Модальные глаголы английского языка. Учебное пособие

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e.g. You don’t have to make another copy of the document.

c) to express a future obligation, since the future tense of the verb to have to makes the obligation more precise

e.g. You’ll have to take a taxi if you mean to catch the train.

Have to as a modal verb can be used together with the modal verb may. e.g. We may have to wait long here ( • • • … •

• ).

In spoken English the meaning of obligation and necessity is also expressed by have (has) got to. We can use have got to with the same meaning as have to to talk about something that is necessary at one particular time (but not in general). Like the verb to have to, it is found in all kinds of sentences and is combined with the simple in‘nitive.

e.g. Have you got to get up early tomorrow morning? He has got to go right now.

Note the set phrase had better:

Had better is followed by the in‘nitive without to.

e.g. A few drops began to fall. “We’d better take shelter,” she said. — •

•‰ • .

She didn’t like to say that she thought they had better not play cards when the guest might come in at any moment.

► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 33. Comment on the meaning of the modal verb have to. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Sooner or later one has to choose. (Cronin) 2. ’ere are two kinds of speeches: there is the speech which a man makes when he has something to say, and the speech when he has to say something. (Maugham) 3. I think you’ll have to take a taxi if you mean to catch that train. (Hornby) 4. You saw me, and I had to tell you what had happened. (Murdoch) 5. I shall have to go home and get some things from the laboratory. (Christie) 6. He may have to go to Monte Carlo with his father. (Hemingway) 7. I am sorry to have had to wake you up, Francis. (Galsworthy) 8. Every time I sat on the edge of his bed to listen to him talking or reading to me, I had to ‘ght back

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my tears. (King) 9. I’ve got to see her ‘rst. (A. Wilson) 10. We’ve got to be careful. (Caldwell)

Exercise 34. Turn the following a rmative sentences containing have to into negative and interrogative:

1.he has to light a ‘re. 2. ’ey had to change their shoes. 3. I shall have to buy a new pair of gloves. 4. She has to go home early. 5. He had to give it back. 6. She’ll have to come again.

Exercise 35. Look at this table about di erent jobs and use the information to complete the sentences, using have to and don’t have to:

Example: Shop assistants have to deal with the public.

1.Teachers __________ to people. 2. Bank clerks __________ to people. 3. Bank clerks __________ with money. 4. Doctors __________ with money. 5. Shop assistants ošen __________ uniforms. 6. Teachers

__________ uniforms.

Exercise 36. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of have to or have got to and the words in brackets. Be careful to use the correct tense:

Example: I have to leave (Iœ/ leave) now; I’ve got an appointment at the dentist’s.

Did you have to study (you / study) literature when you were at school?

You haven’t got to come (You / not / come) with me now if you don’t want to.

1. __________ (Iœ/ not / work) hard because the job was very easy. 2. __________ (Iœ / do) this work now, or can I do it tomorrow? 3. __________ (Iœ/ run) to school because I was late. 4. __________ (Iœ/ go) to an important meeting yesterday. 5. __________ (you / show) your passports when you reached the border? 6. __________ (Iœ/ pay) in cash next week or can I give you a cheque? 7. I want to be an airline pilot. What quali‘cations __________ (you / have) to be a pilot? 8. ________

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Dad: (What / you / do / at school today?) What did you have to do at school today?

Geo˜: (Weœ/ do / some / English tests.) __________________________

Dad: (How many questions / you / answer?) ______________________

Geo˜: (Weœ/ answer / about forty grammar questions.) ______________

(Iœ/ think / about them very carefully.) ______________________

Dad: (you / write / a composition?) _____________________________

Geo˜: (No, but we / do / one next week.) ________________________

Exercise 39. Translate the following sentences into English using have to:

1. ¢ ‰ • . 2. • • •

‰ … • . 3. ‚ • • . •• • , . 4. ‚ • • , •• •-• • • . 5. «- •,

† ».— «¡ , • ‰ ». 6. «¡ • • , • • • ‰ ?» —

ˆ .— «‹ Œ • • • . ¡ Œ ». 7. ¢•

‰ • , • • •‰ ….

TO BE TO

To be to as a modal verb is used in the present and past tenses. e.g. We are to meet at six.

We were to meet at six.

To be to as a modal verb has the following meanings:

1.An obligation arising out of an arrangement or plan. It is found in a•rmative and interrogative sentences in the present and past tenses. To be to is followed by the simple in‘nitive.

e.g. We are to discuss it next time.

We were to discuss it the following week. Is he to arrive tomorrow?

Who was to speak at the meeting? When is the wedding to be?

To be to in the past inde‘nite indicates a ful‘lled action in the past. e.g. I was to meet Mother at 11 (and I did).

’e prize was to honour him for his great discoveries.

To emphasize that the action did not take place (anœunful‘lled plan) the perfect in‘nitive is used ašer the past inde‘nite of the verb to be to.

e.g. She was to have graduated in June, but unfortunately fell ill.

I promised to go to a club with her last Tuesday, and I really forgot all about it. We were to have played a duet together.

’e present inde‘nite may signify an arrangement (especially o•cial) for the future, or referring to no particular time.

e.g. ’e German Chancellor is to visit France. A knife is to cut with.

2.A strict order or an instruction given either by the speaker or (more usually) by some o•cial authority.

e.g. All junior o•cers are to report to the colonel at once. Norman says I am to leave you alone.

In this meaning to be to is found in a•rmative and negative sentences and followed by the simple in‘nitive.

3.Strict prohibition (only in negative sentences). e.g. You are not to tell anybody about it.

You are not to smoke in this room.

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4.Something that is destined to happen.

’is meaning of to be to is rendered in Russian as . It is mainly

found in the past tense and its application is limited to narration. It occurs in a•rmative and negative sentences and is followed by the simple in‘nitive.

e.g. He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come.

I didn’t know at the time that she was to be my wife (• •

• • • ).

It wasn’t to be (Œ • • • • ).

Sometimes when it is used ašer the conjunction if it has the same meaning as the verb to want.

e.g. If we are to get there on time, we must start at once ( •• •

• , ).

If we are to remain friends you must tell me the truth. 5. Impossibility.

In negative sentences or in sentences containing words with negative meaning the verb to be to implies impossibility. In this case the passive form of the simple in‘nitive is used, unless it is a question beginning with the interrogative adverbs how, where.

e.g. Nothing was to be done under the circumstances. ’ey are not to be trusted.

He was nowhere to be found. Where is he to be found?

How am I to repay you for your kindness?

In this meaning to be to is equivalent to can or may.

Note the following set expressions with the modal verb to be to:

What am I to do? (ž • ? • • ?)

What is to become of me? (ž • ? ž •

?)

Where am I to go? ( • • ? • • ?)

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► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 40. Comment on the meaning of the modal verb to be to. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1.Why are you late? You were to have come an hour ago. (London)

2.I want to know on what terms the girl is to be here. Is she to have any wages? And what is to become of her when you’ve ‘nished your teaching? (Caldwell) 3. “So Robert has come?” “Oh, yes, quite unexpectedly. He was to have stayed a week longer.” (Steinbeck) 4. ’ey were to go to Spain for the honeymoon. (Fischer) 5. We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget his appointment. (Dickens) 6. He is going to be there, and I am to play Juliet. (Hornby) 7. Dorian unlocked the door that opened into the room that was to keep for him the curious secret of his life and hide his soul from the eyes of men. (O. Wilde) 8. Where am I to turn? (Douglas) 9. It was some consolation that Harry was to be there. (Forster) 10. My dear father, if I am to get married, surely you will allow me to choose the time, place and person. (Galsworthy)

Exercise 41. Translate the following sentences into English using to be to:

1. • • • ‰ • • • -† , • • •• • Œ • • . 2. ¡ , • „Œ • • . 3. ¡ •

… , • , • • • • , • •† . 4. • • Œ . „

• • • . 5. † Œ •

• † • † • . ˆ • • •• • • •

• . 6. „ Š , • • • • • -

. 7. ‹ Œ • • • .

MUST, TO HAVE TO AND TO BE TO COMPARED

’e verbs must, to have to and to be to have one meaning in common, that of obligation. In the present tense the verbs come very close to each other in their use, though they preserve their speci‘c shades of meaning. ’us must indicates obligation or necessity from the speaker’s viewpoint, i.e. it expresses obligation imposed by the speaker.

e.g. I must do it. (I•want to do it.)

He must do it himself. (I•shan’t help him.)

To have to expresses obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances. e.g. What a pity you have to go now. (It’s time for you to catch your train.) He has to do it himself. (He•has got no one to help him.)

To be to expresses obligation or necessity resulting from an arrangement.

e.g. We are to wait for them at the entrance. (We•have arranged to meet there, so we must wait for them at the appointed place.)

Sometimes the idea of obligation is absent and to be to expresses only a previously arranged plan.

e.g. We are to go to the cinema tonight.

NOTE: In public notices we ‘nd must because they express obligation imposed by some authorities.

e.g. Passengers must cross the railway line by the foot bridge. ’e same is true of prohibition expressed in negative sentences. e.g. Passengers must not walk across the railway line.

Visitors must not feed the animals.

In the past tense, however, the di˜erence in the use of the three verbs is quite considerable.

Must has no past tense. It is used in past-time contexts only in reported speech.

e.g. He said he must do it.

Had to + in nitive is generally used to denote an action which was realized in the past as a result of obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances.

e.g. He had to put on his raincoat. (It•was raining heavily outside and he would have got wet if he hadn’t.)

I had to sell my car. (It•was necessary for me to do it because I needed money.)

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You mustn’t disturb other players, but you don’t have to be silent.

1.You __________ ‘nish on time, but you __________ start on time.

2.You __________ play with club balls, but if you do, you __________

take them home. 3. You __________ eat or drink outside the bar, but you __________ buy your food in the bar if you don’t want to. 4. You

__________ have a shower, and you __________ wear clean clothes.

Exercise 43. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs to have to or to be to:

1. At nightfall the ship put in at a small port where they _____ to load three hundred bags of co˜ee. 2. ’ey _____ to light a ‘re to cook their supper. 3. He set o˜ for the school where he _____ to write examinations for entry to the University. 4. When I got home I found I had leš my olive oil in front of the notice-board and I _____ to return in the ašernoon to collect it. 5. He made all arrangements for the marriage, which _____ to take place on the day of his mother’s arrival. 6. ’e Finnish woman who

_____ to work for Finch had not arrived yet. 7. She knew there would be no more vacations for her sons. But she _____ (not) to say it. ’ey knew that as well as she. 8. Eden went to the wood where he _____ to meet his brother for a ride. 9. Uncle Nick’s things _____ too be moved out of his room so that it could be re-let. 10. For the next few weeks I _____ to stay in bed. Everyone came to visit me, and brought me presents, and I

_____ (not) to do the cooking. 11. Early in January Maurice returned to Ireland and his brother accompanied him. He _____ to remain with him till spring. He then _____ to go to the Slade School of Fine Arts in London.

12.’ey went to inspect Finch’s new house. Finch said that only the last touches _____ to be added there and he _____ to move into it quite soon.

13.’at day, however, I had a pupil waiting for an English lesson and I

_____ to cut my visit short.

Exercise 44. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs must, to have to or to be to:

1. To work with method, one _____ begin from the beginning. 2. I

_____ be getting sentimental. 3. Nowadays one _____ do nearly everything oneself. 4. I _____ think who she was talking about. She _____ have meant your father. 5. He _____ leave the vessel at Melbourne and go o˜ at once to the gold-‘elds. 6. I had leš my key at home, and my servant _____ let