1.The growth of world independence reflects the process of_______________.

2.For most of human history, human beings lived together in

____________ societies.

3.____________ societies rely on domesticated livestock, while

_____________ societies practice agriculture.

4.The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources is known as_________ .

5.Most societies in the world today are______________ political communities with clearly limited borders dividing them from each other.

6.Because of the historical process of________________ Europeans became majority populations in North America, Australia, and New Zealand.

7.The industrialized states of Europe, the United States, Australasia, and Japan have been (and still are) collectively referred to as_____________

societies, while societies at a much lower level of industrial development are often called the__________________.

8.Before the end of the________________, Communist countries in Eastern Europe were referred to as_____________ societies.

9.Because of their successful industrialization, Brazil, Mexico, Hong Kong, and South Korea are all considered to be_________________.

10.Because of the increasing international independence, it is clear that the United States is part of a___________.

III. This time you have to read the sentences below and say whether they are true or false

1.Globalization refers to the growth of international networks, rather than to local processes that affect our everyday lives.

2.There are close to a quarter of a million hunters and gatherers in the world today.

3.Hunting and gathering societies are cooperative rather than competitive, and have little inequality of wealth and power.

4.Pastoral societies are often agrarian as well.

5.The advent of civilization brought peace to warlike hunting and gathering societies.

6.The earliest civilizations date to about 2000 B.C.

7.The pace of technological innovation in industrialized societies is extremely rapid compared to other types of societies.

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8.In industrialized societies, about half the people live in towns and cities, and the other half in rural areas.

9.The Cold War was a kind of military standoff between First World and Third World countries.

IV. This time you have to translate the following Russian sentences into the English language

1.Усилившуюся взаимозависимость мирового сообщества можно обозначить универсальным термином глобализация.

2.Общества охотников и собирателей отличаются духом сотрудничества, а не конкуренции, и имеют очень небольшие различия во власти и в благосостоянии.

3.Земледельческие и скотоводческие общества возникли около двадцати тысяч назад.

4.Образование традиционных обществ или цивилизаций относят к шестому тысячелетию до нашей эры.

5.С традиционными обществами связано появление городов, развитие письменности и науки. Для них характерно ярко выраженное неравенство между богатыми и бедными.

6.Современные индустриальные общества явились первыми национальными государствами, это - политические общности, разделенные четкими границами, и правительства которых обладают исключительной властью над многими сторонами жизни своих граждан.

7.Темпы технологических инноваций в промышленно развитых обществах чрезвычайно быстры по сравнению с другими типами обществ.

8.Империализм означает стремление завоевать и поработить другие народы.

9.Неоимпериализм относится к новой форме империализма, в котором западное господство не осуществляется напрямую, а опосредованно, через экономические средства, например, посредством контроля над ценами в международной торговле.

10.Теория зависимости пытается объяснить глобальное неравенство, отмечая причины, при которых страны третьего мира зависят от обществ первого мира.

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V. You have to match the words with similar meanings from the two columns

VI. Now you have to make the right choice

1.Which of the following is a part of the global development of the illegal drug trade?

a.The poverty of the Colombian farmers

b.Teenage drug use in the United States

c.Technological advances in transportation

d.All the above

2.Gathering and pastoral societies in that horticultural societies

a.are warlike and aggressive

b.tend to stay in one place

c.don’t hunt

d.live on land that is not amenable to fruitful agriculture.

3.Traditional civilizations are considered to be empires because

a.they developed writing, science and art

b.their cities had great inequalities of wealth and power

c.they conquered and incorporated other societies

d.all the above.

4.The powerful rise of the Industrial Revolution can be attributed to

a.the invention new machines

b.the harnessing of power resources

c.the use of science to improve production methods

d.all the above.

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5.Which of the following did NOT result from the ending of the Cold War?

a.Former Second World countries are moving toward competitive market systems.

b.The arms industry in the United States has suffered an economic setback.

c.Aggressive nationalistic movements have arisen in Eastern Europe.

d.Most formerly Communist countries are experiencing economic prosperity.

6.Which of the following countries were once European colonies?

a.Kenya

b.Brazil

c.The United States

d.all the above

7.The effects of Third World poverty can be observed in

a.South Asia

b.Africa

c.The United States

d.all the above

8.Which of the following is not considered to be a newly industrializing country?

a.New Zealand

b.Taiwan

c.Mexico

d.Brazil.

9.As a result of the process of globalization,

a.there is increasing world unity

b.ethnic and political distinctions are disappearing

c.most television sets in the United States come from Asia

d.there is only one type of social system.

VII. This time you have to provide the summary of the text using the expressions from Unit 2

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UNIT 8

GOVERNMENT, POLITICAL POWER AND WAR

I. The following concepts, terms and names are all important. Using your dictionary, write down the definitions and descriptions of these terms.

II. This time you have to read and translate the following English text into the Russian language

The term government refers to a political apparatus in which officials enact policies and make decisions. Politics refers to the use of power to affect government actions.

Power is the capacity to achieve one's aims even against the resistance of others, and often involves the use of force. A government is said to have authority when its use of power is legitimate. Such legitimacy derives from the consent of those being governed. The most common form of legitimate government is democratic, but other legitimate forms are also possible.

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The Concept of the State

A state is characterized by a political apparatus (government institutions) including civil service officials, ruling over a geographically defined territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and which has the capacity to use force to implement policies.

All modern states are nation-states, having certain additional features:

• sovereignty: the idea that government has authority over a given

area,

•citizenship: the idea that people have common rights and duties and are aware of their part in the state, and

•nationalism: the sense of being part of a broader, unifying political community.

Citizenship Rights

Most nation-states became centralized through the activities of monarchs who concentrated social power. Citizens initially had few rights of political participation, or none at all; such rights were achieved only through a long process of struggle which continues to this day. Civil rights refer to the freedoms and privileges guaranteed to individuals by law. Political rights ensure that citizens may participate in politics (by voting, for example). Social rights guarantee every individual some minimum standard of living. Social rights are the basis for the welfare state, which supports citizens who are unable to support themselves.

The term democracy literally means rule by the people, but this phrase can be interpreted in various ways. For instance, "the people" has often really meant "adult male property owners," while "rule" might refer to government policies, administrative decisions, or both.

Several different forms of democracy exist, including:

•participatory democracy, also called direct democracy, which occurs when everyone is immediately involved in all decision-making, although this can be cumbersome for larger groups;

•liberal democracy, which is a system in which citizens have a choice to vote between at least two political parties for representatives who will be entrusted with decision-making; and

•constitutional monarchy, which includes a royal family whose powers are severely restricted by a constitution, which puts authority in the hands of democratically elected representatives.

The number of countries with democratic governments has rapidly increased in recent years, due in large part to the effects of globalization

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and of mass communication and to the spread of competitive capitalism. But democracy is not without its problems; people everywhere have begun to lose faith in the capacity of politicians and governments to solve problems and to manage, economies, and many no longer vote.

III. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases

Problems with Nationalism

Sociologists assumed for some time that nationalism was in decline, but at the end of the twentieth century it seems to be flourishing, and has become the focus of renewed attention. Three types of nationalism can be distinguished:

•Classical nationalism arose in the 1700s with the emergence of mass education, which fostered a specific cultural interpretation of the past history of new nation-states.

•Postcolonial nationalism refers to movements which emerged in colonized areas of the world in resistance to domination and oppression.

•Subcultural nationalism contrasts sharply with classical nationalism; it emphasizes regional identities distinct from the larger nation-state, and so often weakens the larger state.

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The Military

The development of states and the advance of technology and industrialization changed the nature of war. Prior to the twentieth century, most battles were fought by small segments of the population, and were thus limited in scope. World War I was the first of the total wars, and involved universal conscription (the drafting of all able-bodied men of a certain age) and the mobilization of entire economies.

The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated global military expenditures until the late 1980s, when worldwide military spending reached nearly $100 million per hour. The arms trade has now shifted; Third World countries have become the major customers for arms supplied by industrialized countries.

The threat of global nuclear war has diminished since the end of the Cold War, but the threat of nuclear proliferation, the spread of nuclear capabilities to numerous smaller countries with their own private rivalries, has become a serious problem; another is the invention and stockpiling of new chemical and biological weapons.

There is reason to hope, however, that the use of weapons of mass destruction is becoming less likely, as modern societies become ever more globally interdependent.

IV. In this exercise you have to fill the blanks using the words in the box.

State - Nationalism - Sovereignty Welfare state - Civil rights -Liberal democracies - Participatory democracy – Citizenship - Political rights - Social rights – DemocracyClassical - Nuclear proliferation – Postcolonial

– Subcultural - Limited wars - Total wars – Power

1._______is the capability of individuals or groups to make their own interests or concerns count, even against the active resistance of others; a government's legitimate use of this is known as____________.

2.A________ exists where there is a political apparatus of government ruling over a territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by force.

3.Modern nation-states are characterized by their_________________ a government's authority over a particular territory, their__________ (people who have common rights and duties), and a sense of__________ (the idea that there is a single political community).

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4.__________refer to the rights of the individual in law, including freedom of speech and equal justice; ____________ refer to the right to vote and to stand for public office.

5.The right of individuals to a minimum standard of livelihood are known as______________, which may be provided for within a_____________.

6.__________is a political system where people rule; if citizens participate in decision-making directly, this is called_________.

7.Countries in which voters can choose between two or more parties and in which the mass of the adult population has the right to vote are known as_________.

8.___________nationalism is associated with the rise of the nation-state in Europe since the eighteenth century, while _________ nationalism refers to the movements that emerged from previously colonized areas of the world, and__________ nationalism to oppositional forms of nationalist movements which develop within mature nation-states.

9.Wars in which small segments of fighting populations are involved are known as_________: in contrast World War I and other wars which involve several nations, high proportions of populations, and mobilizations of the economies are known as_______________.

10.The spread of nuclear weapons to states that did not previously possess them is known as_____________________.

V. This time you have to read the sentences below and say whether they are true or false.

1.The Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989 demonstrated the strength of the Chinese government's authority.

2.The French-speaking population of Quebec has developed a local nationalism within the nation of Canada.

3.The right to vote is a basic civil right within democratic states.

4.In most cases in the modern world, constitutional monarchs still have direct ruling power.

5.Capitalist economies usually generate evenly distributed wealth.

6.Governments have little power over the activities of giant corporations.

7.Nationalism became much less important in Eastern Europe after the disintegration of communism.

8.The twentieth century has been the most destructive and war-ridden period in human history.

9.There are at least 50,000 nuclear weapons in existence today.

10.Increasing global interdependence is a factor that reduces the chances of war.

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VI. This time you have to match the words with their dictionary definitions

VII. Now you have to study this rules

‘If’ clauses (3)

When we want to express regret, we can talk about a condition that didn’t actually happen. This is called an unfulfilled condition. We use the following structure:

‘If’ + past perfect (continuous) + conditional perfect

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The conditional perfect is the same for all persons.

VIII. This time you have to read the statements with the forms of Conditional 3 and translate the sentences into Russian language

1.He didn’t see the schoolboys bulling a disable person. If he had seen them, he would have stopped them.

2.“I hit my head on the windscreen. I wasn’t wearing my seat belt!” If you had been wearing your seat belt, you wouldn’t have hit your head on the windscreen.

3.He didn’t blame the referee when his team lost the game. If he had blamed the referee, he would have acted unfairly.

4.Her little son broke the mobile phone, but she didn’t punish him. If she had punished him, the boy would have cried.

5.He didn’t hear you tell a racist joke. If he had heard your joke, he wouldn’t have told you his opinion.

6.She never interrupted people. If she had interrupted them, she would have been called an intolerable person.

7.Unfortunately I didn’t see you on TV. If I had known you were taking part in the talk show, I wouldn’t have missed it.

8.I’m sorry I didn’t forgive him. If I had known about his family conflict, I wouldn’t have been so strict to him.

9.“I had an argument with the manager. I got the sack!” If you hadn’t had an argument with the manager, you wouldn’t have got the sack.

10.“I didn’t practice enough. I didn’t pass my test.” If you had practiced enough, you would have passed your test.

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IX. Now you have to write a description about the war or conflict in the country you have chosen. You may use the following questions as an outline for your story.

•In what country did the war / conflict happen?

•Where is the country situated?

•When did the conflict start?

•Was the conflict settled, or is it still going on?

•If settled, how long did it last?

•Was/ is the conflict violent?

•What kind of conflict was/ is it: political, economic, ethnic, religious?

•In your opinion, was it possible to prevent the conflict?

•If the conflict is not settled, do you think it can be solved by peaceful means? If so, what can be done to resolve the conflict?

-to observe human rights, to give people freedom

-to ask the UN to discuss the problem

-to organize meetings in support of the people

-some other way?

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UNIT 9

GLOBAL PROBLEMS AND ECOLOGICAL CRISIS

I. This time you have to find the Russian equivalents for the following key concepts and terms

II. Read and translate the international words and word combinations

Postindustrialism, postmodernism, militarization, communication, climate, economic, industrial capitalism, agrarian, political organization, innovative, technology, tradition, industrialization, agriculture, computer programmer, postindustrialist, democracy, ideological evolution, fragmentation, manufacturing, humanity, global problems, transformation, triumph, confrontation, human activity, modern period, information.

III. Now you have to read and translate the following English text into the Russian language

Social change may be defined as the transformation, over time, of the institutions and culture of a society. The modern period, although occupying only a small fraction of human history, has shown rapid and major changes, and the pace of change is accelerating.

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The development of social organization and institutions, from gathering and hunting to agrarian to modern industrial societies, is far too diverse to be accounted for by any single-factor theory of social change. At least three broad categories of influences can be identified:

•The physical environment includes such factors as climate or the availability of communication routes (rivers, mountain passes); these are important to consider, especially as they affect early economic development, but should not be overemphasized.

•Political organization (especially military power) affects all societies, traditional and modern, with the possible exception of gathering and hunting societies.

•Cultural factors include religion (which can act as a brake on change), communication systems (such as the invention of writing), and individual leadership.

Change in the Modern Period

The most important economic influence on modern social change is industrial capitalism, which depends on and promotes constant innovation and revision of productive technology. Science and technology also affect (and are affected by) political factors, the most important of which is the emergence of the modern state with its relatively efficient forms of government. Cultural influences include another effect of science and technology, the critical and innovative character of modern thinking, which constantly challenges tradition and cultural habits.

These factors all interact with one another, as seen in the industrialization of military struggles, or the economic basis of many political revolutions.

Future Prospects

Postindustrialism: One influential line of thinking about where modern society is headed holds that the industrial era is being superseded by a postindustrial society based on the importance of information and service, rather than on manufacturing and industrialization.

Some of the problems with this view are:

•Service sectors have been expanding since the very beginning of industrialism at the expense of agriculture, not of manufacturing. The bluecollar worker was never in the majority.

•Much of what counts as white-collar or information-based employment is in fact highly mechanized and involves very little specialized knowledge.

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•Many service jobs are integrally part of the manufacturing process, as when a computer programmer designs a tracking system for a product warehouse.

•Innovations in electronic communications are also largely integrated with, and oriented to, manufacturing processes.

•Economic factors are overemphasized in postindustrialist accounts of social change.

Some authors go further and speak not only of the end of industrialism, but of the end of modernity itself. Our beliefs in progress, in the benefits of science, and in our ability to control the modern world are diminishing, say the postmodernists; and there is such a diversity and plurality of individual concerns and points of view that it is no longer possible to have any overarching conception of history or of where we are headed.

Postmodernists seem to lay too much stress on fragmentation and diversity. Francis Fukuyama also sees the "end of history," but locates it in the triumph of Western democracy, which he regards as the "end point of mankind's ideological evolution." It may be that both Fukuyama and the postmodernists are correct, to the extent that modern democracy can ensure a pluralism of attitudes and respect for the views of others.

Contemporary Global Problems

While pluralism is clearly important, a number of common problems

face humanity today, problems which must be addressed through collective action:

•Capitalism as we have known it is ultimately unsustainable in a world of limited resources.

•Economic divisions between rich and poor countries must be

overcome, as well as divisions within societies.

•Environmental ecology is an increasingly urgent concern; irreparable damage may already have been done through industrialization and the pressure for continuous growth.

•Gender inequalities persist throughout the world, and are key to

other forms of oppressive social relations.

• Militarization is accelerating in most parts of the world, and the risks of large-scale military confrontation and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction pose serious threats to all of humanity.

Threats to the Global Environment

There are few aspects of the natural world that have not been affected by human activity. The industrialization of agriculture, the depletion of natural resources, the pollution of air and water, and the

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creation of vast mountains of unrecyclable waste are all sources of threat to the future survival of humanity. Addressing these issues will mean, among other things, that richer nations will have to revise their expectations of persistent economic growth.

VI. In this exercise you have to fill the blanks using the words in the box.

6.International organizations (such as Friends of the

Earth) have developed in response to environmental hazards, as part of ____________________.

7.Because of the staggering amount of domestic waste produced each day in industrialized societies, these countries are sometimes called___________.

8.The "greenhouse effect" is another term for the phenomenon of __________, which is caused, in part, by the buildup of__________ in the atmosphere.

9.The_____________ is the shield, high in the earth's atmosphere that protects against ultraviolet radiation.

V. This time you have to read the sentences below and say whether they are true or false.

1. Over the past half-century, the pace of social change has accelerated.

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2.Sociologists believe there is a single theory that can explain the nature of social change.

3.There is little direct relation between the environment and the types of productive systems (such as agriculture) which develop.

4.Different types of political organization may exist in societies that have similar productive systems.

5.The growth of science and technology has had little impact on social change.

6.The postindustrial society, as defined by Daniel Bell, is based on the manufacture of material goods.

7.Fukuyama's concept of the "end of history" is an apocalyptic vision of the future.

8.Sociologists all agree that we are living in a postmodern era.

9.Almost all the cultivable land on the planet is currently under agricultural production.

10.At current rates, of use, all the known oil resources on the planet will be consumed by the year 2050.

Study this rule

THE PASSIVE VOICE

•We use the passive when we are interested in the activity rather than who or what does it.

•The important thing is that the banner has been made, not who made it.

•We make the passive voice with the verb ‘to be’ and the past participle.

•To make different tenses in the passive voice, we change the tense of the verb ‘to be’.

VI. Now you have to put the verbs in brackets into the passive voice and translate the sentences into the Russian language

1.Social change may (define) as the transformation, over time, of the institutions and culture of a society.

2.At least three broad categories of influences can (identify).

3.There are few aspects of the natural world that (not affect) by human activity.

4.Irreparable damage may already (do) through industrialization.

5.A number of common problems face humanity today, problems which must (address) through collective action

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6.Economic factors (overemphasize) in postindustrialist accounts of social change.

7.Innovations in electronic communications largely (integrate) with, and (orient) to, manufacturing processes.

8.One influential line of thinking holds that the industrial era (supersede) by a postindustrial society.

9.A number of major influences on social change can (distinguish).

10.The educational attainment (determine) primarily by family background and (influence) little by educational resources in schools.

VII. A reporter is talking to Mr Kingman from the Kingman Property Company a few days after the demonstration. Complete the interview. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense in the passive

Reporter Why_______________ the trees________________ (cut down)? Mr Kingman Well, of course, we don’t want to cut them down, but the land____________ (need) for offices and flats.

Reporter What do you think about the demonstration last Saturday?

Mr Kingman Well, you can see that it______________ (organize) by a group of young hooligans. Two of them____________ (arrest) for fighting. Reporter But their petition ______________(sign) by nearly a thousand people.

Mr Kingman Yes, but the names____________(not check) yet. We don’t know if they are real.

Reporter The oak trees __________(plant) in the time of Napoleon. Nearly two hundred years of history ____________ (destroy). Does worry you? Mr Kingman We care about the environment, but we must look to the future. New trees___________(plant) after the offices___________(build).

VIII. Choose the correct alternatives to complete the sentences

1. One of the most important set of issues facing sociologists today is liberal democracy/ environmental ecology, relating to the depletion of resources and the destruction of the physical environment.

2.International organizations (such as Friends of the Earth) have developed in response to environmental hazards, as part of green movements/ social change.

3.Because of the staggering amount of domestic waste produced each day in industrialized societies, these countries are sometimes called throwaway societies/ postindustrial societies.

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4.The "greenhouse effect" is another term for the phenomenon of global warming/environmental disaster, which is caused, in part, by the buildup of ozone layer /carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

5.The ozone layer /carbon dioxide is the shield, high in the earth's atmosphere that protects against ultraviolet radiation.

IX. Now you have to make the right choice

1.Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor in social development and change?

a.weather conditions

b.cultivable land

c.availability of sea routes

d.methods of production

2.Which of the following statements supports the idea that the direct influence of the environment on social change is less than might be supposed?

a.People can develop considerable productive wealth in inhospitable areas.

b.Hunting and gathering cultures that live in fertile regions do not necessarily choose to engage in agricultural modes of production.

c.Human beings often change the environment to suit themselves, rather than adapting to the environment.

d.All the above.

3.The fact that some societies based on industrial capitalism have been authoritarian while others are more democratic is evidence that

a.political systems are not direct expressions of underlying economic organizations.

b.political systems have little influence on social change.

c.methods of production have little influence on social change,

d.military power is intrinsically connected to methods of production.

4.Industrial capitalism promotes greater technological innovation than other types of economic order because capitalism

a.is involved in constant expansion of production.

b.is interested in ever-increasing accumulations of wealth.

c.promotes a constant revision of the technologies of production,

d.all the above.

5.The postindustrial society will be marked by all the following EXCEPT

a.information will become the main basis of the productive system.

b.white-collar workers will outnumber blue-collar workers.

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c.there will be a shift away from a work ethic toward pleasureseeking lifestyles.

d.service occupations will suffer losses and eventually disappear.

6.Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the notion of postindustrial society?

a.Blue-collar workers never really were the most common type of employee.

b.Most white-collar positions involve very little specialized knowledge.

c."Codified knowledge" has become the main resource in modern life.

d.There are political and cultural forces behind social change, not just economic ones.

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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS

FOR UNIT I

I. This time you have to read, translate the following English text into the Russian language

MAKING CONFLICT MANAGEMENT A STRATEGIC

ADVANTAGE

People often think of conflict as fighting. It’s important to realize that fighting is only one way of dealing with conflict. A more useful definition of conflict is the condition in which people’s concerns appear to be incompatible. A concern is anything people care about. In an organization, people’s concerns might center on such things as deciding how to allocate resources, determining what facts bear on an issue, and supporting different strategies.

When people find themselves in conflict, their behavior can be described in terms of where it lies along two independent dimensions— assertiveness and cooperativeness. Assertiveness is the degree to which you try to satisfy your own concerns, and cooperativeness is the degree to which you try to satisfy the other person’s concerns. The main choices you have in a conflict— the conflict-handling modes:

Competing is assertive and uncooperative. You try to satisfy your own concerns at the other’s expense—to win.

Accommodating is unassertive and cooperative—the opposite of competing. You sacrifice your own concerns to satisfy the other person’s.

Compromising is partially assertive and partially cooperative. You look for an acceptable settlement that only partially satisfies both your own and the other person’s concerns.

Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. You try to sidestep or postpone the conflict, satisfying neither person’s concerns.

Collaborating is assertive and cooperative. You try to problem-solve to find a solution that completely satisfies both your concerns and the other’s.

This deceptively simple framework helps people think more clearly about the choices they have in a conflict. Many are surprised to realize that collaborating is possible in conflict—that they don’t have to compete to get their needs met, and that they can be cooperative without being “soft.” The collaborative process, in fact, can be quite passionate at times, with people

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expressing their views strongly so as to be heard and taken seriously. But what differentiates collaborating from other conflicthandling modes is that people are listening to others’ views, not just focusing on their own, and are trying to incorporate them into sound decisions.

Research consistently shows that collaborating produces superior decisions on complex and nonroutine issues. The problem solving involved in collaborating can be time consuming, however, so collaborating is usually reserved for important topics. In negotiations over resources, collaborating is more likely than other modes to result in integrative or winwin outcomes. In disagreements over decision making, collaborating is better at combining diverse insights into more accurate understandings and more innovative solutions. Collaborating also enhances communication and learning, and builds trust.

In contrast, research shows that “personality conflicts” have strong negative consequences in organizations and should be avoided. Conflicts become personalized when people focus their energy and attention on what is wrong with each other rather than on substantive conflict issues. People become irritated with each other, engage in blame, express anger, and otherwise behave negatively toward each other. This negative emotionality, as mentioned earlier, interferes with decision making, undermines cohesiveness, reduces job satisfaction, and increases turnover. Thus it is important to learn to avoid discussions of personality and blame, and to control expressions of anger, remain civil and respectful, and keep the discussion focused on substantive issues.

II. This time you have to provide the brief summary of the text using the expressions from Unit 2

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