Английский язык для бакалавров (товароведение во внешнеторговой деятельности) в 3 частях. Ч.1. Учебное пособие

In April 1918 the basic organization of the customs was fixed by the Sovnarkom Decree of the Government Regulation of Foreign Trade. The main focus was on the Governmental control of foreign trade and smuggling. In December 1921 a Customs Department which was responsible for state control over the customs stations was established as part of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Trade.

From 1946 to 1986 it was under the control of the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR. Later the Main Customs Department became the State Customs Directorate under the auspices of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

The New benchmark is dated 1991, when the State Customs committee was founded. In 2004 the Federal Customs Service succeeded the State Customs Committee.

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Task 2. Answer following questions.

1.What is Tamga Duty?

2.Who was the pioneer in modernization of Russian Customs Service?

3.What level of duty was established on Inward and outward commodity transactions 20th of December 1753?

4.What was the main focus of Sovnarkom Decree of the Government Regulation of Foreign Trade issued in 1918?

5.When did the USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade get the right to conduct customs control?

Task 3. Summarize the definitions:

–someone or something that observes;

–a systematic course of aggressive activities for some specific purpose;

–an instance or process of transacting something;

–of, relating to, or derived from another country or nation; not native;

–the act or process of buying, selling, or exchanging commodities, at either wholesale or retail;

–to exercise restraint or direction over.

Task 4. Unscramble the words.

NUEVERE

YTUD

BERMEM

GNMPAICA

TOINZAMONIDER

LLREROTPCOM

CTURUSTREARFNI

TORCLELCO

TIONCIDSIRJU

BOSHLIA

TENMGENAMA

TETAS

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Task 5. Translate from Russian into English.

ГражданеРоссийскойФедерациислегкостьюсмогутобходитьсябезгенетически модифицированных организмов еще около сотни лет. То есть, запрет на производство продуктов питания на основе ГМО не угрожает продовольственной безопасности РФ в обозримой перспективе ‒ цитирует информационное агентство РИА Новости Владимира Шумного, бывшего директора Института цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук.

«У российских ученых нет никаких проблем с созданием ГМО. Однако в РФ есть законодательные нормы, запрещающие подобную практику. Впрочем, это никак не угрожает нам – Россия сможет обходиться без генно-моди- фицированныхорганизмовещепятьдесят, атоистолет», – говоритШумный.

С ним солидарен еще один ученый – Иван Лихенко, заместитель руководителя Федерального исследовательского центра ИЦиГ СО РАН.

«Запрет на производство генно-модифицированных организмов, действующий в России – абсолютно верное решение, у которого нет никаких подводных камней, в отличие от употребления ГМО», – говорит он.

Ученые подчеркивают колоссальность природного потенциала России – страна может выращивать практически неограниченные объемы обыкновенных, не модифицированных культур.

(www.mosvedi.ru)

Task 6. Read and translate following text.

Eurasian Economic Community and Customs Union

BASIC PRINCIPLES, OBJECTIVES, JURISDICTION AND LAW OF THE UNION.

The Union shall carry out its activities within the jurisdiction granted by the Member States in accordance with this Treaty, based on the following principles: respect for the universally recognised principles of international law, including the principles of sovereign equality of the Member States and their territorial integrity; respect for specific features of the political structures of the Member States; ensuring mutually beneficial cooperation, equality and respect for the national interests of the Parties; respect for the principles of market economy and fair competition; 6 ensuring the functioning of the Customs Union without exceptions and limitations after the transition period. The Member States shall create favourable conditions to ensure proper functioning of the Union and shall refrain from any measures that might jeopardise the achievement of its objectives.

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The main objectives of the Union shall be as follows: to create proper conditions for sustainable economic development of the Member States in order to improve the living standards of their population; to seek the creation of a common market for goods, services, capital and labour within the Union; to ensure comprehensive modernisation, cooperation and competitiveness of national economies within the global economy.

Jurisdiction

The Union shall have jurisdiction within the scope and limits determined under this Treaty and international treaties within the Union. 2. The Member States shall carry out coordinated or agreed policy within the scope and limits determined under this Treaty and international treaties within the Union. 3. In other spheres of the economy, the Member States shall seek to implement coordinated or agreed policy in accordance with the basic principles and objectives of the Union. 7 To this end, by decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, auxiliary authorities may be established (councils of state authorities’ heads of the Parties, working groups, special commissions) in the relevant areas and/or the Eurasian Economic Commission may be instructed to coordinate the interaction between the Parties in their respective spheres.

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Task 7. Make up a dialogue according to the theme of text. Work in pairs and role-play it.

Task 8. Summarize the definitions:

–the right, power, or authority to administer justice by hearing and determining;

–controversies;

–having a special application, bearing, or reference; specifying, explicit, or definite;

–a prominent or conspicuous part or characteristic;

–the act of excepting or the fact of being excepted.

Task 9. Unscramble the words.

ONTIONCDI

ONTIMITALI

TIONCEPTEX

KETRAM

ECTRESPE

TETAS

BREMME

VITEJEBOC

UORLAB

REMEPUS

CILUNCO

ONIUN

Task 10. Translate from Russian into English.

Госветфитослужба Украины уведомила Департамент ветеринарного и продовольственного надзора Министерства сельского хозяйства Республики Беларусь о временном приостановлении с 21 января 2013 г. ввоза

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на территорию Украины продукции белорусских предприятий ОАО «Бабушкина крынка» и ОАО «Молочные продукты». Такие же ограничения применены с 23 января 2013 г. к ОАО «Оршанский молочный комбинат».

«По результатам проведенных лабораторных исследований Государственным научно-исследовательским институтом лабораторной диагностики и ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы (г. Киев) было установлено несоответствие украинским нормативам безопасности молочной продукции этих предприятий, по микробиологическим и физико-химическим показателям», ‒ проинформировали ИА «Казах-Зерно» в пресс-службе Госветфитослужбы.

Грузы, поступившиедовременногоприостановления, подлежатоформлению после проведения расширенного ветеринарного контроля. Отмена временных ограничений возможна после принятия белорусской стороной надлежащих мер и инспектирования указанных предприятий.

Напомним, что временное приостановление ввоза на территорию Украины молока и молокопродуктов из Республики Беларусь уже вводилось с 1 марта 2012 г. Связаны такие действия были с нарушениями белорусской стороной требований Украины относительно безопасности импортной продукции, а именно – превышение количества содержания антибиотиков ‒ пенициллина, тетрациклина, хлорамфеникола и др.

(www.mosvedi.ru)

Task 11. Grammar. Open the brackets using proper forms of the verbs.

Counterfeit tobacco and cigarettes sold on Facebook

Counterfeit cigarettes and tobacco (be) advertised and sold through Facebook, an investigation has found.

Consignments (make) out to be genuine brands (be) being sold by people using fake profiles on buy and sell pages for the south-east of England.

Cheap tobacco purchased by BBC South East (be) found to contain double the lead content and a third more cadmium than genuine products.

Facebook (say) content in breach of its commerce policy (be) always removed.

Undercover reporters (arrange) to meet a seller in Tunbridge Wells and (purchase) items marketed as Mayfair cigarettes and Amber Leaf rolling tobacco.

When analysed, they (be) found to have higher than normal levels of lead and cadmium ‒both toxic metals that can cause damage to the liver, kidneys and brain.

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Manufacturer JTI, which (make) the real Mayfair and Amber Leaf products, (confirm) the items (be) counterfeit.

Facebook (say) it (investigate) any reported prohibited activity and it had removed the post advertising the counterfeit tobacco.

The BBC (find) almost identical adverts for tobacco (be) placed on other buy and sell pages, using different profiles.

Task 12. Summarize the basic facts of the Unit in writing in at least 5 sentences.

UNIT 5. METROLOGY

Task 1. Read and translate the following text to fulfill the tasks below.

Metrology

The science of measurements and of methods of achieving the required uniformity and accuracy. Among the main problems of metrology are the general theory of measurement, the formation of units and systems of physical quantities, measurement methods and equipment, methods of determining the accuracy of measurements (the theory of measurement errors), the basic provisions for units of measurement and for uniformity of measurement equipment (legislative metrology), the development of standards and reference measurement equipment, and methods for transferring the dimensions of units from the standards to the reference measurement equipment and then to the operating equipment.

Metrology was originally concerned with the description of the various types of measures (linear measures; measurements of capacity, mass, and time), and also of the coins used in various countries and the interrelationships among them. The development of metrology reached a turning point in 1875, with the conclusion of the Metric Treaty and the founding of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Modern metrology rests on high precision physical experimentation, and it uses the achievements of physics, chemistry, and

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other natural sciences, but it also establishes its own specific laws and rules that make it possible to find a quantitative expression for the properties of objects in the material world.

A general theory of measurements has not yet taken shape; such a theory includes information and generalizations that are obtained as a result of analysis and study of measurements and their elements: physical quantities and their units, measurement equipment and methods, and the results of measurement.

In metrology, as in physics, a physical quantity is treated as a property of physical objects (systems) that is qualitatively common to many objects but is quantitatively different for each object that is, as a property that can be a certain number of times larger or smaller for one object than for another (for example, length, mass, density, temperature, power, or velocity). Every object has a definite length, mass, and so on; the concept of quantity thus becomes concrete for the object (the length of a table, the mass of a weight, and so on).

Only concrete quantities may be measured. For the objective evaluation of a quantity, a unit must be selected (for some quantities a scale). A unit is a specific physical quantity whose numerical value is arbitrarily taken as equal to 1. The sequence of values of different size adopted by agreement for like quantities is called the scale of a quantity (for example, a temperature scale or the Brinell hardness scale). With the development of science, units have changed from a random choice of individual quantities to the construction of systems of units. The theoretical aspects of the interrelationships among the physical quantities and the principles involved in constructing a system of units, as well as specific systems of units, are examined in metrology.

Proper calibration and periodic testing of all the measuring facilities in use are necessary to achieve uniformity of measurements (that is, to obtain results expressed in codified units that are not dependent on the time, place, and measurement equipment). To this end, standards of units and an assortment of reference measurement equipment are needed. Metrology studies methods of reproducing units by means of standards, ways of improving accuracy, and procedures for transferring the dimensions of the units (methods of testing).

A large section of metrology is devoted to methods of determining measurement errors by using the theories of probability and mathematical statistics, and sometimes of other branches of mathematics.

Vocabulary

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Task 2. Answer following questions.

1.What are the main problems of metrology?

2.What was metrology originally concerned with?

3.When did the development of metrology reach a turning point?

4.How does modern metrology find quantitative expressions for the properties of objects?

5.Which quantities may be measured?

Task 3. Summarize the definitions:

– to ascertain the extent, dimensions, quantity, capacity, etc., of something especially by comparison with a standard;

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–the condition or quality of being true, correct, or exact; freedom from error or defect; precision or exactness; correctness;

–an object that is regarded as the usual or most common size or form of its

kind;

–mechanical or scientific exactness;

–the substance or substances of which a thing is made or composed;

–to judge or determine the significance, worth, or quality of; assess;

–bearing or designated by a number;

–the personal knowledge and skill required for a task, occupation, etc.

Task 4. Unscramble the words.

THEODM

SOLUTEBA

POTISIONANSTR

ECTRID

CELAS

SICSYHP

SUREAEM

SENCECI

DARDANTS

TICSSITSAT

LITYCIFA

FICCIPES

Task 5. Translate from Russian into English.

Правительство России утвердило перечень товаров, которые со следующего года будут специально маркировать. В справке к документу, опубликованномунасайтеправительства, говорится, чтомаркировкавводится для того, чтобы снизить оборот контрафакта.

Сейчас в России маркируются меха. Шубы и другие меховые изделия оснащают радиочастотными метками. Благодаря им данные об изделиях и их перемещениях внутри Евразийского экономического союза попадают в единую базу.

То есть фактически таможенные органы могут отследить весь путь товара от производителя до покупателя. Все это было задумано, чтобы легализовать рынок и снизить долю контрафакта.

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