystals.

Under certain circumstances it changes from one state to another, and for each process a specific term is used.

CLOUDS

Clouds are collections of water droplets or ice crystals, or combination of these two states of water, suspended in the atmosphere. Good knowledge of the many types of clouds and their occurrence provide a valuable source of information to the seafarer in forecasting the weather. Clouds very often indicate an imminent change of weather. Rising clouds is an indication that the weather is about to clear; lowering or thickening clouds will indicate precipitation.

CLOUD TYPES

The shapes of cloud within the troposphere may bestratiform (flattened or layered), cumuliform (heaped), cirriform (hair or thread-like), or a combination of

8

these. There are ten basic genera or characteristic forms, and further subdivision into species and varieties can be made. The internationally agreed classification of the ten genera is related to the height of the cloudbase above the surface (Table 1).

“Alto” identifies the medium level clouds, and “nimbus” implies rain, but other forms of precipitation are possible.

You have read the text, and now give brief definition to the following terms and notions: states of water, cloud, rising cloud, lowering cloud, types of cloud, vapour

HUMIDITY

Learn the following words and phrases, read the text and be ready to speak about humidity, fog, precipitation.

humidity — влажность; vapour — пар;

to be capable — быть способным; to contain — содержать;

9

grade — степень; amount — количество;

to refer to — относиться к чем-либо; specific — особый;

to touch — касаться; dense — плотный, густой;

to reduce — снижать, сокращать; considerably — значительно; precipitation — осадки;

to vary — изменяться, варьироваться;

to be associated with — быть связанным с чем-либо.

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapour in the air. Warm air is capable to contain a higher grade of moisture, or humidity, than cold air. The maximum amount of moisture that air can hold at a specific temperature is known as “saturation”. Most clouds are the result of a rising mass of cool air. When the temperature of air falls, water vapor in the air will condensate into droplets or ice crystals, thus forming clouds or fog.

Fog

Fog is a cloud that touches the ground. Dense fog will reduce visibility considerably and is referred to as “thick weather”.

Precipitation

Precipitation is the deposit on the earth’s surface of water in liquid or solid state or a combination of both. The principal forms are:

Drizzle –Water droplets Rain–Water droplets

Snow or Snowflakes–Small ice crystals or aggregates of ice crystals. Hail –Balls of ice of varying size.

Sleet–Mixture of rain and snow.

Ice pellets, prisms or granular snow also occur. Usually, but not always, precipitation is associated with a cloud. On occasions it can be seen leaving the base of a cloud in vertical or inclined trails which do not reach the surface, which are termed fallstreaks or virga.

10

Answer the questions to be able to talk with your colleagues:

1.What is humidity?

2.What is cloud?

3.What is saturation?

4.When will water vapour condensate into droplet?

5.What is fog?

6.What isprecipitation?

7.What forms of precipitation do you know?

8.What is virga?

Try to find out synonyms or close in meaning words to the following words and expressions

Humidity, grade, precipitation, surface, form, dense, specific, mixture, to contain, to vary, considerably, imminent, to occur, basic, to indicate

Work in pairs: imagine that you don’t know how the forms of precipitation are called in English, but you can describe the process and even draw a picture, and your colleague may guess, and then change

ШКАЛА ВИДИМОСТИ

SCALE OF VISIBILITY

Work in pairs: your colleague describes one point from scale of visibility and you should try to guess

Table 2

11

Learn the following words and phrases, read the text and be ready to speak about wind:

wind — ветер; important — важный;

to determine — определять; merely — просто, только, лишь; amount — количеств;

tomove — двигаться; motion — движение;

area — зона, район, область; toapproach — приближаться, подходить;

12

rotation — вращение, ротация; opposite — противоположный; to blow — дуть.

Wind is the most important factor that determines the condition of the weather. Wind is merely an amount of air that moves in a horizontal motion over the earth from an area of high barometric pressure towards an area of low barometric pressure.

Falling barometric pressure generally indicates that a gale or storm is approaching; rising pressure indicates the approach or continuation of fair weather. An area of low pressure is called a cyclone. A high-pressure area is an anti-cyclone.

Because of the rotation of the earth, the circulations of winds in the northern hemisphere tend to be clockwise around areas of high pressure, and anti-clockwise around low-pressure areas. In the southern hemisphere the directions of circulation are the opposite.

Wind is always named after indirection it is coming from, not blowing in.

Its force is indicated by the Beaufort-scale numbers. These numbers, ranging from zero to force 12, refer to the wind-speed measured in nautical miles per hour.

For the navigator the wind direction and force are the most important aspects of meteorological conditions that are forecast in weather reports by weather stations.

Information must always include an increase or decrease in force and any change in wind-direction. A change of direction is usually indicated by the terms "veering" and "backing". A veering wind changes in a clockwise direction. A backing wind changes in anti-clockwise direction.

WIND

REMEMBER THESE PHRASES!

Направление ветра сообщается следующим способом:

WINDS MOSTLY EAST — ветры преимущественно восточные. GENERALLY WESTERN WINDS — преимущественно западные ветры. WESTERLY AIR STREAM OVER BRITISH ISLES SPREADING NORTH-

EASTWARD — западное воздушное течение над британскими островами распространяется на северо-восток.

SOUTHERLY WINDS VEERING ТО SOUTHWESTюжные ветры повора-

чивают (по часовой стрелке) на юго-запад.

WIND NORTHWEST BACKING WEST — ветер северо-западный поворачивает (против часовой стрелки) на запад.

13

Изменение направления ветра характеризуется следующими словами: backing — поворачивающий против часовой стрелки;

swinging — поворачивающий;

veering — поворачивающий по часовой стрелке.

Скорость ветра сообщается в узлах или милях в час:

WINDS ELEVEN KNOTS — ветры со скорость 11 узлов.

WINDS 5 TO 10 KTSATPLACES — ветры со скорость 5-10 узлов местами. WINDS 20 TO 30 KTS OCCASIONALLY — ветры 20-30 узлов.

50 KTSINGUSTS — временами сильные порывы 50 узлов. INTERMITTENT WIND MAX 35 KTS — порывистый ветер максимальной

скоростью 35 узлов.

WINDS VARIABLE 10 TO 15 KTS — ветры переменные 10-15 узлов.

STOSE 3 TO 4 — южный — юго-восточный ветер 3-4 балла. EASTERLY WIND SIX — восточный ветер 6 баллов. OCCASIONALLY SQUALLS EIGHT — временами шквалы 8 баллов. LIGHTVARIABLEWINDS — легкие (2 балла) переменные ветры.

Изменение силы ветра указывается обычно следующими словами: abating — стихающий;

decreasing — уменьшающийся; diminishing — ослабевающий; freshening — усиливающийся; increasing — увеличивающийся.

Study this scale very carefully!

Table 3

BEAUFORT WIND SCALE

(For an effective height of 10 m above sea level)

14

Answer the following questions:

1.Why is the weather so important for mariners?

2.How can you measure the temperature?

3.Do you know the difference between the scales mentioned above?

4.How does humidity depend on the temperature of the air?

5.How can you predict weather judging on the clouds?

6.What is the name for a cloud that touches the ground?

7.What kinds of precipitation do you know? What is the difference between

them?

8.What is the influence of barometric pressure upon the weather-conditions?

9.Why is it so important to consider the place you are in while predicting the wind’s movement?

10.How are the winds named?

11.How is the force of the wind measured?

Fill in the necessary word:

1. A change of in a clockwise direction is indicated by the word «veering".

2.is announced by a lowering or thickening cloudiness.

8.can be measured in three different scales.

15

11.speed is measured in nautical miles per hour.

14.is formed when droplets have become large enough to fall to the ground.

Complete the chart:

Render this information according to the following plan:

•Cases for giving warnings

•Content of warnings

•Time of issue

Warnings

Warnings shall be given for the following phenomena:

(a)Tropical cyclones and associated phenomena;

(b)Gales and storms;

(c)Ice accretion;

(d)Restricted visibility (one nautical mile or less);

(e)Unusual and hazardous sea-ice conditions;

(f)Storm-induced water-level changes.

Warnings shall have the followingcontent and order of items:

(a)Type of warning;

(b)Date and time of issue (local time);

(c)Extent of the affected area, if appropriate;

(d)Further indications, if any.

16

Warnings should be as clear and concise as possible. Warnings should be issued for the following elements and phenomena when exceedingcritical values:

(a)Wind;

(b)Sea and swell;

(c)Visibility, with special mention of thephenomenon affecting it;

(d)Heavy precipitation;

(e)Ice accretion;

(f)Water-level anomalies including storm surges;

(g)Harbour seiches;

(h)Tsunami.

Note: Warnings for items (f), (g) and (h) may be the responsibility of more than one national agency or authority.

A warning shall be issued immediately the need becomes apparent. Warnings should include, whenever possible, the times when unfavourable weather and sea conditions are expected to begin and end. Warnings shall be updated as required by changes in weather and sea conditions affecting the port and harbour area. Warnings shall be provided to all concerned in the port or harbour area by the most rapid communication means available.

REMEMBER:

Imminent — в ближайшее время (в течение 6 часов)

Soon — скоро (через 6, но не позднее чем через 12 часов)

Later — позднее (через 12 часов)

WEATHER MESSAGES

Заголовки метеосообщений

WEATHER BULLETIN — бюллетень погоды. WEATHER INFORMATION — информация о погоде. WEATHER REPORT — сообщение о погоде. LOCAL REPORT — местное сообщение. WEATHER FORECAST — прогноз погоды. WEATHER SUMMARY — сводка погоды. FURTHER OUTLOOK — перспектива.

Предупреждения о погодных условиях, представляющих опасность для мореплавания

•предостережение о сильном ветре — GALE WARNING;

•штормовое предостережение — STORM WARNING;

17

•штормовое предупреждение — STORM ADVISORY;

•предостережение о циклоне — CYCLONE WARNING;

•предостережение об урагане — HURRICANE WARNING;

•предостережение о тайфуне — TYPHOON WARNING.

GALE/STORM WARNING

•GALE WARNING FOR ALL ZONES — штормовое предостережение для всех районов;

•STORM WARNING IN FORCE — штормовое предостережение остается

всиле;

•STORM /GALE WARNING NIL — Штормовых предостережений нет;

•NO GALE IN ZONE — штормов в районах нет.

DATE AND TIME

•ACTUAL WEATHER AT 140600 UTC — текущая погода на 06 ч.ОО м. 14 числа;

•GENERAL SITUATION AT 092100 UT — общая обстановка на 21 ч. 00 м. 09 числа;

•INFERENCE FROM 220000 Z — вывод из наблюдений на 00 ч. 00 м. 22 числа;

•STORM WARNING 310400 ZT — штормовое предостережение на 04 ч. 00 м. 31 числа.

PERIODS

•WEATHER NEXT 24 HOURS FROM 160600 — погода на следующие

24 часа, начиная с 06ч.00м. 16 числа;

•FORECASTPERIOD 290600 TO 291800 — прогноз на период с 06 ч. 00 м. до 18 ч. 00 м. 29 числа;

•FORECASTFOR12 HRSFROM 181200 ZT — прогноз на 12 часов с 12 ч. 00 м. поясного времени 18 числа;

•FORECAST FOR PERIOD FROM 0930 TO 0930 TOMORROW — про-

гноз на период с 09 ч. 30 м. до 09 ч. 30 м. следующих суток;

18

•SHIPPING FORECAST VALID 24 HOURS OUTLOOK FOR FURTHER 12 HOURS — прогноз для судоходства действителен на 24 часа перспектива на последующие 12 часов;

•FORECASTFM 130600 TO 131800 — прогноз на период с 06 ч. 00 м. до 18 ч. 00 м. 13 числа;

•FORECASTUNTIL 041800 NEXTFEWDAYS — прогноз на период до

18 ч. 00 м. 4 числа ближайшие дни.

19