FOR UNIT II

I. You have to read, translate the following English text into the Russian language

“FACE” AND CULTURE

The word "face" can also refer to the esteem in which an individual is held by others. In daily social life, we normally pay a good deal of attention, to “saving face”. Much of what we call politeness or etiquette in social gatherings consists of disregarding behavior that might otherwise lead to a loss of face. We don't refer to episodes in an individual's past or personal characteristics that might produce embarrassment if mentioned. We refrain from making jokes about baldness if we realize that someone is wearing a hairpiece—unless we are among close friends. Tact is a sort of protective device that each person employs in the expectation that, in return, her own weaknesses will not be deliberately exposed to general view. Our day-to-day lives, therefore, do not just happen. Without realizing it most of the time, we skillfully maintain a close and continuous control over facial expression, body posture, and gesture I in our interactions with others. Some people are specialists in the control of facial expressions and the tactful commerce with other people. A good diplomat, for example, must be able—giving every appearance of ease and comfort—to interact with others whose views he might disagree with or even find repellent. The degree to which this is managed, successfully can affect the fate of whole nations. Skillful diplomacy might defuse tensions between countries and prevent a war.

II. SELF TEST

1.Culture can be defined as

a.the way of life of the group of people

b.the beliefs, values and behavior of people

c.the material objects shared by a group of people

d.all the above

2.A group of people who interact with one another within a geographical or political boundary and who share a culture is a (an)

a.material culture

b.society

c.nonmaterial culture

d.homo sapiens

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3.Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by members of a culture is

a.a value

b.a belief

c.a symbol

d.an artifact

4.The process by which is passed from one generation to the next is

a.cultural transmission

b.symbols

c.language

d.Washoe

5.Standards by which members of a culture define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly are

a.value

b.beliefs

c.mores

d.folk ways

6.Rules and expectations by which a culture guides the behavior of its members are

a.values

b.sanctions

c.norms

d.beliefs

7.Proscriptive mores that have a high level of moral significance are

a.folk ways

b.taboos

c.value conflicts

d.laws

8.Norms which lack great social significance are

a.folk ways

b.taboos

c.value conflicts

d.laws

9.When we experience a sense of shame or guilt because we know we have done something wrong we are

a.responding to positive social sanctions

b.internalizing cultural norms

c.experiencing external social control

d.worrying too much

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10.The term which best describes actual human behavior is

a.ideal culture

b.artifacts

c.real culture

d.social control

11.The application of cultural knowledge to the task of living within the physical environment is

a.real culture

b.artifacts

c.ideal culture

d.technology

12.Which of the following languages is the second (to English) most frequently used language in the United States?

a.French

b.German

c.Spanish

d.Italian

13.Inconsistencies within a cultural system resulting from the unequal rates at which different cultural elements change reflect a(n)

a.cultural lag

b.cultural integration

c.cultural change

d.diffusion

14.The process of cultural change which involves the creation of new cultural elements is

a.invention

b.discovery

c.diffusion

d.all the above

16.Early missionaries to Hawaii were deeply shocked by the casual nudity of the native men and women. Such responses betray the missionaries’

a.cultural relativism

b.cultural integration

c.ethnocentrism

d.cultural lag

17.The phrase, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do”, expresses the essence of the concept of

a.cultural relativism

b.cultural integration

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c.ethnocentrism

d.cultural lag

22.Which of the following is NOT one of the processes of Natural Selection described by Charles Darwin in ORIGIN OF SPECIES?

a.all living organisms live and reproduce within a natural environment

b.within each species there is a certain degree of random variability in genes

c.the strongest of each species will dominate the breeding process furthering the survival of the fittest

d.some organism will be more successful in their environment and they will manage and transmit their genes to offspring more efficiently than others

23.The more we are able to discover about the operation of our culture the greater our ability to make effective use of

a.cultural values

b.social control

c.cultural relativism

d.the freedom it offers us

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