Английский язык для бакалавров (товароведение во внешнеторговой деятельности) в 3 частях. Ч.1. Учебное пособие

Task 11. Grammar. Open the brackets using proper forms of the verbs.

China accuses 11 of smuggling totoaba swim fish bladder

Authorities in China now (prosecute) 11 people for smuggling $119m (£90m) worth of fish swim bladders from Mexico.

They (accuse) of (bring) in 20,000 swim bladders from totoaba fish from the Gulf of California in Mexico and (sell) them in China.

Swim bladders enable totoaba to maintain their buoyancy in the water. They (use) in traditional medicines in China. Many people (believe) it can

cure ailments such as arthritis.

Prosecutors in Guangdong province (say) the smugglers (operating) for over three years before they (catch).

Mexico’s navy (patrol) the Gulf of California for decades to try to deter smugglers.

Earlier this year, a record haul of Pangolin scales (discover) inside a shipping container in Hong Kong, with an estimated value of about £6m.

Pangolin scales (say) to have medicinal value in parts of Asia.

Days later, £780,000 worth of rhino horn also (discover) at Hong Kong airport. Last year, China (put) on hold a plan to lift part of a ban on trading tiger

bones and rhino horns following criticism from animal protection groups.

Task 12. Summarize the basic facts of the Unit in writing in at least 5 sentences.

UNIT 9. MEASUREMENT PROCESS

Task 1. Read and translate the following text to fulfill the tasks below:

Essentials Steps of the Performance Measurement Process

Seven essential steps of the performance measurement process all play a critical role in the value that performance measurement can bring to your business or organisation.

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STEP 1. SELECT: choose & define what’s worth measuring

Choosing and defining what’s worth measuring for your organisation involves:

•deciding what specific results should be measured;

•designing measures that give the best evidence of those results;

•defining the measures to specify the operational details of how to bring

them.

STEP 2 . COLLECT: gather data which has integrity

The process of collecting performance data is critical to its integrity and can be very resource intensive. It’s worth giving serious consideration to how you will go about it, so the data can be “fit for purpose.” It involves:

•defining the data requirements for a collection of performance measures you want to report;

•designing, improving and implementing data collection systems to optimize data availability and integrity.

STEP 3. STORE: manage the data so it’s quick and easy to access

Where and how you store your data directly determines what data you can access, when and how quickly you can access it, how easy or difficult it is to access and how much cross-functional use you can get out it. To avoid the pitfalls of assuming that data is easy to get your hands on, know that the following activities will likely be needed in bringing your measures to life:

•using a data referencing model to make data management cost effective & enable cross-functional use of data;

•extracting, integrating and preparing data for analysis.

STEP 4. ANALYSE: turn the data into information

Analysis turns raw data into information. Make sure it’s the most appropriate information by adopting the simplest analysis approach that can produce the information in the form required to answer your driving questions. Analysis activities usually include:

•choosing analysis techniques that produce performance information that answers driving business questions;

•applying analysis procedures to raw performance data.

STEP 5. PRESENT: effectively communicate the information

In communicating performance information, you are influencing which messages the audience focuses on. Take care to present performance measures in ways that provide simple, relevant, trustworthy and visual answers to their driving questions. Activities like the following are usually involved:

• designing graphs that facilitate interpretation and decision making;

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•designing and developing performance reports or dashboards for the owners and audiences of performance measures;

•designing and implementing performance reporting processes.

STEP 6. INTERPRET: translate the information into implication

Interpreting your performance measures means translating messages highlighted by performance information into conclusions about what’s really going on. To turn information into implication, you must discern which messages are real messages (e.g. when a trend is really a trend). Two activities are important at this step in the performance measurement process:

• defining guidelines that signal which differences in performance results are real and which are just natural random variation;

• drawing conclusions about performance results to decide if action is needed (or not).

STEP 7. APPLY: decide how implication will become action

When you have worked out what is really going on with your organisation’s performance, you are ready to make some decisions about what to improve, how much to improve it by and how to do that improving:

•designing decision making processes which make effective use of performance measures;

•identifying the root causes of performance results (getting deeper than the symptoms);

•setting performance targets that encourage sustainable improvement;

•using performance measures to link the improvement cycle back to the planning cycle.

Lots of people don’t realise that performance measurement is as complex as this, or that each of these activities really does affect the value that performance measures can bring to your decision making.

Vocabulary

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Task 2. Answer the following questions.

1.What is the simplest method of measurement?

2.How can we classify measurement methods?

3.In what case we can use direct measurement method?

4.Which method uses the measurement of the base quantities used to define the quantity?

5.In what case can we use the coincidence method?

Task 3. Summarize the definitions:

–knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance;

–individual facts, statistics, or items of information;

–a lightly covered and unnoticeable pit prepared as a trap for people or animals;

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–a sentence in an interrogative form, addressed to someone in order to get information in reply;

–the execution or accomplishment of work, acts, feats, etc;

–adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty;

–something that happens as a consequence; outcome;

–an object, usually marked with concentric circles, to be aimed at in shooting practice or contests.

Task 4. Unscramble the words.

NEFIDE

INGRUSAEM

FYCIPES

TYRIGTEIN

TIONCECOLL

LLAFTIP

MESSUA

QEUNICHET

ARDOBSHDA

TINGPLEINMEN

CEANOMREFP

LEABAINTUSS

Task 5. Translate from Russian into English.

Таможня РФ: Интернет-покупки надо ограничить 150 евро

Российская таможня поддержала Минфин, предложивший понизить порог беспошлинных покупок в иностранных онлайн-магазинах с 1 тыс. евро до 150 единиц той же валюты. Раньше в ФТС называли приемлемой планку в 200 евро. Новые правила направлены против нечистых на руку продавцов, торгующих «серым» товаром. Но пострадают и простые граждане.

«В принципе, то, о чем говорится сейчас ‒ снижение порога беспошлинной торговли до 150 евро, ‒ на наш взгляд, достаточно объективный размер. Потому что около 80% отправлений и сегодня осуществляется в рамках этого ценового диапазона», ‒ заявил во вторник заместитель руководителя Федеральной таможенной службы Руслан Давыдов.

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Насамомделене80%, аещебольше, говорятэксперты. Ведь, поданным президента Национальной ассоциации дистанционной торговли Александра Иванова, средняя сумма покупки, совершаемой россиянами на зарубежных Интернет-площадках, составляет 40 евро.

Другими словами, подавляющее большинство россиян понижения порога беспошлинных покупок просто не заметит. Однако для меньшинства, состоящего из любителей дорогих гаджетов, бижутерии, модной одежды, ужесточение правил не пройдет безболезненно.

Ктомуже, разработкановыхправилпородилавэкспертныхкругахмного вопросов, начиная с того, что же именно предлагают российские власти и заканчивая тем, зачем вообще они это предлагают?

(www.bbc.com)

Task 6. Read and translate the following text to fulfill the tasks below.

Estimation in chemical analysis

The main steps of a measurement/analysis procedure are presented on the example of pesticide measurement are presented: Sample preparation (in this case: homogenization, extraction(s), extract purification), instrument calibration, actual analysis. It is stressed that the measurement procedure must correspond to measure and definition.

This scheme of a chemical analysis procedure is very general. In specific cases there can be deviations from this scheme (more steps or less steps). In particular, sampling is not introduced here as a step of chemical analysis procedure. This holds if samples are brought to the laboratory for analysis and the laboratory itself does not do sampling (see section 5.3 for more details).

It is worth stressing the importance of sample preparation as a step in analytical procedure. The majority of analytical procedures need that the sample is converted into a solution which contains as large as possible share of the analyte from the sample (ideally all of it) and as little as possible of the other components of the sample matrix. In analytical chemistry sample matrix is the term for describing jointly all sample components except the analyte(s). The matrix components often act as interfering compounds, which can artificially increase or decrease the result. Therefore it is important to minimize their content in the solution obtained from the sample. If the interfering compounds cannot be fully eliminated and the interference cannot be corrected (which is quite usual in chemical analysis) then their effect has to be taken into account in measurement uncertainty estimation.

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Sample preparation is often the most work-intensive part of chemical analysis and in most cases it is also the part, which has the largest uncertainty contribution. Sample preparation usually involves either of the two approaches:

1.Essentially destroying the sample matrix so that a solution containing the analyte(s) and few matrix components is obtained. This is often done by digestion with acids or fusing with alkalies or salts. This approach is suitable for determining elements.

2.Separating the analyte(s) from the sample matrix so that a solution containing the analyte(s) is obtained where the amount of matrix components is as small as possible. This is usually done by a set of extractions. This approach is suitable for organic analytes.

Obviously the choice of sample preparation procedure depends on whether the measure and corresponds to the total analyte content in the sample or some part of it, e.g. the bioavailable analyte content (see the text in section 5.1). In the case of e.g. total phosphorus content determination in soil the analyst can make the choice of the sample preparation procedure. All procedures that lead to determination of the total phosphorus content (often involving complete destruction of the matrix) are suitable. In the case of determining of e.g. bioavailable phosphorus content in soil the sample preparation procedure must mimic the way the plants get phosphorus from soil. So, sample preparation involves leaching at predefined conditions. Such sample preparation procedures are often standardized and whenever the results are meant to be mutually comparable they must be obtained with the same procedure. Thus, in this latter case the sample preparation procedure becomes part of the measure and definition.

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Task 7. Make up a dialogue according to the theme of text. Work in pairs and role-play it.

Task 8. Summarize the definitions:

–a small part of anything or one of a number, intended to show the quality, style, or nature of the whole;

–a building, part of a building, or other place equipped to conduct scientific experiments, tests, investigations, etc;

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–something that constitutes the place or point from which something else originates, takes form, or develops;

–to come near to in quality, character, time, or condition; to come within range for comparison;

–a substance produced by or used in a chemical process.

Task 9. Unscramble the words.

MENRETUSAEM

REDUROPCE

TEMNRUSTIN

TIONRABILCA

RIXTAM

EPLSAM

ACHROPPA

TTENNCO

TIONCODIN

ULTRES

CLAMIHEC

BLEPOSSI

Task 10. Translate from Russian into English.

ФСБ: сертифицировать средства шифрования в Интернете не нужно

20 июля 2016 г.

Федеральная служба безопасности России заявила, что обязательная сертификациясредствшифрованиявИнтернетенетребуется, сообщилминистр связи Николай Никифоров в своем «Твиттере».

Средства шифрования, которые используются при передаче сообщений в Интернете, не составляющих государственную тайну, сертифицировать не нужно, говорится в сообщении ФСБ. Речь идет о различных мессенджерах и социальных сетях, в которых пользователи обмениваются сообщениями.

ФСБ таким образом выполнила поручение президента России Владимира Путина, которое он сделал после подписания «закона Яровой».

Ведомство должно было к 20 июля утвердить перечень средств кодирования, которые используются при передаче сообщений в Интернете,

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а также утвердить порядок передачи ключей шифрования в правоохранительные органы.

Один из пунктов пакета «антитеррористических законов», разработанных депутатом Госдумы Ириной Яровой и сенатором Виктором Озеровым, предусматривает ответственность за использование несертифицированныхсредствшифрованияприпередачесообщенийвИнтернете, еслизакон предусматривает их сертификацию.

Закон раскритиковали бизнес и правозащитники. Операторы сотовой связипредупредили, чтовслучаепринятиязаконаихиздержкисущественно вырастут, что приведет к росту стоимости связи и подключения к Интернету.

Правозащитникисчитают, чтозаконнарушаетправонанеприкосновенность личной жизни. В конце июля в Москве пройдет митинг противников закона.

(www.mosvedi.ru)

Task 11. Grammar. Open the brackets using proper forms of the verbs.

Fake Xanax pills sold to pupils ‘may contain Fentanyl’

The police (report) a group of schoolchildren (fall) ill after taking fake Xanax tablets which may have been laced with Fentanyl.

They (take) to hospital and with symptoms (link) to the potentially deadly synthetic opioid.

One person already (arrest) on suspicion of supplying the drugs.

According to the local council, “the symptoms (exhibit) by the young people (indicate) the tablets also (contain) Fentanyl.”

Robertsbridge Community College (say) “a small number” of its pupils (take) the pills.

Head teacher Zak Vice (say): “This (be) clearly a very serious matter and the college (act) swiftly and robustly.”

“Our students (be) very aware that misuse of drugs (be) not only extremely dangerous, but completely unacceptable.”

“We now (work) with police, NHS and East Sussex County Council to provide appropriate medical support to the pupils (involve).”

Task 12. Summarize the basic facts of the Unit in writing in at least 5 sentences.

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