We speak legal English. Matters at law. Материалы межвузовской научно-практической конференции (Москва, 27 ноября 2015 г.)

An oral hearing is proceeded when the case is ready for hearing. This step usually lasts several days, sometimes weeks. Parties act through representatives and may be assisted by attorneys and lawyers.

After such proceedings the Court holds private meetings. The Court declares a decision only at a public meeting. It is made by a simple majority vote of the judges; when the vote is equally divided, the casting vote belongs to the Chairman.

It is worth noting the main problems of the ICJ.

1)It considers only international disputes between states, and only if they apply. It does not have the right to initiate legal proceedings to investigate, collect evidence, and learn the facts.

2)Decisions are binding only upon the parties to a particular dispute and only with respect to this case.

3)Advanced training of judges is not only of international law but of national law.

4)An increase in funding — International Court of Justice is the least expensive UN institution in comparison with other similar judicial authorities. Perhaps an increase in funding will lead to a better consideration of cases.

In conclusion, I’d like to say that the analysis of the development of modern international law and international relations shows that the International Court of Justice has developed into one of the most important centers of research and interpretation of contemporary international law. It has a serious impact on the doctrine of international law and substantially affects both the process of unification and codification of international law.

Е. Д. Бобова

The prison system in the UK

Great Britain has the most law-abiding population of any great nation of the civilized world. The astonishingly low rate of serious crime among its 40,000,000 people is hardly credible when we compare it with even the most advanced States in America. This has usually been credited to the excellent system of criminal law and criminal courts in Great Britain. But there are many other sides of the question. The criminal lawyer and the criminal judge as well as the social worker should be interested in the prison system, for prison is the institution in which criminal justice is supposed to be executed. It is the chief instrument by which criminal law is carried into effect, and consequently by which it must be judged. Courts may be scientific, swift and sure, but if the institutions which deal with more serious crime are not efficient in repressing and correcting the criminal tendencies of the convict, the problem of crime will be far from solved.

The statement that the English prison system is one of the best in the world has long been a commonplace among scientific penologists. That much of diminution of crime in England which should be placed to its credit should also be more generally recognized. The last official ”Report of the Commissioners of Prisons for England and Wales” says: ”We believe that some credit may be given (for this diminution), and is justly due, to the efforts of those working at the prisons themselves”. That this modest statement has abundant evidence to support it we shall see as we proceed.

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The situation in British prisons is significantly different from that in the Russian ones. Prisoners in British prisons are divided into categories A, B, C, D, depending on the severity of the crime.

In almost every British prison there are sports and fitness facilities, and in some prisons there are even tennis courts and a bowling green. (In Russia such facilities are not available.) There is usually a prison church. Besides, prisoners can use the prison library, and if they don’t find a book they’d like to read it can be ordered from outside. Visits of relatives are allowed. Such meetings usually last one hour and take place only once a month, but the warden may authorize another one plus a couple more for good behavior. Meetings occur in a room where guests and visitors can embrace, but they sit some distance away from each other.

But prisoners of categories ”A” and ”B” communicate with visitors through the transparent plastic screen, so that the visitors couldn’t give them forbidden things such as drugs. For the same reason there is usually a cynologist on duty accompanied by a dog at the entrance to the dating room. In the majority of prisons prisoners can eat either in their cells or in canteens. I must say that in Britain, we see respect for religions, so Muslims and Jews can enjoy their meals in accordance with their traditions. The same applies to vegetarians. All the rest are content with the standard set, for example, traditional oatmeal, scrambled eggs, sausages, toast, jam or ”Breakfast Plowman” (a big sandwich with cheese and pickles) for breakfast; soup is served with burgers (sandwiches with chicken combined with fried potatoes and ketchup) or ”toad in a hole” (sausage in pastry) for lunch. And, curiously, a standard set does not exceed one pound per day.

В. В. Боднарь

Successful experiences and methods of the international anti-corruption combat

Corruption is one of the most serious problems which undermines the very foundations of a law-based state. It also impedes and curbs the processes of development of the rule of law and justice in practically every country of the world. The world societies are struck by such ulcers as bribery, fraud, lack of the independent judiciary, embezzlement...

In other words, corruption is a real threat for national security and sovereignty. That is why consolidation of the public efforts aimed at fighting against corrupt practices must be considered by the authorities and civil society as one of the principal measures of the national security enforcement and development of democracy.

In this article I would like to focus on several successful examples of the international experiences in anti-corruption combat.

The government of Singapore began its fight in 1970, after profound analyzing the situation and realizing the fact that corruption in the country was caused by both the incentives and numerous opportunities for even low-level public officers to be corrupt. Therefore, to remove the causes strict measures to eradicate corruption were worked out. As a result, the then prime minister Lee Kuan Yew and his government initiated a comprehensive anti-corruption strategy — the law was strengthened, rigorous enforcement took place and government administration was improved. If an individual

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wanted to become a policeman, a judge or a customs officer, he had to be ready for a thorough loyalty check. Moreover, all the members of the candidate’s family, including his parents and grandparents were carefully scrutinized with the aim of their not being involved in any acts of corruption. A future public officer also had to report all the necessary information about any bank accounts, his spouse, brothers, sisters and parents’ property. In addition, no bank credits or debts were allowable to the applicant because a debtor was considered to be extremely prone to accepting bribes.

Another serious step of Singapore’s effective anti-corruption combat has been the activity of Corruption Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). It has become the only agency in the country that was empowered to investigate corruption offences. The most impressive thing concerning the bureau is the fact that its staffers can independently investigate any person engaged in government or private sector, no matter who he or she is and which position s/he holds. The message of CPIB’s activity has always been as follows: Anyone, regardless of his social status, involved in corrupt practices is certain to be DETECTED, INVESTIGATED, PROSECUTED and PUNISHED. Such approaches on the part of the government to the fight against corruption have demonstrated to ordinary people of Singapore the government’s determination and total support to the anticorruption bureau to make and keep Singapore clean. Thus, corruption in the country has been brought under control. According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Survey in 2014 Singapore is Number 7 among the least corrupt countries of the world.

Jordan’s King Abdullah’s personal efforts in the anti-corruption combat have been very imposing and fruitful in the past few years. The Anti-Corruption Commission (created in 2004 by the royal decree) got such broad powers in 2011 that most of the public officers were afraid of committing any offences (some of them who were too imaginative saw even in their dreams the scenes of their disclosure and arrest).

The motto of the Commission (its staffers are only accountable to the King himself) has been the following: ”We are not against wealth, but we are against greed and graft”. The Commission’s effective activity has put an end to nepotism and numerous cases of bribery. Thorough loyalty and honesty checkups have become a norm. Persistence in conducting corruption purges in all the governmental institutions has shown to Jordan’s society the real and very serious struggle against corruption. Ordinary people have realized that the era of the untouchable elites and clans has finished.

China’s anti-corruption legislation is one of the strictest in the world. All the officers suspected of corrupt practices are severely punished. If they are found guilty of committing a very serious offence, they are sentenced to death. At the same time, doing its best to beat corruption the country has been applying some other very effectual methods. One of them is sending of highand low-level officials (“tigers” and ”flies” as China’s President Xi Jinping calls them) including their family members on excursions to jails to get acquainted with the life there of their former colleagues-convicts who were condemned for graft and embezzlement of state property and funds. Many specialists claim that such ”educational” visits discourage the present officers from any thoughts or intentions to commit an offence...

A very original, but not less effectual, method is used in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. A local tourist company offers the city visitors to take part in ”The Corruption Tour” during which the visitors are shown the luxurious mansions, houses and land plots of the officials and other powers that be who were linked to scandalous bribery cases. These tours enjoy a great popularity among tourists from all over the world. On top of that, they are totally supported by the Czech government which considers corruption as the utmost social evil...

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In conclusion, I would like to state the following: the political will, determination and common honesty on the part of the state and sincere desire to live in the just society on the part of the public, are those components which should be combined in the noble and desperate struggle for eradication of corruption.

Е. Р. Бойко

Stop violence against women

Violence against women occurs in all countries of the world and remains one of the most serious challenges of our time. On average, every third woman at least once in her life becomes the victim of rape or abuse. Violence against women has different forms:

1.Female genital mutilation associated with the traditions and beliefs in Asia and

Africa.

2.The slave trade and prostitution: enslaved women are dependent on their work.

3.Domestic violence.

So, we would give much more attention to domestic violence. There are several main causes of domestic violence:

1.In the family of the man it was the norm.

2.Violence against women occurs under the influence of drugs or alcohol intoxication.

3.The man is a pathological jealous and mentally unstable person.

4.The men with weak character assert themselves at the expense of physically weak

women.

The overwhelming number of cases of violence against women occurs in families. Violence can be both physical and psychological. Violence is not always seen. The results of domestic violence are not visible, because they are hidden behind fear and shame. Today, the existing statistics on crimes against women related to domestic violence is inaccessible or absent at all. Investigations show that victims of domestic violence often blame themselves for what has happened to them.

The acceptance of responsibility is a common defensive reaction. With such a reaction, the victims are trying to gain control over the situation, sincerely believing that if they provoke it, they will be able to prevent it.

Socio-demographic characteristics are important factors in considering this problem. They have an impact on the frequency of domestic violence against women:

1.The frequency of violence increases with the age of the interviewed women.

2.The more prestigious occupation is, the higher income is and so the lower frequency of will happen.

3.With the increase of incomes, the frequency of violence is decreased.

4.The higher level of education of women is, the less they are exposed to violence.

5.The more unstable marital status of women is, the higher is the frequency of domestic violence.

In modern society women’s rights have become an integral part of the international law in the field of human rights. But violence against women is a direct violation of these rights. In this regard, governments and public authorities are obliged to take steps to combat violence, even if it is committed in the family circle. There may be such a situation in which

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men can escape responsibility for the beating of women. If there are complaints from women but governmental organs, social services don’t take measures adequately, they themselves participate in violence. Such situations often occur.

In accordance with the international law, all states, including the Russian Federation, must take specific measures and clear responsibilities for struggle against violence of women.

The failure to call perpetrators to answer doesn’t only create the ground for new crimes and the feeling of impunity, but also serves as a signal to the society that violence against women is acceptable.

What about legal documents relating with the protection of women’s rights?

There is the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) as the international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. This basic international document was signed and ratified by the Russian Federation.

The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women states: ”violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women” and that ”violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men”.

The United Nations General Assembly has established the 25th of November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women (Resolution 54/134). This date reminds that women around the world are subjected to rape, domestic violence and other forms of violence and it is necessary to protect them. Furthermore, one of the aims of the Day is to highlight that the scale and true nature of this problem is often hidden.

We are sure that the dominant type of violence is a type of violence which is genderbased, meaning that the acts of violence are committed against women expressly because they are women. That’s why we say: ”Stop violence against women”.

А. А. Ботина

The loopholes in the legislation of the Russian Federation

Nowadays social relations have become more complicated. That is why many states, including the Russian Federation, enact an increasing number of regulations, which can cope with social controversies. However, it is impossible to cover all aspects of life. Hence, the state deals with loopholes in the legislation, which is difficult to resolve.

What does this term mean? The loophole in the legislation is the absence of rule in the law by which you can solve specific life problem, requiring legal regulation.

It should be noted that in the Soviet Union the term «loophole» was not used. The reason is that the Soviet law was considered as an ideal (not only in its nature but also in efficiency).

There are two reasons for loopholes in the legislation. They are divided into objective causes (the relations requiring legal regulation did not exist at the time of the adoption of relevant rules of law. For instance, USSR Criminal Code did not establish responsibility for the hijacking of an aircraft in 1960 because the Soviet government did not know this

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type of crime at that time. The same can be said about computer crime, which appeared later) and subjective causes (the legislator, for whatever reasons, made a wrong assessment of existing social relations and, therefore, overlooked something, created a contradiction between the rules etc.)

There are three ways to eliminate the loopholes in the law of the Russian Federation. The first method is the legal analogy. It is a way of overcoming the loophole in which the law-enforcement decision is based on the specific rules of a specific law regulating the similar relations. The second one is subsidiary enforcement of law. It means the lawenforcement decision is taken on the basis of rule of other branches of law. In fact, it is the same legal analogy, but law relates on other allied industry. This is possible, for example, by the rules of civil and family law. The third way is the analogy of law. There is the lawenforcement decision taken on the basis of equity of statute. In practice it means using the common and cross-sectoral principles, sectoral institutions that are enshrined in law. They reflect the consistent patterns of the mechanism of legal regulation. In the criminal and administrative law, the analogy is not allowed. It operates by legal axiom: there is no crime and no offense; there is no punishment and no penalty if there is no law.

In consideration of the above, it would be necessary to tell that it is important to eliminate the law loopholes because the legislation become more advanced, so the relations between people are regulated much easier.

И. А. Бурлуцкая, М. М. Мышлявцева

Juvenile delinquency and legal protection of minors

The instability of the present life in Russia gives rise to an increase of the number of children in especially difficult situations.

Nowadays when we observe rapid changes in the society, it’s especially difficult for the young. Juvenile crime is influenced by such factors as the negative effect of the family and of close environment; long absence of jobs; disadvantages of having too much free time. In school records you can see such serious crimes as murder, bodily harm, rape, kidnapping, crimes involving the use of weapons. More and more young women get involved in criminal activity. Over the past decade the growth rate of the number of juvenile crime members has totaled 42.8%.

Undoubtedly, the most important for the teenager’s inner circle is the family. The status of family relations describes the teenager’s behavior in many respects. Even while fighting for independence from parents, the teenager shows all the things he has learned from them.

Important areas of involvement and understanding of self-importance for a minor are studies and work. The teenager faces the greatest difficulties of life there, which influences his/her state of mind.

Failing to achieve success in their studies, having no opportunity to get a prestigious job, the teenager tries to find satisfaction in communicating with his peers, sometimes unacceptable to the community.

It is important to help teenagers find their place in life and understand their interests, to give an opportunity to develop his/her personality. It helps on to prevent crimes.

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Besides juvenile crime, there are many crimes against minors such as violence, theft, involvement in criminal groups.

Article 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation declares that taking care of children and their upbringing is their parents’ duty.

In most countries children have a particularly privileged position. Russia is no exception and declares protection of minors’ rights the most important task of our state.

Under law, a minor is a person under a certain age — usually the age of majority — which legally demarcates childhood from adulthood. In Russia, a minor is defined as a person under the age of 18. There are differences in different countries. The age of majority is 19 in Canada, the United States and South Korea, for example, 20 in Japan, New Zealand and Thailand, 21 in Latvia, Mexico, Poland, etc.

Children differ from adults, and it seems reasonable to think that there are things children may not do that adults are permitted to do. In the majority of jurisdictions, for instance, children are not allowed to vote, to marry, to buy alcohol, to have sex, or to be engaged in paid employment.

The protection of the rights of minors should be understood as a system of normative legal acts, establishing the legal status of minors as participants in public relations which protects their rights.

Legal protection covers all spheres of the minor’s life: education, medical care, employment, social security, leisure, etc.

The most important strategic goals for the Russian society are:

•a guaranteed right to life for children; unlimited access to education and health care, financial support for families with children;

•priority of children’s problems in especially difficult situations — orphans and children with disabilities, assistance to these groups of children based on the new Russian doctrine — the humanization of the treatment of children;

•to crack on juvenile crime, homelessness, increasing violence against children, the growth of the drug addiction rate;

•legal support of children’s rights, establishment of administrative, organizational and financial mechanisms to ensure these rights.

The most important regulations, affecting all spheres of life, aimed at making minors’ social protection stronger are as follows: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Family Code, the Civil Code, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 124, dated July 24, 1998, ”On Basic Guarantees of Children’s Rights in the Russian Federation”, Federal Law No. 120, dated June 24, 1999, ”On Principles of Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency”, Federal Law No. 159, dated December 21, 1996, ”On Additional Guarantees of Social Support of Orphans and Children Left without Parental Care” and others.

М. В. Васильева

The right to life and death penalty

The Universal declaration of the human rights is a milestone document, which is recognized to be the foundation of international human rights law. Drawn up by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world,

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the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. This document was the result of the experience of the Second World War. The declaration consists of 30 articles. The third article states that ”everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person”.

The problem of the right to life is particularly acute. What does this concept mean? The right to life, as a legal concept, has two essential elements. The first one and the most considerable is the inadmissibility of arbitrary deprivation of human life. The second is the right to control your own life i.e. the right to risk life if the risk is justified by the desire for greater good. There are many professions associated with the use of this right.

This right has two major aspects — international and domestic. If we talk about the international aspect, we need to mention that all states that signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, has committed itself to protect the lives of people within their territory. (Nowadays, 192 countries signed the Declaration). Humanity seeks peace. The idea of harmony in the world is the ideal of all mankind. The thinkers of the past have repeatedly addressed this issue. War as a social phenomenon, of course, contradicts the very idea of the sanctity of life. The struggle of humanity for survival, against the arms race, for nuclear-free world is an extremely important aspect of the right to life. However, it is known that more than 3,300 years, which make up the history of the world, 3100 years were years of war, and only a few were years of peace. This issue has given food for thought for people of many generations of ancient and modern. The domestic dimension of the right to life implies that the state must ensure the inviolability of human life. The person cannot be arbitrarily deprived of life. As was discussed at the 54th session of the Human Rights Council, which took place in 1998, the right to life is seen as the obligation of society to protect the rights of the individual.

The problem of ensuring the right to life is extremely important in modern conditions. Among the issues which come to the fore, there is the issue of the death penalty. However, I would like to say that any right, including the right to life, is limited. Right is a measure of possible behavior provided by the law.

It is important to separate the concepts of the lawful deprivation of life and arbitrary deprivation of life. The second article of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms provides that a person may be lawfully deprived of his life in case of inflicting illegal actions upon the person. Lawful deprivation of life may be performed during the arrest or escape prevention of a person, who is officially kept in custody or, as has been said in this article, the right to life may be restricted if there is a riot or uprising state power can suppress. There are many cases of arbitrary deprivation of life. First, it is a crime, particularly a murder.

Regarding the abolition of the death penalty, there is a number of provisions which constitute an exception from the absolute right to life which is enshrined in part 1 article 6 of the Covenant article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political rights (paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6).We are talking about those countries which have not abolished the death penalty. In general, if we turn to the modern situation, we can say that there are three kinds of states with respect to their relationship to death. The first group of states consists of the countries that have abolished the death penalty as a penal measure and don’t imply it in practice. The second group includes countries that have not legally abolished the death penalty, but do not apply it in practice. The third group uses the death penalty. In general, there is a trend toward restriction and abolition of the death penalty.

As for Russia, the Constitution declares the right to life in Article 20. However, the Constitution reserves the right to the death penalty as an exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes. What are the ”pros” and ”cons”? First of all, they believe,

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the death penalty is consistent with the idea of justice. If the offender trespassed upon the human life, then he should suffer the same punishment. The second argument for the death penalty is that the fatal punishment can serve as an example and help to prevent the crime of other persons prone to such crimes. In my opinion, the idea of justice, which is based on the principle ”an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”, is a very archaic principle that cannot be applied in the twenty-first century. As for the fact that the death penalty is supposed to be able to prevent serious crimes, the judicial practice shows that it is not. Russia has not applied a capital punishment for some years, but the number of serious crimes remained the same. Furthermore, some judicial errors still have a place to be, but this kind of punishment is irreversible, so it contradicts the idea of human dignity and the very idea of human rights. After all, human rights demand that the human person is higher than the state power. The death penalty contradicts the prestige of the modern state of the twenty-first century.

Г. С. Вирабян

Should prostitution be legalised in Russia?

At present it reduces the difference between marriage and prostitution to the difference between Trade Unionism and unorganized casual labor: a huge difference, no doubt, as to order and comfort, but not a difference in kind.

George Bernard Shaw

Prostitution in Russia should be controlled by the government, thus prostitution in Russia should be legalized. At present, there are many discussions about equality of people and protecting rights of minority groups, such as LGBT or ethnic minorities. However, prostitutes are one of the less cared people in the modern society. The essay will argue that the profession that exists for thousands of years has to be noticed by government, because prostitutes deserve being equal with others. Moreover, it cannot be stopped by banning, and the only method to deal with prostitution is to control it by putting it on the same shelf with any other business in Russia; also, the essay will rebut the main disadvantages of prostitution and will discuss the benefits of legalized prostitution.

Currently, prostitution is being described as ”wrong”, ”sinful” and ”objectionable” (Phoenix, 1999); and synonyms that come to mind are stereotypical and sexist: whore, fallen woman, street-walker, call girl, white slave, drug addict, runaway, and even victim

(Flowers, 1998). However, according to the Oxford dictionary, prostitute is a person, typically a woman, who engages in sexual activity for payment. This definition looks same as many other professions’ ones, but it is still considered illegal. More precisely, at present, in Russia prostitution (involvement and organizing) is illegal(Russian Criminal Code), but having sex for money is not. In other words, the government of Russia allows a person to do a sexual service to another person, but does not control it and does not give an opportunity to people to create legal entities to have a controlled business. There are

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no laws, rules or recommendations for a sex worker and a client about the relationship between them. The same government bans brothels (Russian Criminal Code), which collect sex workers in a place with favorable conditions. The reason of this is that the society does not want to multiply prostitution, because of its ”wrongfulness” and ”sinfulness”. Anyway, public opinion is changing and people start to think more widely and more independent from old traditions and prostitution becomes more common (ITAR-TASS, 2012). All in all, current laws have to correspond to the modern realities; therefore, this issue has to be discussed.

First, Sion (1977) claims that prostitution is an affront to people’s sense of decency, but the time has changed and at present, it becomes easier to understand that everyone decides how to earn money. Only the law can limit a person in his or her choice, for example drug dealing is illegal because it is harmful to a drug addicted person; this person is a victim. Although there is no victim in relationships between a prostitute and a client, current law considers prostitution illegal. Secondly, spreading venereal disease is another argument against prostitution (Sion, 1977; Karpukhin and Torbin, 1992). However, legalized prostitution solves this issue by simple medical examination (Sozialwissenschaftliches FrauenForschungsInstitut an der Evangelischen Fachhochschule Freiburg, 2007), and the research (Dandona, et al., 2005) shows that the risk of HIV is higher in nonbrothel based sex workers. The same method could be seen in public catering, when Food Standards Agency gives a grade to each café/restaurant. Thirdly, creating a nuisance is being mentioned as an argument against prostitution too. The nuisance may be caused to neighbors by the practice of prostitution, finding the passage of strange men until late at night very annoying (Sion, 1977). Again it could be said that controlling prostitution includes taking account of public comfort, thus brothels should be located in the places which are comfortable both to public and sex workers.

In addition, there are two quotations showing historical public attitude towards prostitution. First, in 1995 an unidentified UK police officer in a press article about unsolved murders of sex workers stated: ”They’re shite, killed by shite. Who gives a shite?“

(Bilton 1995, cited in Campbell & O’Neill 2006). Secondly, Rebecca Mart, who is an exprostitute from the UK, said: ”Any man who goes at that room has made the choice whether he violent or not. If a man wants to rape her — he will, and he knows that he will probably get away with it. He knows that it would be a non-crime, because people don’t care about prostitutes. Prostitutes don’t have rights”. (Bedford, 2010). These quotations show how people treat prostitutes, how defenseless they are.

Comparing prostitution in Russia and prostitution in other countries, it could be said that legalized prostitution gives more benefits to the government, society and prostitutes. First, for example, in Germany before 2001 every prostitute was obliged to undergo medical examinations; unfortunately, after the Protection against infection Act came into force, replacing the Act on Sexually Transmitted Disease, medical examinations became an option that is accessed by prostitutes on a voluntary basis (Sozialwissenschaftliches FrauenForschungsInstitut an der Evangelischen Fachhochschule Freiburg, 2007). Also, prostitutes pay taxes. In Berlin, for example, each prostitute pays 35 euro per working day. These two points give benefits to each social group: prostitutes would have equal rights with everyone around; the British society would be free from nuisance and affront to their sense of decency and they would be able to visit a prostitute in a brothel and be confident of prostitutes’ health; and finally, Russian government would earn more money from taxes and would have happier and more equal society. Finally, it is very important to understand the difference between decriminalization and legalization of prostitution. Legalized prostitution means health control, less crimes, taxes and equal rights for sex workers. Decriminalized prostitution means no sanction.

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