Модальные глаголы английского языка. Учебное пособие

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Exercise 51. Complete the sentences, using should or shouldn’t and the words in brackets:

Example: You shouldn’t work (You / work) so hard. Have a holiday.

I enjoyed that ‘lm. We should go (Weœ/ go) to the cinema more ošen. 1. __________ (You / park) here. It’s not allowed. 2. What __________

(Iœ/ cook) for dinner tonight? 3. __________ (You / wear) a coat. It’s cold outside. 4. ___________ (You / smoke). It’s bad for you. 5. ___________

(Weœ/ arrive) at the airport two hours before the Ÿight. 6. __________ (Iœ/ pay) now or later? 7. Do you think __________ (Iœ/ apply) for this job? 8. What do you think __________ (Iœ/ write) in this space on the form? 9.

__________ (Iœ/ eat) any more cake. I’ve already eaten too much. 10. ’is food is terrible. __________ (Weœ/ complain) to the manager. 11. Which shirt do you think __________ (Iœ/ buy)?

Exercise 52. Henry is cooking a meal. Give him some useful advice. Use you should or you shouldn’t and the notes in the box:

Don’t leave the meat in the oven for more than one hour.

Cut the onions as small as possible.

Use fresh herbs and fresh vegetables.

Don’t put in too much salt and pepper.

Wait until the water boils before you put the vegetables into it.

Heat the oven before you put the meat in.

Cut the meat into four equal slices.

Example: You shouldn’t leave the meat in the oven for more than one hour. 1. __________ the onions as small as possible. 2. __________ fresh herbs and fresh vegetables. 3. __________ in too much salt and pepper. 4.

__________ until the water boils before you put the vegetables into it. 5.

__________ the oven before you put the meat in. 6. __________ the meat into four equal slices.

Exercise 53. Use should or shouldn’t and one of the phrases from the box in each dialogue:

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Example: A: ’ere is a house near my home where I ošen hear a child crying.

B:You should report it to the police.

1.A: My daughter wants to marry a sailor. What should I do about it?

B:In my opinion, _____________. Your daughter ____________.

2.A: If someone has a serious accident, what’s the right thing to do?

B:Well, you ___________. It’s not a good idea to move an injured person. Instead, you ________________ to take the person to hospital.

3.A: Last Saturday I bought some co˜ee cups but one of the handles was broken. What can I expect the shop to do?

B:’ey ____________________.

4.A: My son is 12 years old and he’s already very fat.

B:Well, it’s important not to eat too much, so you __________. Also, you ___________________________.

5.A: If you come home and see that you’ve been robbed, what’s the best thing to do?

B:Well, you _____________________. You ________________ and call the police.

6.A: Mary can’t work because she’s feeling sick. How can she get home?

B:Well, she ____________________. She ______________home.

7.People __________________________ if they can’t pay it back.

Exercise 54. Complete each of the following sentences using should: Example: Ašer such a hard match, the team captain insisted they

should take things easy.

1.’e minister rejected her opponent’s demand that she _____________

_______________________________________________________.

2.My doctor explained that it was vital I _________________________.

3.Considering that he’s always short of money, it’s very odd that he _____

_______________________________________________________.

4.I don’t think it’ll rain, but you can borrow my raincoat if by any chance it ______________________________________________________.

5.If you really want to get rich fast, I suggest you ___________________

_______________________________________________________.

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Exercise 55. Complete the sentences with should have or shouldn’t have for these situations:

Example: Philip didn’t take his medicine. Later he got very ill. Philip should have taken his medicine.

1. Sara drove her car when she was tired and she had an accident. Sara

__________ her car when she was tired. 2. Tony didn’t buy any sugar so he couldn’t make a cake. Tony __________ some sugar. 3. Sally had a cold but she still went to the cinema. Later she had to stay in bed. Sally

__________ to the cinema. 4. Ted ate a lot of apples. Later he had stomach ache. Ted __________ so may apples. 5. Lucy didn’t lock the door to her Ÿat when she went to buy a newspaper. While she was away, someone stole her television. Lucy __________ the door when she went out. 6. Mary borrowed Tom’s camera without asking him. Mary __________ Tom’s camera without asking him.

Exercise 56. Explain in what syntactic conditions the emotional should is used in the following sentences and translate these sentences into Russian trying to convey the emotional colouring expressed by should:

NOTE: It is advisable to pick out those sentences where the use of the indicative forms is possible and re-word them accordingly.

1. ’ere was no reason why I should not get away promptly in the ašernoon. 2. Kate was frowning. “I can’t understand why you should do this.” 3. It was singular that Horn should ask him that question. 4. “It’s very disappointing,” he said, “that Hugh should go o˜ like this just when I counted on him to help me.” 5. Why should he think that? 6. I am very shocked indeed that you should have felt it necessary to lie to me. 7. ’at he should hear of the exposure of his favourite author with approval showed that something radical had changed his point of view. 8. He was very sorry that Philip should be disturbed. 9. He was one of themselves now and they didn’t see why he should put on airs. 10. ’ere is no reason why he shouldn’t win two or three matches. 11. I’m sorry that you should have had a row with Pat about it. 12. It was much better that he should learn the business thoroughly, and if they had been able to wait for a year there seemed no reason why they should not wait another. 13. He seemed to see nothing exceptional in the idea that he should get up and speak at the meeting. 14. “Where is Meg?” — “Where should she be if not in

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school?” 15. Why should you tell people the disagreeable things that are said about them? 16. He didn’t know why he should have expected them to look di˜erent. 17. ’is is too terrible! To think that you should talk to me in this way. 18. It outraged him that the man should have been so foolish.

Exercise 57. Translate the following sentences into English using the emotional should:

NOTE: It is advisable to pick out those sentences where the indicative forms are possible and give two variants with them.

1.‹ • , • Œ , • •• • …• •

• •. 2. , • • • Œ •. 3. • , • • €• , • • † † • • …. 4. ¡ • ,

• • • • . 5. « • ?» — «ˆ • •

• ?» 6. • , • • • •- ‰ . 7. †, • • • €• • •. 8. •

, • … • • •- •. 9. ‰ • . ‹ • • , • •

•‰ Œ . 10. • • , • • -

Œ •. 11. • , • • … • ? • • Œ † ? 12. ‚ • • , • Œ … • … • • . 13. ž • • • • ?

„ • • , • • • . 14. ,

• . 15. ‡ , • • Œ • •-

• • . 16. , • •

••. 17. ¢• , , • , • -

• -• • •. 18. ‹ … • • - • , • • • . 19. ‚ • • • •ƒ, • : «¡ • †,

• • † Œ • • ƒ».

MUST, SHOULD, OUGHT TO AND HAD BETTER

COMPARED

All the three verbs serve to express obligation. Must, however, sounds more forceful, imperative, categorical.

e.g. You must do it at once. (‹•œ • • ( •) Œ -

• .)

Both should and ought to express obligation, advisability, desirability and are used when must would sound too categorical.

e.g. You should do it at once.

You ought to do it at once. (‹ • ( • ) Œ • -

.)

Should and ought to are very much alike in meaning and are ošen interchangeable. In using ought to, however, we lay more stress on the meaning of moral obligation, whereas should is common in instructions and corrections.

e.g. You ought to help him; he is in trouble.

You should use the de‘nite article in this sentence.

Notice that ought to cannot be used instead of the emotional should. We can also use had better to give advice, to say what is the best thing

to do.

e.g. ’ere’ll be a lot of tra•c tomorrow. We had better (We’d better) leave early.

I had better (I’d better) ask the doctor about the pain in my stomach. We only use had better to give advice about a particular thing; when we

give general advice, we use should or ought to.

e.g. When people are in trouble, they should go to the police. (NOT … they had better go to the police.)

Must, ought to and should serve to express supposition implying strong probability. Must, however, seems to be in more frequent use than the other two verbs.

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► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 58. Comment on the meaning of the modal verbs should and ought to. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I ought to have talked to her, oughtn’t I? (Dickens) 2. You should be learning your lessons, Jack, and not talking with Mary. (Galsworthy) 3. If it’s a story by Wodehouse it should be amazing. (Murdoch) 4. I ought to have married; yes, I should have married long ago. (Wells) 5. Now, when it was too late, he suddenly realized that he should have leš a note. (Hemingway) 6. You ought to go to the seaside in summer. (Hardy) 7. I promised her if ever the time came when she needed me, to be her friend. Promises of that sort should never be broken. (Maugham) 8. ’e young ought to respect old age. (Ch. Brontë) 9. You shouldn’t have treated her as a small child. (Twain) 10. Absolutely perfect day! It ought to be lovely at home. (Dreiser) 11. She had no nerves; he ought never to have married a woman eighteen years younger than himself. (Dickens) 12. Can you show me any English woman who speaks English as it should be spoken? (Greene) 13. At breakfast I told Mary that I should be absent at least four days. (Cronin)

Exercise 59. Advise your friend to do the following. Use the modal verbs should and ought to:

1. Have more exercise. 2. Have a balanced diet. 3. Don’t worry over triŸes. 4. Give up smoking. 5. Get yourself a hobby. 6. Keep regular hours. 7. Exercise your mind as well as your body. 8. Don’t contradict her. 9. Avoid hurting other people’s feelings. 10. Be attentive in class. 11. Don’t punish the child. 12. Attend more closely to your college work.

Exercise 60. Complete these sentences using should and ought to:

1.While packing up you ___________________________________.

2.If you want to reach your destination quicker, you ____________.

3.Joyce is hardly eighteen, she ______________________________.

4.You walked all the way here carrying this heavy suitcase. You _______

__________________________________________________.

5.Chris looks seedy, he ___________________________________.

6.You knew I was bringing people to dinner. You ______________.

7.Nelly’s coat is out of fashion, she __________________________.

8.Mr. Nash is quite an authority, you _________________________.

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9.Don’t rely on the last minute luck, you ______________________.

10.When you are interfering, you ____________________________.

11.Bob is grown up, you ___________________________________.

12.’ey won’t be able to buy anything but juice and cola on the train. You

______________________________________________________.

Exercise 61. React to the statements. Use should and ought to to give advice:

1.Olga is progressing with her English but her phonetics is just awful.

2.Jane is putting on weight though she keeps diet. 3. My sister is ‘nishing school, but she is at her wits’ end what career to choose. 4. Helen speaks idiomatic French but her spelling is poor. 5. I’m afraid Peter won’t join us for the trip unless his mother feels better. 6. She is not bad on the whole but she is absent-minded and that annoys the teacher. 7. Frank’s eyesight is poor and it is getting worse. 8. Mary’s nerves are in a shocking state. 9. Harry seems to be a poor sailor. 10. On my way to work I felt light-headed and fainted. 11. John is having a bad cold. 12. My daughter has lost the key.

Exercise 62. Use the sentences in brackets to write a reply with had better in the following dialogues:

Example: A: I’ve got a headache.

B:(You should go and lie down.) You’d better go and lie down.

1.A: ’e children want to play in the kitchen.

B:(Well, they should clear everything away when they ‘nish.) Well,

__________ when they ‘nish.

2.A: I think it’s going to rain.

B:(Yes, we ought to take our umbrellas.) Yes, __________.

3.A: I’m going to go to bed now. We have to get up very early tomorrow.

B:(Yes, I should go to bed early too.) Yes, __________.

Exercise 63. Complete the second part of the dialogue using the correct form of the word in brackets. Put to or not in the correct place if necessary:

Example: A: Should Henry stay in bed?

B:No, the doctor said he shouldn’t (should) stay in bed.

1.A: Can we move that cupboard?

B:No, it’s very delicate, so you _____ (ought) leave it where it is.

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2.A: Should we change these notices?

B:No, the show is still on, so we _____ (should) change them until next week.

3.A: You’d better tell the boss about the accident immediately.

B:No, she’s in a bad mood. I _____ (had better) tell her until tomorrow.

4.A: Does the doctor say it’s all right for Mrs Bradley to work?

B:Yes, but she must be careful. She _____ (ought) liš anything heavy, for example.

5.A: Can they come before dinner?

B:No, we haven’t got enough food, so they _____ (had better) come ašer dinner.

Exercise 64. Use the required from of the in nitive a er should and ought to:

1.But we ought _____ (toœhave) your brother here, to tell us exactly how far we can go. 2. Tea is between half past ‘ve and six, and it should

_____ (toœbe) ready now. 3. He couldn’t see anything. He thought that he ought _____ (toœbring) a torch. 4. Should the baby _____ (toœplay) with a box of matches? 5. If you’re in love it ought _____ (toœmake) you happy. You ought _____ (toœlaugh). 6. ’e doctor said it was appendicitis and she ought _____ (toœoperate) on. 7. You should _____ (toœsee) him yesterday on horseback. 8. One day the headmaster came on Jack, who should _____ (toœsweat) on the sports ground, sitting comfortably in a gardener’s shed reading a book and eating a large piece of cocoa-nut ice. 9. “Your father and I should _____ (toœarrange) everything before I came here,” he said. 10. Oughtn’t you _____ (toœanswer) that letter now? 11. Where is his car? he shouldn’t _____ (toœleave) it unattended. 12. He drove at great speed. He knew that about this hour the guests should _____ (toœarrive) at his house. 13. “Well, I’m very glad to know at last what it was all about.” — “You ought _____ (toœtell) before.” 14. ’en he should _____ (toœlaugh), but instead he heard himself saying: “Everything you say is quite true.” 15. Anything we can do to clear up this miserable a˜air ought _____ (toœdo). 16. “I don’t think he had the least idea of what I meant.” — “You should _____ (toœbe) more explicit, my dear.”

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Exercise 65. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences choosing between should and ought to:

NOTE: Remember that although ought to and should are very close in the meaning of obligation and are ošen interchangeable, ought to tends to express moral obligation and is not frequent in negative sentences whereas should is common in instructions and corrections.

1. He looked more than ever out of place; he _____ have stayed at home. 2. I don’t think people _____ gossip like that about other people. 3. She said, “You know, I think I _____ get across to the station and see what goes on.” 4. I want him to do what’s right. It _____ (not) be necessary to persuade a man to do that. 5. My mother frowned at him and shook her head in a way that meant that he _____ (not) say things like that in front of me. 6. “Strange,” said the boy, “how, when people are either very old or very young, they are always wanting to do something they _____ (not) do.” 7. “It is very wicked of you,” she said. “You _____ be ashamed of yourself.” 8. Ašer she had gone I found myself wondering whether I _____ do anything for her. 9. I’ll see and speak to Maurice. He _____ (not) behave like that. 10. I expect you to tell me the way to do it. You _____ know. 11. She is a clever girl and her French _____ be perfect. 12. ’e children were out dancing when they _____ have been learning their lessons. 13. I realize not I _____

(not) have said anything. 14. “I’m not very ‘t. I’m having trouble with my leg.” — “I see. Well, I think you _____ go and see a doctor I know.” 15. Anne was quite capable of coming down to make herself a cup of cocoa when she _____ be asleep. 16. He felt very low and I thought I _____ do all I could to cheer him up.

Exercise 66. Translate the following sentences into English using should and ought to wherever possible:

1. ¡ ‰ . Œ • . 2. ¡ • †,• ‰ • ‰ •. 3. ¡ • ,

• • Œ •. 4. ƒ ….

• • Œ • • . 5. «¡ • - , • • •

• ?» — • . 6.

. 7. , • • , • • •. •

Œ . 8. • • ‰ , • • • • ? 9. ¡ • , • • •. 10. ¡ , •

• • •. 11. •

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• •• …• , Œ . 12. «Ž — • ».— «

• • . ‹• • …». 13. ¢ • •

‰ Œ • • .