We speak legal English. Matters at law. Материалы межвузовской научно-практической конференции (Москва, 27 ноября 2015 г.)

upheaval of the Civil War caused Congress to pass another bankruptcy law in 1867, and that law was repealed in 1878. All of these laws contained some allowance for discharge of unpaid debts. The first two laws, those of 1800 and 1841, allowed only minimal discharge of debt; while the 1867 law was the first to include protection for corporations.

Before the 20th century, rules and practices concerning bankruptcy generally favored the creditor and were harsher toward the bankrupt. The focus was on recovering the investments of the creditors, and unlike now, almost all bankruptcies at this time were involuntary. The practice of involuntary filings does continue to exist, with an option to convert to voluntary filing status, but this remains relatively rare.

Modern bankruptcy laws and practices in the United States emphasize rehabilitating (reorganizing) debtors in distress with a limited emphasis on punishing the debtor. The Bankruptcy Act of 1898 was the first to give companies in distress an option of being protected from creditors.

The 1978 Act was a major piece of legislation that started a number of legal controversies, and many amendments and judicial clarifications of the 1978 Act were made during the 1980s. One important event was a 1982 Supreme Court ruling, that the Bankruptcy Court’s enlarged jurisdiction, which was established by the 1978 Act, was unconstitutional. In layman’s terms, the Supreme Court ruling stated that bankruptcy judges had been given too much power by Congress and their duties overlapped with those of other branches of the government. The 1982 ruling led to the Bankruptcy Amendment Act of 1984.

On October 22, 1994, the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-394, October 22, 1994), the most comprehensive piece of bankruptcy legislation since the 1978 Act, was signed into law by President Clinton. The 1994 Act contains many provisions for both business and consumer bankruptcy, including the following: to expedite bankruptcy proceedings, encourage individual debtors to use Chapter 13 to reschedule their debts rather than use Chapter 7 to liquidate and aid creditors in recovering claims against bankrupt estates. This 1994 Reform Act also created a National Bankruptcy Commission to investigate further changes in bankruptcy law and other matters. In November 1997, the National Bankruptcy Review Commission completed an extensive and detailed report on bankruptcy reform.

On April 19, 2005, President George W. Bush signed the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCA) of 2005 into law. The U.S. Department of Justice asserts that the BAPCA ”opens a new era in the history of bankruptcy law and practice”. On October 17, 2005 the BAPCA became effective. As he signed the bill, President Bush declared, ”Under the new law, Americans who have the ability to pay will be required to pay back at least a portion of their debts. Those who fall behind their state’s median income will not be required to pay back their debts. The new law will also make it more difficult for serial filers to abuse the most generous bankruptcy protections. Debtors seeking to erase all debts will now have to wait eight years from their last bankruptcy before they can file again. The law will also allow us to clamp down on bankruptcy mills that make their money by advising abusers on how to game the system”.

To conclude, though at the beginning of the 19th century American law adopted many rules of English legislation concerning bankruptcy, but they developed in different ways. As a result, American legislation is mostly aimed at the interests of the debtor, while the English is aimed at the interests of creditors. While the U.S. Bankruptcy Code specifies the priority of reorganization, bankruptcy law of England emphasises the priority of liquidation. In the USA during the bankruptcy process entities keep control over their property and the administrator is appointed only in case of liquidation. In England bankruptcy means immediate dismissal of the management of the company and appointment of administrator by the court or creditors.

71

А. Г. Магомедова

Psychological violence in the family

Each of us has heard such expressions as physical or sexual abuse. But the psychology of abuse is not a common term. If you do not know what that is, then you’re in luck. But in the world, according to psychologists, there are many families where the household is subjected to such violence, mostly by men.

The relationships within the family are very intertwined and confused. There always are reticence and resentment, guilt and duty, that does not allow to perceive each other objectively. In such a situation it is very difficult to recognize psychological violence. Trying to analyze the situation, there are always contradictions and impossible to prove anything.

If emotional abuse occurs within the family, between relatives, it is very difficult to defend, or at least to hide. The situation is aggravated by the fact that our society is very loyal to psychological violence. When you constantly report about the violence, but get convinced that nothing changes, it traumatizes even stronger. The victim feels that s/he is gradually devastated, but it is not possible to be angry and throw out the accumulated emotions to exit from the ”cycle of violence”. There is a feeling of helplessness, anxiety. Constant feeling of inevitability of evil perpetrated upon you can be maddening. To protect his psyche, one finds any explanation of what is happening, only to gain a sense of inner support.

Psychological violence implies verbal abuse; blackmail; violence against children or others to take control of a partner; threats of violence to themselves, the victim or other persons; intimidation through violence against pets or destruction of items of property; persecution; control over the victim; control over the victim’s social circle.

Such violence is multifaceted. For example, it may be a total control on the part of a man over any of woman’s actions or suppressions of her will. When psychological abuse thrives in the family children also suffer from it.

Causes of domestic violence

There are many of such reasons. Causes of domestic violence can come from childhood. For example, if the child has suffered from some trauma and had a negative experience, he can take his inner complexes on the weak ones. Social and personal dissatisfaction forces to seek compensation for their condition at home, asserting itself by one’s beloved who are unable to fight back.

The violence is closely linked to the presence of social stress in the family. For example, among many factors that increase the level of tension in the family and may lead to violence can be different views on parenting, sexual relations, pregnancy, financial problems, unemployment, the need for long-term care.

The problem of violence is dangerous and causes irreparable harm to mental development, physical health and self-identity.

Psychological violence, as well as emotional or moral violence, is a form of violence that can lead to psychological trauma, including anxiety, depression and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder).

This type of violence is the most common and appears in almost all cases of domestic violence. Psychological violence is difficult to find out. If all other forms of violence are easily identified as they have distinct physiological effects, the obvious signs of psychological influence are rarely seen, and the consequences of them can be extremely severe.

Domestic violence — what is to be done? We must remember that the psychological effect of a violent nature is now considered as a crime. Its displays include a variety of insults, humiliations of human dignity, and after some time it just gets worse and grows.

72

Persons who are the victims of violence mostly get quite turned in on themselves and are characterized by low self-esteem and self-doubt.

Psychological violence is quite a common phenomenon in the society. But often people living near to the victim of such behavior, do not notice the actions of a violent nature. This is due to the fact that the victims are ashamed to admit, and they are afraid to complain to anyone.

Prevention of Domestic Violence

Protection against domestic violence, legal, psychological, and social support arethepreventiveactionsofsocialagenciesforassistancetofamilymemberswhohavesuffered from the behavior of a violent nature, for their social adaptation and rehabilitation.

Prevention of domestic violence and domestic despotism includes such activities as specific and general provident measures, individual forward-looking activities.

General measures include legal awareness among various social groups and all walks of life, development of social opinion, which is characterized by intolerance to family violence, the legal framework of protection from violence.

Special measures are identification of social groups that are most vulnerable to domestic tyranny and concentration of preventive efforts in this direction.

Individual activity means the direct detection and suppression of domestic terror and rehabilitation of individuals that were affected by such violence.

The prevention of domestic tyranny is understood to be complex social measures, psychological and pedagogical effects of legal measures focused on prevention, detection and elimination of the consequences of violent behavior in the family union.

З. М. Магомедова

Protection of the rights of children without parental care

The problem of relations between parents and children has always existed in our world whereas current Russian state institutions that deal with the social problems of orphans and children left without parental care work mainly within the older standards focused on the distribution approach.

For the neglect and unsanitary conditions employees of the Department of guardianship of the Kirov district of Makhachkala took three kids away from their parents. The owners of the house argue that mother almost did not appear at home, ostensibly going to work, left kids locked, thereby endangering the lives and health of the children. The owners of the house fed and watered hungry kids. By the way, the youngest child was 2 months old.

Employees of the department of custody and guardianship arrived on the scene and saw barefoot children, the room dust, dirt, lack basic amenities and a complete lack of sanitation. It is worth noting that the father of the children is unknown. The woman worked part-time at a car wash. Now the department of custody and guardianship understands the necessity of the mother’s deprivation of her parental rights.

Therefore, the state institutions are not really focused on the promotion of the rights and protection of the interests of orphans and children left without parental care, and on issues of self-survival. Our society recognizes family as its basic institution. In every country and every community there have always been, there exist now and there will always

73

be orphans and children who for various reasons have been left without parental care. In this case, the society and the state take on the responsibility for the upbringing and education of these children. It should be emphasized that the child that has lost his parents lives in a special, truly tragic world. The need to have a family is one of the strongest needs of the child. In accordance with Paragraph 5 of Article 150 of the Family Code, the duties of guardianship of a child under guardianship (trusteeship) are executed by a tutor (guardian) for free, but at the same time the child’s guardian (trustee) is paid monthly, the payment rate being established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

A foster family (Sec. 21 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation) is a form of taking care of children without parental care, based on an agreement between the social welfare authorities and the foster parents who should provide conditions, upbringing and education of the child, the rights and responsibilities of foster parents, responsibilities of the guardianship authorities towards the foster family and the reasons and consequences of the termination of such a contract.

Thus, the problem of children left without parental care remains urgent in Russia. This is a problem that must be resolved by the state and the society. In order to solve this problem, a few presidential decrees and government regulations have been adopted. But there are still problems in the legal regulation and in the implementation of the existing legal norms. In my opinion, the state policy as regards children left without parental care should be directed at the development of the best forms of upbringing such children. First of all, it concerns the institution of adoption, guardianship and custody. It is necessary to create a strong financial basis to ensure that such children should have modern housing and the possibility of vocational training. It’s very important, as this category of minors is more susceptible to adverse effects and have a high risk of finding themselves in the underworld. A decent life and the conscience that they are not strangers in this world help to avoid this.

В. Е. Маевский

Credibility of witness statement

Our memory is not perfect. In fact, it is very flawed. It could be a real problem if someone’s freedom or life depended on it. There is one particular type of proof that relies heavily on our memory — a witness statement.

There is a list of factors that make witness statement not the most solid type of proof in court. We are not going to discuss the problem of witnesses that do not state everything they know or just outright lie on purpose (because it is the matter of witnesses’ credibility, not the one of their testimony). Lots of false statements come from people who are sure that they are telling the truth. How is it even possible?

Obviously, we are not computers and our memory cannot perfectly store everything we see or hear. It is the main reason why to rely fully on what we remember is not particularly wise. Additional factors only make this situation harsher, so let’s list them.

Firstly, even if you remember something exactly like you heard or saw it, there is a possibility that your senses had failed you even earlier than memory even started to interpret their signals. Usually crimes take place unexpectedly and in dark places, making it hard to remember everything correctly.

74

Secondly, a crime is shocking for our psyche, and it affects the way we remember details. Researches proved that in after a shocking situation eyewitnesses could give statements that clearly contradict each other. A number of criminals, how did they look and how did the act — answers vary wildly.

Finally, the content of our memory changes over time. We could suddenly remember something that didn’t actually happen (it is called ”a false memory”), forget some detail or a whole event at all. Again, the shocking content of a crime makes this effect harsher, because we are prone to ”block” traumatic event of our past in our conscious as a tool to keep our psyche safe.

As a conclusion I want to say that it is very important to define a difference between a witness who cannot be trusted at all and a witness whose statement might be partly false, just because it is the way our brain works.

Ц. Д. Максарова

Principles of federalism in Russia and in the USA

Federal principles are not stated directly either in the Constitution of the Russian Federation or in the Constitution of the United States of America (USA). The two documents are similar in this respect, even though they were developed and adopted under completely different historical conditions. Federalism, both in Russia and in the USA, is considered to be one of the fundamental principles of statehood.

We should not overlook the following thing: federalism in the genuine sense determines the functioning of the mechanism of political freedom and self-government at all levels of power as well as the power hierarchy and counter-balancing of all government organs.

The main difference of legislative regulation in federative relations in Russia and in the United States is the different approaches of the federal legislation to this activity. In the Russian Federation publishes institutional laws, covering a significant part of federative relations. USA accepts laws on specific issues under federal jurisdiction.

Two countries have different constitutional constructions. In Russia, the national (ethnic) principle, even though supplemented by the territorial one, has become the crucial one in building federal statehood. On the contrary, the national (ethnic) factor is not a federal principle in the USA and has no meaning in the construction of American federalism.

Different approaches to the national (ethnic) situation in Russia and the USA originate from fundamentally different historical roots of these two federations. In Russia, all native peoples who inhabited the federation territory before it became a federation participated in the building of the federation.

This principle of forming some subjects of the Russian Federation is still preserved at present and is reflected in the Russian Constitution of 1993.

The modern multi-ethnic (polyethnic) population of the USA was formed as a result of voluntary or forced (the negro slaves) immigration.

However, determining the nature of both federations in terms of their origin, should formally refer them to a constitutional federation. The establishment of both federal systems has not ended with the adoption of the Constitution. It went on with the amendments, customs and judicial interpretation in the United States, and with the amendment, the adoption of new constitutions and the judicial interpretations in Russia.

75

The problems of sovereignty in the USA and Russia are also interpreted differently. In the USA, both the Union (federation) and the states are traditionally considered to have sovereignty. In Russia, some of the provisions of the Constitution of 1993 could be interpreted as stating that the republics (there called states) have sovereignty until decided otherwise by the Constitutional Court, while sovereignty is concentrated primarily in the Federation.

Federal principles are not stated in the Constitutions of the Russian Federation or the USA as such; therefore, their exact construction will stay open and vary by different interpretations.

Р. В. Малачиханов

The death penalty

The death penalty is a very strict way to punish the offenders in criminal law; sometimes it is just, but still fierce. This process has its supporters and opponents, and they both bring their arguments regarding this punishment, so the question always remains open.

General information

There is no single solution to leave the death penalty or to eradicate once and for all. After all, the majority of citizens, on the contrary, stand up for it and wish that the perpetrators must be sentenced to death, but the state is not entitled to rely only on the opinion of people.

Article 59 of the Criminal Code states the highest measure of punishment of offenders who have committed a particularly brutal crime. The death penalty as a form of punishment is regulated by the Russian legislation and its implementation is done by the sentence imposed by the judiciary. At the moment, the death penalty is banned in many countries; in fact, it is illegal. There are countries where this crucial method is quite prevalent, but is applicable only to persons who have committed a particularly cruel act.

In the United Arab Emirates in 2014, the death penalty for adultery was assumed. People were sentenced to death for ”blasphemy” and ”insulting the prophet” in Pakistan and Iran and for ”sorcery” in Saudi Arabia.

Legal issues

What are the problems of the death penalty, and what are the ”pros” and ”cons” of its application? Well, firstly, the use of this type of punishment is shared by many of the criminals to commit all sorts of crimes. In addition, the cardinal way to impact on criminals eliminates the risk of recurrence. In case of the abolition of the death penalty the offender may perpetrate the crime again, and in the event of death penalty, respectively, this is not going to happen. Another argument that speaks ”pro” is that by this way you can save money spent on criminals allowance.

But the death penalty also has opponents who put forward different arguments for its abolition. For example, many people believe that a person can be rectified and get on the right path through less drastic and severe punishment, while the death penalty does not give people a choice and an opportunity for correction.

A very important and serious issue of the death penalty is that it is an irreversible process. If you sentence the person to death and subsequently he is acquitted, there is no return. Such incidents have occurred repeatedly in the history of the death penalty.

76

There is also an opinion about the death penalty, that the perpetrators are changing their views on what happened while serving their sentence; it could be said that it is a kind of taking a new look at life. And it turns out that when the court renders a sentence there is one person, but while serving punishment he may become a changed man and redefine all of his actions, but it is, unfortunately, considered by no one.

Most people believe that the death penalty is a necessity, because supposedly by using it a justice in the world is achieved. But this is absolutely not the case. The statement can be attributed at most to a situation of punishment for the sake of punishment, and not for re-education. But it often happens that the person convicted and sentenced to a similar punishment suddenly starts to look at the world differently, but does not have the possibilities and chances for a new life of righteousness. Also, the death penalty is not without the risk of mistakes in the ascertainment of guilt, this fact is very serious in this process, because it does not reverse. So, if an absolutely innocent man suffers from error, the state is like a criminal.

З. М. Махмудова

On improvement of the institute of self-defense in the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation

Self-defense as criminal defense is a legitimate human behavior, resorting to protect rights by encroaching harm. The level and dynamics of crime in Russia is steadily growing. Such types of crimes as kidnapping, hostage-taking have never occurred before in our country or have been extremely rare.

The number of assassinations is increasing, and most of them are not solved by law enforcement agencies. Article 37 of the Criminal Code is devoted to the regulation of this institution. This article formulates exceeding the limits of self-defense as ”deliberate actions that are not consistent with the nature and the risk of abuse”.

We should agree with K. I. Popov that this situation is not entirely accurate. The fact is that self-defense is defined in the law not as an action but as causing harm to an attacker. In Part 2 of Art. 37 of the Criminal Code it is defined as ”deliberate actions”. However, no actions can be recognized as excessive force if they did not cause harm to an attacker. It is more correct to speak of intentionally causing harm, which is clearly not consistent with the nature and the risk of abuse. But in our opinion, it is not a complete definition of exceeding the limits of necessary defense.

The situation of protection is determined by real possibilities and means of the defender to repel an attack without inflicting grave harm to the attacker. The nature of this situation depends on the actual balance of forces, capabilities and resources of the defending and the encroaching person.

It happens so that the defender has a clear superiority in strength over the encroaching one and realizes this fact. In such a situation, for effective protection, he doesn’t need to cause an attacker serious bodily injury. For example, it is quite sufficient to strike blows, beatings, to cause minor or moderate injury to the health of the attacker.

It is also necessary to emphasize the fact that there is a serious problem in the investigative and judicial practice, when qualifying actions of a person who uses

77

firearms during the defense. In most cases, such persons are condemned for exceeding the limits of necessary defense.

It would be better to develop such weapons that people could use in order to defend themselves. In Russia, there is Kochkin gun shooting metal bullets and forming a shallow wound channel in which the bullet-witness allows to make identification of the weapon.

In the USA, for example, they have developed and use a highly effective, electroshock device ”Air taser”, which shoots two electrodes at the distance of five meters and completely neutralizes for a few minutes even the most aggressive attacker.

We believe that the use of such weapons on the territory of the Russian Federation will be an effective method of combating crime. Summarizing the above said, we can conclude that the Russian criminal legislation gives a narrow meaning of the institution of necessary defense requiring to abide by the terms of legality relating to the both the infringement and the defense. In the norms on self-defense there is an estimated category at which the right to determine the proportion of protection and encroachment is given to the discretion of the court.

A defender must fulfill the conditions provided for self-defense, in order not to violate the principle of proportionality. The definition of such conditions is very difficult even for specialists, in its turn, it leads to numerous miscarriages of justice and unjustified condemnation of persons who commit an act of self-defense. Therefore, the laws governing this institution need to be improved and given more precise wording.

Д. Ф. Мевланова

Increased penalty for pedophilia

Pedophilia is a crime that violates sexual morals of minors and young, that is the reason for the problem was of paramount character. Today, pedophilia is a crime that is a factor in the degradation of society.

Sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual at all secured, protected and guaranteed by the Constitution of our country. Undoubtedly, today on how guaranteed and protected human rights and freedoms determined by the level of development of a society. Sexual crime against children is a deliberate act protected by criminal law, not only the sexual inviolability and sexual freedom, but also a violation of moral and physical development of minors. It is a crime for us is similar to an offense directed against the future of society and the state.

Professor A.N. Ignatov defines sex crime as a socially dangerous act, which in turn breaks and complicating a normal form of sexual relationship. We believe that for the most criminal law any offense is immoral behavior, but it must be noted that only a certain number of crimes violate sexual morality.

In recent years, several times raised the issue of toughening penalties for sex crimes, primarily for pedophilia. With regards to the criminal law have been proposed a number of projects on toughening punishment for pedophilia, but when considering the project, referring to the crisis and the lack of finance, the projects were rejected.

With regard to proposals to toughen the punishment for pedophilia, we consider it appropriate Amending the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. For example, in article

78

79 of the Criminal Code ”discharging on parole” in the project №141416-5 introduced into by the State Duma ”On Amendments to Article 79 of the Criminal Code” refers to the addition of this article, paragraph eight, which has the following content :

”8. Parole cannot be applied to a person convicted for crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual minors under sixteen years of age (minors)”.

This project has not been realized and changes in the criminal law have occurred. We believe that the project promoted feasible, reasonable and equitable change.

A particularly important element in the implementation of the criminal law is a properly constructed criminal policy. What happens is a basic element of the development of ideas and conceptual bases of which will depend on the application and effectiveness of the criminal law. There should be noted the experience of Western countries in the fight against this problem. So, for example, in the US a crime committed on the basis of sexual harassment of persons under 18 years of age is regarded as a crime aimed primarily against the country’s future. Also, no parole if the person has been convicted by a court sentence for committing violence against minors.

It should be noted that considerable advantage scores by criminological and criminal law forecasting of crimes of this nature, which will not only solve the problem, but also prevent a number of other pressing issues. We believe that it is necessary, first of all, to solve the problem at the basis, and without generating a competent methodological attitude towards this issue it is difficult to overcome the problems in practice.

Е. А. Мерцалова

Music compositions as an object of intellectual rights

Nowadays music is a part of life for almost every person. It accompanies people everywhere and always: in films, ads, public vehicles in the street, etc. Such a popularity of music doesn’t slow down people’s interest in this form of art, but even raises it. As a result, an access to musical composition is really easy now due to the Internet and digital copying. But it’s hard to say that it’s always good because musical compositions require special protection of their author’s rights as any other piece of art. And it isn’t so easy to provide such kind of protection.

This topic isn’t widely spread in science literature. For example, Russian law science has concerned this issue only a couple of times: the monograph ”Copyright of musical composition” by L.N. Zilberstein and the dissertation ”Copyright of musical composition in Russian Federation and in the United Kingdom” by L.A. Savintseva.

It’s important to notice that most of modern composers and musicians don’t know enough about their rights and sometimes they can face problems that are concerned with protection of their creations because of such ignorance. So, I can say that the question of legal protection of musical compositions as a form of intellectual property is really actual nowadays.

A musical composition consists of 3 elements: melody, harmony and rhythm. All sounds andsoundcombinationsthataren’tnecessaryforthesecompulsoryelementsrefertoderivative work are an arrangement. Another change of musical composition that concludes a change of harmony and rhythm is called processing. It isn’t limited by only addition something

79

to musical composition, but it means making significant creative changes. All forms of derivative work are separated objects of copyright and require special protection.

It has become popular to process already excited compositions in last decades: making remixes (that means mixing existing compositions in a different way) and sampling (it means borrowing musical fragments from another composition).

There are even special people who make only arrangements. Also such kind of changed musical compositions are often used on TV channels and radio stations. What is about protection of these compositions? Well, changed musical compositions are under general rules because in any way they consist of author’s parts from other compositions.

Historical notes about legal protection of phonograms are very bare. It was firstly mentioned in the Law of Copyright in Austria in 1936. In Russia this kind of right appeared only in 1991 in the Foundations of Civil Legislation. It was called as ”right of record’s creator”. And now this question is reviewed in the Civil Code, the fourth part. It shows that importance of musical composition as an object of intellectual property rights increases nowadays.

Kinds of copyright for musical composition

Copyright for the song

•Copyright for the music (original) — composer

•Copyright for the lyrics — poet / author

•Copyright for the arrangement — remaker Related rights for the song:

•Related rights for the music performance — musician

•Related rights for the word performance — singer

The negative effects of using create activity’s results so widely are a very serious problem now because of illegal character of such a using. One of the most common offense, happening in the sphere of copyright is a reproduction counterfeiting examples of musical compositions and illegal realization of them. So, placement a musical composition in the Internet is a real threat for the right-holders.

It’s necessary to get a resolution from the rights holder to use his creation and reward him for this permission in case of making access to the musical compositions possible for public.

Approaches to protection legal rights of musical compositions that are used in some foreign countries are various and sometimes they seem even weird. For example, legislation of some countries that use Anglo-Saxon system includes the concept of musical composition as a part of ”written works”.

Some features of musical compositions’ protection are fixed in international documents. The most famous one is the Berne convention. This document declares a possibility of making ”compulsory licenses” on the rights of musical compositions’ recording. It means that the original right to give permission for doing something with an object of intellectual property can be replaced by the right to get a reward for this using.

Russian legislation protects author’s rights even more properly in comparison with the Berne convention. It is so because Russian legislation doesn’t use a possibility of reducing author’s rights.

In conclusion it’s important to say that musical composition is the most vulnerable object of intellectual property nowadays because of fast development and new technologies. Although these compositions are much spread it isn’t good for their creators. In the majority of cases we can find only illegal (pirate) copies of sound records in the Internet.

So, to sum it all up, it’s really necessary to develop appropriate legislation and law enforcement to reduce (or maybe even avoid) offenses that are connected with intellectual property rights, especially with musical compositions.

80