FOR UNIT VIII

I. This time you have to read and translate the following English text into the Russian language

TERRORISM

The word “terrorism” is used most often to describe revolutionary violence. That is a small victory for the champions of order, among whom the uses of terror are by no means unknown. The systematic terrorizing of whole populations is a strategy of both conventional and guerrilla war, and of established governments as well as radical movements. Its purpose is to destroy the morale of a nation or a class, to undercut its solidarity; its method is the random murder of innocent people. Randomness is the crucial feature of terrorist activity. If one wishes fear to spread and intensify over time, it is not desirable to kill specific people identified in some particular way with a regime, a party, or a policy. Death must come by chance to individual Frenchmen, or Germans, to Irish Protestants, or Jews, simply because they are Frenchmen or Germans, Protestants or Jews, until they feel themselves fatally exposed and demand that their governments negotiate for their safety.

In war, terrorism is a way of avoiding engagement with the enemy army. It represents an extreme form of the strategy of the “indirect approach.”1 It is so indirect that many soldiers have refused to call it war at all. This is a matter as much of professional pride as of moral judgment. Consider the statement of a British admiral in World War II, protesting the terror bombing of German cities: “We are a hopelessly unmilitary nation to imagine that we [can] win the war by bombing German women and children instead of defeating their army and navy.”2 The key word here is unmilitary. The admiral rightly sees terrorism as a civilian strategy. One might say that it represents the continuation of war by political means. Terrorizing ordinary men and women is first of all the work of domestic tyranny, as Aristotle wrote: “The first aim and end [of tyrants] is to break the-spirit of their subjects.”3 The British described the “aim and end” of terror bombing in the same way: what they sought was the destruction of civilian morale.

Tyrants taught the method to soldiers, and soldiers to modern revolutionaries. That is a crude history; I offer it only in order to make a more precise historical point: that terrorism in the strict sense, the random murder of innocent people, emerged as a strategy of revolutionary struggle

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only in the period after World War II, that is, only after it had become a feature of conventional war. In both cases, in war and revolution, a kind of warrior honor stood in the way of this development, especially among professional officers and “professional revolutionaries.” The increasing use of terror by far left and ultranationalist movements represents the breakdown of a political code first worked out in the second half of the XIX century and roughly analogous to the laws of war worked out at the same time. Adherence to this code did not prevent revolutionary militants from being called terrorists, but in fact the violence they committed bore little resemblance to contemporary terrorism. It was not random murder but assignation; and it involved the drawing of a line that we will have little difficulty recognizing as the political parallel of the line that marks off combatants from noncombatants.

II.Now you have to discuss the following questions

1.How would you define terrorism?

2.What is the main purpose of terrorism?

3.Who was first to use the method of terrorism?

4.Is terrorism targeting military or civilians?

5.What has prevented terrorism to become an official war strategy?

III.You have to provide the brief summary of the text using the expressions from Unit 2

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GLOSSARY

AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION: Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place.

AGRARIAN SOCIETIES: Societies whose means of subsistence is based on agricultural production (crop growing).

ALIENATION: The sense that our own abilities as human beings are taken over by other entities.

ANIMISM: A belief that events in the world are mobilized by the activities of spirits.

ANOMIE: A concept refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

APARTHEID: The system of racial segregation established in South Africa.

ASSIMILATION: The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.

CHURCH: A large body of people belonging to an established religious organization. The term is also used to refer to the place in which religious ceremonials are carried on.

COLONIALISM: The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories.

CONFLICT: Antagonism between individuals or groups in society. CONFORMITY: Behavior that follows the established norms of a group or society.

CREATED ENVIRONMENT: Constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, derived from the use of humanly created technology— including, for example, roads, railways, factories, offices, private homes, and other buildings.

CRIME: Any action that contravenes the laws established by a political authority.

CRIMINAL NETWORK: A network of social relations between individuals engaging in criminal activities.

CULT: A fragmentary religious grouping to which individuals are loosely affiliated, but which lacks any permanent structure.

CULTURAL UNIVERSALS: Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures.

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CULTURE: The values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. Culture is one of the most distinctive properties of human social association.

DEMOCRACY: A political system that allows the citizens to participate in political decision making or to elect representatives to government bodies. DENOMINATION: A religious sect that has lost its revivalist dynamism and has become an institutionalized body, commanding the adherence of significant numbers of people.

DEVIANCE: Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values, held by most members of a group or society.

DEVIANT SUBCULTURE: A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority.

DISCRIMINATION: Behavior that denies to the members of a particular group resources or rewards that can be obtained by others.

EDUCATION: The transmission of knowledge from one generation to another by means of direct instruction. Although educational processes exist in all societies, it is only in the modern period that mass education takes the form of schooling—that is, instruction in specialized educational environments in which individuals spend several years of their lives.

ETHICAL RELIGIONS: Religions that depend on the ethical appeal of a great teacher (like Buddha or Confucius), rather than on a belief in supernatural beings.

ETHNICITY: Culture values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others.

ETHNOCENTRISM: The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them.

FIRST WORLD: The group of nation-states that possesses mature industrialized economies, based on capitalistic production. FUNDAMENTALISM: A belief in returning to the literal meanings of scriptural texts.

GANG: An informal group of individuals meeting regularly to engage in common activities, which may be outside the framework of the law. GENDER: Social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex. Gender refers not to the physical attributes distinguishing men and women but to socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity.

GLOBALIZATION: The development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide. In current times, we are all influenced by organizations and social networks located thousands of miles away.

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HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES: Societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants.

IDEOLOGY: Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups.

IMPERIALISM: The establishing of empires during the period of colonialism.

INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES: Strongly developed nation-states in which the majority of the population work in factories or offices rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas.

INSTINCT: A fixed pattern of behavior that has genetic origins and that appears in all normal animals within a given species. INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY: Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another.

LABELING THEORY: An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.

LAW: A rule of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power.

MASCULINITY: The characteristic forms of behavior expected of men in any given culture.

MASS MEDIA: Forms of communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, designed to reach mass audiences.

“MELTING POT”: The idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources. MINORITY GROUP: A group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society.

MONOTHEISM: Belief in a single god.

NATIONALISM: A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community.

NEO-IMPERIALISM: The dominance of some nations over others by means of unequal conditions of economic exchange. Neo-imperialism, unlike older empires, is not founded upon the direct imposition of political power by one society over another.

NONCONFORMITY: The failure or refusal to conform to established social norms.

NORMS: Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations.

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ORGANIZED CRIME: Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses.

PACIFISM: The belief that war is morally wrong.

PARIAH GROUPS: Groups who suffer from negative status discrimination—they are looked down on by most other members of society.

PASTORAL SOCIETIES: Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals.

PEER GROUP: A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status.

POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: A post-industrial society is based on the production of information rather than material goods.

PREJUDICE: The holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information.

RACISM: The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics.

RELIGION: A set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices.

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT: An association of people who join together to seek to spread a new religion or to promote a new interpretation of an existing religion.

RITUAL: Formalized modes of behavior in which the members of a group or community regularly engage.

SANCTION: A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.

SECOND WORLD: Before the 1989 democracy movements, this included the industrialized Communist societies of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

SECT: A religious movement that breaks away from orthodoxy. SECULARIZATION: A process of decline in the influence of religion SHAMAN: An individual believed to have special magical powers; a sorcerer or witch doctor.

SLAVERY: A form of social stratification in which some people are literally owned by others as their property.

SOCIALIZATION: The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self.

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SOCIETY: A group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups. SOCIOBIOLOGY: An approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles.

STATE: A political apparatus (government institutions plus civil service officials) ruling over a given territorial order, whose authority is backed by law and the ability to use force. SUBCULTURE: Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society.

THIRD WORLD: The less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree. The majority of the world's population lives in Third World countries.

TOTEMISM: A system of religious belief that attributes divine properties to a particular type of animal or plant.

URBANIZATION: The development of towns and cities.

VALUES: Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. What individuals’ value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live.

VICTIMLESS CRIME: An activity defined as criminal but in which no other person is directly involved, such as drug taking or illegal gambling. WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: Criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs.

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Библиографический список

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J.Pintar. – New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.

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Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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13. Kenneth W. Making conflict management a strategic advantage / Т. W. Kenneth. – Режим доступа: https://www.cpp.com/.

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УЧЕБНОЕ ИЗДАНИЕ

Светлана Владимировна Кузьмина

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ КОНФЛИКТОЛОГОВ

Ответственный за выпуск О. Н. Галанина

Издательство Казанского национального исследовательского технологического университета

Отпечатано в офсетной лаборатории Казанского национального

исследовательского технологического университета

420015, Казань, К. Маркса, 68

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