Модальные глаголы английского языка. Учебное пособие
.pdfSUMMING UP EXERCISES
Exercise 80. Complete the sentences using must or can’t and one of the verbs from the box:
be |
belong |
speak |
come |
spend |
have |
like |
live |
want |
remember |
Example: Anna lived in America for three years, so she must speak English.
Tom’s brother doesn’t know anything about medicine, so he can’t be a doctor.
1. Jane has an incredible number of CDs. She __________ music a lot. 2. Peter doesn’t speak German, so he __________ from Germany. 3. ’is jacket __________ to Janet because it’s not her size. 4. ’at man
__________ around here because he doesn’t know any of the street names. 5. Jack __________ a lot of clothes. He wears something di˜erent every day. 6. Sam’s grandmother is over 80 years old, so she __________ the Second World War. 7. You’ve got ten cats already. You __________ get another one. 8. Susan buys a new dress every day. She __________ a lot of money on clothes.
Exercise 81. Complete the dialogues with must, can’t or might and one of the phrases in the box:
cost a lot of money |
be a soldier |
work long hours |
go to Portugal |
come this weekend |
take much interest |
also be at the shops |
be at the gym |
Example: RUTH: I think Ann’s brother is in the army.
JAMES: He can’t be a soldier; he’s only 15.
1.BOB: What are you going to do next summer?
SUSAN: I don’t know. We __________, but it’s not certain yet.
2.FRED: Mike’s new Ÿat is all electric — kitchen, heating, everything. PETER: ’at __________ in electricity bills.
3.SAM: Is Mary coming to see us this week?
SALLY: It depends on her work. She __________ if she ‘nishes the
project that she’s doing.
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4.CAROL: Have Brian and Kim got any children?
TOM: Yes, they have two children, but they __________ in them, be-
cause they never talk about them.
5.ANDREW: Do you see your new neighbours very much?
SARAH: No, they __________, because they are hardly ever at home.
6.PAUL: Fred’s gone out, hasn’t he? Where has he gone? ANN: I don’t know. He __________ or he __________.
Exercise 82. Choose the correct form of the verbs:
You must be / can’t be very proud of your son winning so many prizes. 2. We thought our cousins would visit us when they were in town last week, but they didn’t even phone. I suppose they must be / must have been too busy. 3. ’e ‘lm has been such a big success I guess it must be / can’t be easy to get tickets to see it. 4. I’m sure you could mend this if you really tried. You must be / can’t be using the right tools. 5. I’ve just rung the garage to check whether they’ve ‘xed my car, but I can’t get an answer. I suppose they may have / may be having a tea-break out in the yard. 6. I don’t know why you wanted to stay at that party. You might have enjoyed / can’t have enjoyed talking to all those boring people. 7. I can’t go out this morning. We’re getting a new sofa and the store may be delivering / must be delivering it today. 8. You’ll have to check these ‘gures again. ’ey’re not accurate. You might have been concentrating / can’t have been concentrating when you added them up. 9. You must be / must have been thirsty ašer carrying those heavy boxes. Shall I make some tea?
Exercise 83. Complete the conversations with suitable verbs:
1.JUAN: Maria says her father’s a farmer.
PAUL: But he can’t be! ’ey live in the middle of Madrid.
2.JANE: Oh, no. ’is carrier bag’s split.
KATE: You must have put too much in it. ’ey’re not very strong,
you know.
3.MARK: Nigel says he met your sister in Berlin.
AMY: But he can’t _____ her there! She’s never been to Germany.
4.JIM: Where can I ‘nd out about visas for the US?
JOE: Pia might _____ about that sort of thing. She used to work in a
travel agency.
5. GARY: ’is letter says you owe the bank £5,000.
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PHILIP: It must _____ a mistake. I don’t even have a bank account. 6. SUE: Shall we go to the concert?
BETH: I’d like to, but you’d better phone ‘rst. ’ey may _____ all the tickets.
7. BERT: Do you know where my address book is?
MAY: It could _____ in the hall cupboard. I think I saw it there the other day.
8.DAVE: Why didn’t Sally come to work in her car today?
TONY: She didn’t say. She could _____ it to her sister, I suppose.
Exercise 84. Complete the answers to the following questions. Use must, can’t or might with any other words you need:
1.TONY: Can that be James phoning at this hour? It’s gone midnight! YOU: It might be him. He said he’d phone if he passed his exam.
2.SALLY: Who’s that going into the shop?
YOU: It must be the cleaners. ’ey always do the Ÿoors before we open.
3.BILL: Is that your sister’s fur coat?
YOU: It ___________________________. She never wears real fur.
4.CLIVE: I can’t remember where I put my briefcase.
YOU: It ____________________________. You ošen leave it there.
5.DINA: Where did Adam get that new guitar? He hasn’t got any money. YOU: It _________________. Ašer all, it was his birthday last week.
6.EDDY: Why did Moira ignore me at the party last night?
YOU: She _____________________. She wasn’t wearing her glasses.
7.FRED: Do you think Cindy told the boss I leš work early yesterday? YOU: She ________________________. She leš early yesterday too.
8.HEIDI: Who was that man leaving the library? It looked like Peter.
YOU: It ________________________. ’ey are so alike that people sometimes mistake them for one another.
HEIDI: Are you sure? I really thought it was Peter. YOU: It _____________________. He’s in hospital.
Exercise 85. Match the two halves of these sentences:
1) |
You can’t have lived in Tunisia for ten years |
a) ašer all your hard work. |
2) You must know Tokyo is expensive |
b) ašer touring the world for years. |
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3) |
You must have met some fascinating people |
c) if you’ve lived there. |
4) |
You can’t be tired |
d) without learning some Arabic. |
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5) You must be exhausted |
e) when you’ve just had a holiday. |
6) You may ‘nd it di•cult to settle down |
f) during your trip to Africa. |
Exercise 86. Write a sentence for each of these situations using must / can’t / may / might (have):
1.Yesterday was payday. I don’t believe you’re short of money already. You can’t have spent all your pay already.
2.It was Linda’s suggestion to go for a meal. Surely she doesn’t think I’m going to pay for it all. She can’t think I’m going to pay for it all.
3.George has been engaged to Kay for three months. Today he received a box with the engagement ring in it and all his letters to her. Kay _____
__________________________.
4.When Tina got back home, she couldn’t ‘nd her purse. Perhaps a pickpocket stole it. A pickpocket ______________________________.
5.Isobel said she was short of money, but she’s just moved into a new Ÿat! Her uncle owns property in this area. She ________________.
6.’is parcel is making a ticking noise — throw it out of the window! I’m sure it’s a bomb. It _______________________________.
7.I don’t know who would send me an alarm clock for a present. My brother sometimes plays practical jokes on people, so perhaps it’s from
him. It ___________________________________.
Anna’s always such a punctual person. ’e meeting started half an hour ago but she’s not here. I know the tra•c’s very bad this morning. She ____
______________________________.
Exercise 87. Choose the correct form of the verbs:
A) JOHN: Can you help me with these letters?
IRIS: (1) Must we do / Should we do them now? Can’t they wait until the morning?
JOHN: No. I (2) must have posted / should have posted them this morning, really.
IRIS: Oh, all right then.
B) KEN: Where’s Sally? She (3) must be / should be here by now. JO: I don’t know what’s happened to her. She (4) must have missed /
should have missed the train.
C) MARY: Happy birthday. I’ve bought you a present.
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NEIL: Oh, you (5) needn’t bother / needn’t have bothered. MARY: ’at’s OK.
NEIL: Well, thanks very much.
D)PETER: I’m going to Neil’s birthday party this evening. Do you think I (6) must / ought to take him a present?
RAY: Well, you (7) mustn’t / don’t have to, I’m sure he doesn’t expect one. But personally I don’t think you (8) should arrive / must arrive at a party without anything for your host.
E)At Neil’s party
NEIL: Why isn’t Andrew here? Is he too busy?
PETER: He told me he hadn’t been invited. He’s gone away for the weekend.
NEIL: Oh, dear. His invitation (9) must get lost / must have got lost in the post.
Exercise 88. Fill the gaps in the sentences with must(n’t), need(n’t) or should(n’t):
1. We’ve run out of paperclips. I _____ get some more in the morning. 2. You _____ ‘nish that report tonight if you’re too tired. Midday tomorrow is the deadline. 3. What are you doing here? _____ you be at the meeting downtown? 4. He really _____ have told his brother about this deal. It was supposed to be absolutely con‘dential. 5. You _____ clean the o•ce because we haven’t been using it today, but could you tidy the shelves in the storeroom, please? 6. You _____ make so much noise. We’ll be asked to leave otherwise. 7. I’m going to be in trouble. I _____ have posted these yesterday ašernoon and I completely forgot. 8. You _____ have typed this — a handwritten note would have been quite adequate. 9. ’e meeting’s ‘nished. We _____ ‘nd out what’s been decided any moment now.
Exercise 89. Insert modal verbs shall, will, should, would and explain their use (use the contracted forms if necessary: shan’t, won’t, shouldn’t, wouldn’t):
1. You _____ have looked lovely in a veil, Aunt Emma. Didn’t she, Uncle? 2. Won’t you sit down, Mr. Anderson? I _____ have asked you before; but I’m so troubled. 3. I went over to the window. ’e pavements were damp and reŸected the yellow light. It _____ have rained today. 4. Hssh! He’s still asleep. What _____ we to do when he wakes? _____ we go
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up to him and wait for it? 5. From time to time he and Esther Norn _____
to be seen together. 6. A doctor called in at this late hour… He suggested a nurse, but this Mrs. Widdle, ill as she was, _____ not hear of. It would cost so much. 7. You _____ not be so careless with your things. 8. You
_____ not to tell Dad what I told you, Mother. 9. It’s all over the town, and
_____ injure your reputation. 10. We _____ have children, Gretta _____ a lot of children. ’ere would be no time to worry about ourselves then. 11. She was always well-dressed and carried herself with an inimitable air that
_____ have been born in her. It _____ never have been acquired. 12. ’ere are some houses there somewhere. We’ll ask, they _____ have seen him. 13. On the inland side hills _____ to be seen, spotted with olive trees… 14. You _____ to stay out so late: it makes you ‘t for nothing.
Exercise 90. Match the two halves of these sentences:
1) She should be working |
a) when she was supposed to be working. |
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2) |
She shouldn’t stay in bed all day |
b) because she woke up early anyway. |
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3) |
She shouldn’t have fallen asleep |
c) but she’s too tired. |
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4) |
She mustn’t oversleep |
d) or she’ll miss her interview. |
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5) |
She doesn’t have to get up yet |
e) unless she’s ill. |
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6) |
She didn’t need to rest |
f) if she’s not going to work today. |
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She needn’t have set the alarm clock |
because she wasn’t feeling tired. |
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Exercise 91. Complete the second sentence using the correct form of must, need, should or have to without changing the meaning:
Example: It is vital to wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike. You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike.
1.I expect we’ll get the contract because we o˜ered the best price. We o˜ered the best price so we ________________________________.
2.It isn’t necessary for us to spend a long time in the museum if it’s not interesting. We __________________________________________.
3.It was wrong of you to speak to my mother like that. You ___________
______________________________________________.
4.She promised to phone me before lunch. It’s seven o’clock now. She ___
_____________________________________________by now.
5.I made far more sandwiches than we needed. I ___________________
______________________ so many sandwiches.
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6.It’s essential that my father doesn’t ‘nd out what I’ve done. My father __
__________________________________________________.
7.In my opinion it would be wrong for them to move house now. I don’t think they ____________________________________________.
8.My sister o˜ered me a liš so it wasn’t necessary for me to call a taxi. As my sister o˜ered me a liš, I ____________________________.
9.I suggest it’s a good idea to check the timetable before we leave. We ___
___________________________________________________.
Exercise 92. In some of the following sentences, should can be replaced by had better. Which ones are they? Write the new sentence, or write no change:
Example: You should always lock the front door when you go out. NO CHANGE
I should leave now, or I’ll miss my bus. I’d better leave now.
1.I don’t think people should keep pets if they don’t have time to care for them properly. _______________________________________.
2.If you want to take photos while we’re going round the museum, you should ask permission. We don’t want to get into trouble. __________
_______________________________________________.
3.Can you buy me some stamps when you go out? ’ere should be some change in my purse if you haven’t got enough money. _____________
____________________________________________.
4.I realise you must be surprised to ‘nd us here. Perhaps I should explain what’s going on. _____________________________________.
5.’ey shouldn’t go sailing today. ’e sea’s rough and it might be dangerous. _________________________________________
_______.
6.People really shouldn’t smoke when there are children around. It’s such a bad example to them. __________________________________.
Exercise 93. Anna is giving a colleague some advice about a journey he is planning. Fill the gaps using had better, should or have to:
ANNA: OK, well, as you haven’t done this trip before I (1) had better / should give you a few tips to save you time and hassle. First, you (2) _____
make sure you get to the airport really early because you always (3) _____
queue for ages at check-in. ’ey really (4) _____ introduce a more e•cient
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system, but they won’t. anyway, then you (5) _____ go through passport control and so on. You (6) _____ take something good to read because you’ll have quite a long wait in the departure lounge. At least you (7) _____
be able to sit down there. ’at’s another advantage of being early. ’ey (8)
_____ provide more seats, in my opinion. When your Ÿight’s called, you
(9) _____ follow an o•cial out to your plane. You (10) _____ not take very heavy hand luggage because you (11) _____ carry it yourself and there aren’t any trolleys. Everyone agrees there (12) _____ be, of course, but there aren’t. ’e Ÿight is quite short. You get a meal, which you (13) _____ eat, even if it’s not very appetizing, because you have a long bus journey at the other end. ’e hotel is nice. I’m sure you’ll like it. Now, do you have any questions?
Exercise 94. Here is the work plan for the Information O ce at Heathrow Airport for last weekend. If someone did not in fact work, there is a comment:
SATURDAY |
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SUNDAY |
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On duty Comments |
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On duty Comments |
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Jenny |
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Colin |
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Brian |
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ill |
Mary |
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Joan |
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ill |
Derek |
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ill |
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Daniel |
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Carol |
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ill |
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From the information in the table, write complete sentences using had to, didn’t have to or should have and the words in brackets:
Example: (Jenny / Saturday) Jenny had to work on Saturday. (Colin / Saturday) Colin didn’t have to work on Saturday.
(Carol / Sunday) Carol should have worked on Sunday but she was ill.
1.(Colin / Sunday) _______________________________________.
2.(Joan / Sunday) ________________________________________.
3.(Derek / Sunday) ____________________________ but he was ill.
4.(Mary / Saturday) ______________________________________.
5.(Brian / Saturday) ___________________________ but he was ill.
6.(Daniel / Saturday) _____________________________________.
7.(Joan / Saturday) ___________________________ but she was ill.
8.(Derek / Saturday) ______________________________________.
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Exercise 95. Fill in the blanks with didn’t have to or needn’t have + the correct form of the in nitive:
1. You __________ (toœbuy) such a lot of Ÿowers. We’ve already got more than necessary. 2. Frank wrote I __________ (toœsend) so many books at a time. 3. She __________ (toœget up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that she had. 4. I knew I _______ (toœlock) the door ašer me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out, too? 5. ’ey told me __________ (toœtake) the trouble to buy the tickets, they were too busy to go anywhere. 6. I __________ (toœwrite) him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly ašerwards. 7. I __________
(toœtranslate) it for him, he did it himself, he understood Spanish. 8. You
__________ (toœgo) into so many details. ’e report was too long. 9. You
__________ (toœsay) it if you didn’t want to. 10. You __________ (toœbring) your umbrella, as we are going by car.
Exercise 96. Complete these sentences using must, need, to be to, to have to:
1. He inquired when the secretary _____ (toœ come). 2. I’m afraid I _____ (toœgo) now. I _____ (toœdo) some shopping before school. 3. ’ey didn’t answer my ‘rst knock so I _____ (toœknock) twice. 4. What
_____ I (toœdo) if she starts crying? 5. You _____ (not to walk) all the way to the station. I’ll give you a liš. 6. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I _____
(toœmeet) Mother at the station at six sharp. 7. Chris lost all his money and I __________ (toœlend) him ten pounds. 8. I can’t help it. I simply
__________ (toœsee) him tonight. 9. It was settled that my aunt _____
neither remain in town nor return. 10. ’e girl __________ (toœtake) care of her younger sister and brother. 11. A man __________ (toœstand) for his rights. 12. ’e day we __________ (toœstart) it rained worse than ever. 13. ’ere was no one to help him so he __________ (toœmove) the furniture himself. 14. We __________ (toœspend) a week-end with my uncle at Blackpool.
Exercise 97. Chris is going to Carstairs College in Scotland. Miranda is already studying there. Choose the modal verb forms that are right:
CHRIS: Can I / Do I can ask you a few questions about Carstairs? MIRANDA: Of course. (1) You should / ought to get as much informa-
tion as possible before you go.
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CHRIS: Do (2) I must / have to wear a uniform?
MIRANDA: No, but (3) you must / have dress smartly. You can’t wear jeans.
CHRIS: (4) Should / Had I take my laptop computer with me? MIRANDA: No, (5) you don’t ought / don’t need to! You have to write
all your essays by hand!
CHRIS: What? Will I (6) be possible / be able to use email? MIRANDA: No, I’m afraid not. Carstairs is very old-fashioned. Any-
way, when are you leaving?
CHRIS: (7) I managed / could to get a ticket for the train this evening.
(8) I should / must have reserved a seat, though. (9) I can / may have to stand all the way to Scotland.
MIRANDA: (10) Should I better / Had I better give you a ring later and see how things are going?
CHRIS: Sure. Can I use my mobile phone at college?
MIRANDA: Yes, don’t worry. But (11) you need / must switch it o˜ during the school day.
CHRIS: OK. Can you give me any more advice?
MIRANDA: Yes. (12) You must / ought visit the lake near the college. It’s beatu‘l!
Exercise 98. Paula is emailing Sarah. e numbered words in the box are missing from the text. Put one number only in the text at the right place:
(1) able |
(4) should |
(7) ought |
(2) have |
(5) managed |
(8) couldn’t |
(3) to |
(6) needn’t |
(9) had |
I’ve had a terrible day! I (4 ) have got up early., but I couldn’t get out of bed! It was too late to go by bus, so I to get a taxi. Luckily, I to ‘nd one quite quickly. Of course, when we arrived outside the o•ce, I didn’t have any money, so I pay the driver. Anyway, I was to borrow some from the receptionist. I’ve paid her back already, but do you think I to give her a present as well? My boss was waiting for me in her o•ce. I should arrived at nine o’clock, and I was half an hour late. I have taken a taxi at all, though! She told me the company was closing, so I had ‘nd a new job!