Модальные глаголы английского языка. Учебное пособие

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Exercise 73. When there are exams or competitions at Brightside School, the school provides certain things for all the students, but there are other things that the school does not provide. Look at the table:

Use the information in the table to write sentences with need to bring or needn’t bring.

Example: (art exams / paint) For art exams, students needn’t bring paint.

1.(tennis competitions / racquets) ___________________________.

2.(maths exams / pens and pencils) __________________________.

3.(football competitions / shirts) ____________________________.

4.(drawing exams / paper) _________________________________.

5.(art exams / brushes) ____________________________________.

6.(tennis competitions / balls) ______________________________.

7.(football competitions / shorts and boots) ____________________.

8.(maths exams / rubbers) _________________________________.

9.(drawing exams / rulers and pencils) _______________________.

Exercise 74. React to these statements. Use needn’t + Perfect In nitive:

Example: I waited for the manager but the secretary could have signed the paper. Of course you needn’t have waited for the manager.

1. Why did the speaker go into details? ’e problem was clear to everybody from the very start. 2. I believe you have told Mr. Walker everything. I shan’t talk with him about the matter. 3. We made a change, but later on I learnt that there was a through train. 4. It isn’t necessary for him to go out to post the letter. ’ere is a mail-chute right here on the Ÿoor. 5. Jane ‘lled a form. ’en they told her it was not necessary at all. 6. I changed a ‘ve-pound note, but my friend had some small change. 7. Catherine went to a theatre agency, but she could have bought tickets at the theatre box-o•ce. 8. I shan’t translate the quotation, I believe everybody knows French. 9. Peter bought a ticket for me but I’ve got one. 10. Helen wrote a twenty-page essay, but a ten-page paper would have been su•cient.

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Exercise 75. Rewrite the sentences using didn’t need or needn’t have

+ the correct form:

Example: ’e programmes didn’t cost us anything. We didn’t pay for them. We didn’t have to pay for the programmes.

1. You took your umbrella yesterday but it didn’t rain. You ______

____ your umbrella yesterday. 2. Jill paid for her holiday in advance, but it wasn’t necessary. Jill __________ for her holiday in advance. 3. My sister spoke to Sally yesterday, so I didn’t phone her. I __________ Sally because my sister had spoken to her. 4. We bought extra food but now John and Mary can’t come. We __________ extra food because John and Mary can’t come. 5. Why did you work during the weekend? We don’t have to ‘nish until next week. You __________ during the week. 6. I didn’t take my passport with me because an identity card was enough. I __________

my passport with me.

Exercise 76. Translate the following sentences into English using need:

1.ƒ , • , • , • • • • • Œ .

2.‚ • , • • ˆ , • †

‰ •, • , • • • ‰ . 3. • -

† ‰ . 4. • • ? 5. - …

• • . • ‰ . 6. ˆ • ? 7. ƒ • • • . 8. «¡ • , •• † ».— «ƒ• . ¡ •

• • … • • ». 9. ‚ •

. «€ • •, — . — • ‰ • • ».

10.ƒ• ‰ . ‚ … • † . • • •

Œ •. 11. ‚ , • • • • • Š . 12. ¡ • †, • • • • • . 13. ƒ -

• • • . 14. • ‰ .

DARE

’e modal verb dare may also be used as a regular and as a defective verb.

1)Dare as a defective verb has two forms which are the present and the past forms. It means ‘to have the courage or independence to do something, to venture’. Its use is very restricted. In present-day English it is mainly found in questions beginning with how, which are actually exclamations, and in negative sentences.

e.g. How dare you say that! How dare she come here!

How many years is it since we danced together? I daren’t think. He dared not look at her.

2)As a regular verb dare has a limited paradigm of ‘nite forms and no

verbals. It may have two meanings:

1.To venture, to have the courage or impudence (like the defective dare). In this sense it is used mainly in negative statements.

e.g. He didn’t dare to stop me (heœdidn’t have the courage). She doesn’t dare to answer.

Don’t you dare to touch me.

2.To challenge, to defy.

e.g. I dared him to jump (Iœchallenged him to do it).

I dare you to say this straight to her face. — „ , • Œ

• .

Note the following set expressions with the modal verb dare:

I dare say = I suppose, no doubt.

I dare say …. — ‚• • • ( • , • †, • †

), • ….

e.g. I dare say he will come later. — „ • † ( • ), …

• .

I dare say you are right. — ‚• • • , • • •.

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► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 77. Explain the meaning of the modal verb dare in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. He felt he dared not reply. (Maugham) 2. Her face bore an expression of such ferocity that no one dared come near to speak with her. (Greene) 3. I dare say you’re a little tired ašer your walk, dear. (Dickens) 4. He dared not look into her face. (Murdoch) 5. I did not dare to ask him to call o˜ his trip. (Hardy) 6. She was aware that they were too intent upon their business to think that anyone was watching them, but she dared not move. (Priestley) 7. Who dares to jump over the stream? (Galsworthy) 8. She did not dare to leave the house in case he telephoned. (Fitzgerald)

SHOULDN’T + PERFECT INFINITIVE,

OUGHTN’T TO + PERFECT INFINITIVE

AND NEEDN’T + PERFECT INFINITVE COMPARED

Shouldn’t + Perfect in nitive and oughtn’t to + Perfect in nitive show that an action has been carried out though it was undesirable; needn’t + Perfect in nitive indicates that an action has been carried out though it was unnecessary.

e.g. You shouldn’t have come (because you are ill).

You oughtn’t to have written to them (because your letter upset them). You needn’t have come (because the work is ‘nished).

You needn’t have written to them (because I sent them a telegram).

► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 78. Translate the following sentences into English using shouldn’t / oughtn’t to / needn’t followed by Perfect in nitive:

1. ƒ … •. 2. ƒ •

• • . ¡ • †. 3.

• • Œ • . 4. ƒ• • • -. - . 5. ƒ •

. 6. ƒ• • Œ •. ‚ . 7. ƒ• ¥ . • . 8. ƒ• Œ • ‰ . ‚ • • . 9. ƒ• • ‰ . •

• . 10. • • † • . ‚ • .

EXPRESSIONS OF ABSENCE OF NECESSITY

’e main verbs expressing necessity are: must, to have to, to be to, should and ought to.

Yet care should be taken to remember that the verbs must, to be to, should and ought to in their negative forms do not express absence of necessity.

Absence of necessity is expressed by the negative forms of to have to and need. In the present tense:

e.g. You don’t have to go there. You needn’t go there.

’e two verbs generally di˜er in that needn’t + in nitive indicates that the speaker gives authority for the non-performance of some action, whereas don’t (doesn’t) have + in nitive is used when absence of necessity is based on external circumstances. Compare:

e.g. You needn’t come here. (I’ll manage everything without your help.) You don’t have to come to the Institute tomorrow. (’ere will be no lec-

tures tomorrow.)

In the past tense (where the regular form of the verb need is found) the two verbs are similar in meaning. ’ey both indicate that there was no necessity, and hence no action. But to need is not common use.

e.g. You did not have to go there. You did not need to go there.

NOTE: Care should be taken not to use You needn’t have gone there as an expression of absence of necessity because it means that the action was carried out though it was unnecessary.

► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 79. Translate the following sentences expressing absence of necessity into English using have to or need:

1. « , … Œ • ?» — « . ¡ …

†». 2. „ • • … , • • • •. 3. ‚ •… , • • , • • -

. 4. • • • , • • •

• . 5. - • • •. ¢•

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. 6. ‡ • • • • , • •

. ¢• ‰ • . 7. ‚ , •

• . 8. - • • •

• • ¥.

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FUNCTIONS OF MODAL VERBS

AND SYNONYMOUS EXPRESSIONS

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