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The world is increasingly interconnected by networks of communication and travel and commerce, a process which is called globalization. Our lives become more and more interdependent every day with the lives of people all across the world—people whom we will probably never meet directly. For most of human history this would have been unimaginable.

Premodern Societies

•Hunting and gathering societies represent the earliest type of social organization. Throughout most of human existence people lived in small mobile bands in which there were no distinctions between rich and poor. Important decisions were made collectively by elder women and men.

•Agrarian societies (cultivating plants) and pastoral societies

(herding animals) emerged about 20,000 years ago. The further development of agriculture (farming) allowed some people to accumulate considerable material wealth.

• Civilizations began to appear about 6,000 years ago with the development of cities, writing, and early science. Social life became stratified between rich and poor. Some civilizations became empires (such as the Aztec, Incan, Roman, Egyptian, and Chinese), but none of these has survived in its traditional form.

Societies in the Modern World

Begun in England over two centuries ago, the Industrial Revolution eventually brought an end to most of the forms of society that dominated the world in the past. The invention of means to harness steam and electricity to the tasks of production also had profound effects on the way modern society is organized. Modern industrial societies are characterized by highly developed political systems and largely impersonal and anonymous relationships. Industrial societies were the first nation-states, which are political communities with clear borders and large permanent armies and whose governments exercise extensive powers over the lives of citizens.

From the 1600s well into this century, Western countries established colonies (often by force) across the world, where traditional societies already existed. Nearly all the colonies have since become independent countries. In those places where Europeans eventually became the majority population (such as the United States and Australia), industrialization was

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