Технический перевод (английский язык). Учебное пособие

Теперь вы готовы перейти к самостоятельной работе над текстами.

Text 1. Built-in Trainer

The standard K-Pos DP system is delivered with a Built-in Trainer function, which provides stimulations for operator training and for analysing the vessel behaviour during changes in operational conditions. Simulations are performed at the system console. No additional equipment is required.

71

The following training functions are available: - Position change

Allows operator to specify a new position and simulate vessel move operations by using the thrusters enabled for dynamic positioning.

- Heading Change

Allows operator to specify a new heading and simulate the corresponding vessel rotation by using the thrusters enabled for dynamic positioning.

- Simulated vessel mode

Enables operator to select any operational mode

- Thruster (поворотный движитель крупных танкеров) operation Allows operator to specify the individual thrusters/propellers to be used

and to select the thrusters allocation mode - Environmental conditions

Enables the operator to specify details of forecasted weather conditions (current and wind) into the simulator and to simulate the vessel’s response and behaviour.

The controller

The controller calculates the resulting force to be exerted by the thrusters/ propellers in order for the vessel to remain on station.

In station-keeping operations the K-Pos controller can be working in several of the following modes, all with special characteristics:

•High Precision control

•Relaxed control

•Green DP control

The High Precision control provides high accuracy station-keeping in any weather condition at the expense of power consumption and exposure to wear and tear of machinery and thrusters.

The relaxed control uses the thrusters more smoothly at the expense of station-keeping accuracy. However, this type of control cannot guarantee that the vessel will stay within its operational area, and is mainly applicable for calm weather conditions.

The Green DP control uses very different control technology, called nonlinear Model Predictive Control, which is optimised for precise area keeping with minimum power consumption. The Green DP control is applicable in all weather conditions.

The transition between K-Pos controller modes is bumpless (плавный)

72

Message Printout

When an emergency, alarm or warning message is first reported by the system, or becomes inactive, or is acknowledged, it is printed out on the event printer.

Operator Advice Messages

As and when applicable, operator advice messages (icon and text) are superimposed across the centre of the colour display in a pop-up window for a limited period of time.

These messages are displayed is a button is pressed when the operator is not in command or an attempt is made to select a function that is not allowed in the current system mode or with the currency displayed dialog box.

Text 2. Fix common PC problems

Having trouble with your computer? You’ve come to the right place. Even if you don’t know a computer language (or want to), you can solve several common PC problems on your own.

In this article, we offer many ways to do what you need to do in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. Often, there may not be a Help topic for Windows XP, but the process is often the same as in Windows 7 or Windows Vista. The only difference is usually where to find the link in Control Panel. Most often, it’s just a matter of slightly different wording in the heading or the text describing the task. Don’t worry. If you search in Control Panel, you’ll usually find the link you need.

F1 is magic: Get help on your PC

If you can’t figure out how to complete a particular task in your software program—and you’re using a PC—the most important shortcut to know is the F1 key. Just push it while the program—Word, Excel, or whichever program you’re using—is open and active, wait a moment, and the Help window specific to your active program will appear. The F1 key works with almost all Microsoft products, so it’s a helpful starting point for a wide variety of problems.

The basics

If you’re encountering a different kind of obstacle – your new device won’t appear on your desktop, an application you added won’t run, you see an error message, or your computer is refusing to start up – here are a few preliminary steps:

1. Before adding any major hardware or software to your system, make sure you’ve recently backed up your Windows 7-based PC or your Windows

73

Vista-based PC as a safeguard. By using the automatic backup functions, you can schedule regular upkeep for maximum convenience.

2.Many issues can be resolved by simply checking to be sure that all of your plugs are connected properly. After you are sure of that, try restarting (“rebooting”) your system. Turn your computer off, and then back on a few seconds later. If the problem continues, follow the steps below.

3.Write down the contact information for Microsoft Customer Service and Support, should you need to consult an expert. Take a second to print the below instructions as well, and keep them handy as you walk through the troubleshooting process.

Locating the problem

Microsoft provides a couple of free options to help you locate and fix the PC issue you’re encountering:

Online: Is your PC showing an error message? If so, write down the exact number and wording of the error message, and search for it on the Microsoft Fix it Solution Center. In many cases, the Fix it center provides a ‘hot fix,’ which is an automated solution you can run on your PC with just one click! Even if you don’t see an error message, you may be able to find the solution in the Fix it center, either by topic or by searching. You can also check Microsoft Answers and Office Answers.

Download: You can try out the new Microsoft Fix it Beta. Just download it to your machine, follow the instructions to set it up, and then it will tell you if you have any updates to run. Note: Once you run it, the system will ask you to set up an account, or you can sign in with your Windows Live ID. Also, the Fix it Center will ask you to send information about your computer.

Walk through your system yourself: If you’d like to understand more about the issue you’re seeing, walk through the steps below to help you figure out if the problem is related to hardware, software, or the operating system (such as Windows 7, Windows XP, or Windows Vista). The following are some common indicators that can help you decide which is the right answer.

We recommend you start at the top by determining if your software is working, using the Software errors section that follows. If the issue persists, proceed to the Hardware trouble section and then to the System failure section. The lists on the right side of this page may also help you narrow down the type of trouble you are experiencing.

74

Text 3. Software errors

If programs refuse to install, won’t appear on your desktop, can’t seem to run without freezing, don’t load at a decent speed or function properly, or Internet access is unavailable, here’s how to troubleshoot:

General issues

1.Confirm that your PC meets the software’s minimum system requirements. If it doesn’t, you’ll be unable to run the program without upgrading your computer’s hardware. Note that PCs which barely meet or just slightly exceed these minimums may run the software more slowly and can be less reliable. Windows 7 and Windows Vista users can reference the Windows Experience Index to quickly gauge their PC’s general capabilities.

2.Check for compatibility with Windows 7 and Windows Vista.

3.Close open programs and windows that you’re not currently using. These can eat up system memory and processing power, slowing your PC or preventing additional software from running. Try running the program again.

4.Check available hard drive space. Roughly 5 to 10 percent of your hard drive’s total storage allotment should be left free to ensure optimum system performance in Windows 7 and Windows Vista, prevent crashes, and keep Windows running at top speed.

Note Use Disk Cleanup to free more space:

Check for program updates and information on frequently encountered issues at the software manufacturer’s website. For Microsoft products, you can also load Windows Update for Windows 7, Windows Update for Windows Vista, or visit the Microsoft Download Center. If you install an update, restart your computer, and attempt to run the program again.

5.Uninstall or delete unwanted programs in Windows 7 or Windows Vista to cut down on clutter and remove any drain on your system’s resources.

6.Disable programs you don’t use to in Windows 7 or Windows Vista by preventing them from automatically loading when Windows starts. If you’re running Windows 7, restart your computer, and try the program again.

7.Defragment your hard drive in Windows 7 or Windows Vista to improve performance.

8.Scan for viruses and spyware. Windows Defender in Windows 7 and Windows Vista can help detect and prevent threats, along with preventing annoying pop-up notices and unauthorized home network intrusions. You can scan your PC for free.

9.Reboot your computer and try loading the program again. If it still won’t load or work correctly, you may need to uninstall the software and then reinstall

75

it from scratch and reboot again. Advanced users can also try these advanced troubleshooting tricks in Windows 7 and Windows Vista.

10. Consult Microsoft Help and Support and the Windows Community. If live assistance is required, first contact the software manufacturer’s customer support department. For additional assistance, try Microsoft Customer Service and Support.

Text 4. Top benefits of cloud computing

Cloud computing is a big shift from the traditional way businesses think about IT resources. What is it about cloud computing? Why is cloud computing so popular? Here are six common reasons organisations are turning to cloud computing services:

1). Cost

Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and setting up and running on-site datacenters—the racks of servers, the round-the-clock electricity for power and cooling, the IT experts for managing the infrastructure. It adds up fast.

2) Speed

Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on demand, so even vast amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in minutes, typically with just a few mouse clicks, giving businesses a lot of flexibility and taking the pressure off capacity planning.

3) Global scale

The benefits of cloud computing services include the ability to scale elastically. In cloud speak, that means delivering the right amount of IT resources—for example, more or less computing power, storage, bandwidth— right when its needed and from the right geographic location.

4) Productivity

On-site datacenters typically require a lot of “racking and stacking”— hardware set up, software patching and other time-consuming IT management chores. Cloud computing removes the need for many of these tasks, so IT teams can spend time on achieving more important business goals.

5) Performance

The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of secure datacenters, which are regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing hardware. This offers several benefits over a single corporate datacenter, including reduced network latency for applications and greater economies of scale.

76

6. Reliability

Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and less expensive, because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network.

How cloud computing works

Cloud computing services all work a little differently, depending on the provider. But many provide a friendly, browser-based dashboard that makes it easier for IT professionals and developers to order resources and manage their accounts. Some cloud computing services are also designed to work with REST APIs and a command-line interface (CLI), giving developers multiple options.

Text 5. AI scores same as a 4-year-old in verbal IQ test

Computers aren’t really known for their way with words, but that could be about to change. An artificial intelligence program recently scored as high as a 4-year-old on a test of verbal IQ. The result may help AIs develop common sense.

AIs such as Google’s search engine or IBM’s Watson typically perform well in specific areas, like ranking web pages or answering game-show style questions. But these systems tend to fail when asked to do things outside of their narrow area of expertise. For years researchers have attempted to build systems with a more general ‘common sense’ understanding, but have had mixed results.

Step forward ConceptNet. Developed by Catherine Havasi and her team at the MIT Media Lab ConceptNet draws upon a crowd-sourced database of millions of statements describing simple relationships between everyday objects, such as ‘a fawn is a deer’ or ‘ice cream is capable of melting’.

Havasi describes the system as containing ‘the kind of information that everybody knows about the world but that nobody ever writes down because we learn it too early’.

To test ConceptNet’s overall intelligence, Robert Sloan and Stellan Ohlsson of the University of Illinois at Chicago, who were not involved in the system’s creation, used a standard measure of child IQ called the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. The verbal portion of the test asks questions in five categories, ranging from simple vocabulary questions, like ‘What is a house?’, to guessing an object from a number of clues such as ‘You can see through it. It is a square and can be opened. What is it?’

77

To answer a question from the test, like ‘What do you wear on your head?’, ConceptNet searches its database for the object that is most closely related to the pair ‘wear‘and ‘head’.

For the three main categories of questions – information, vocabulary and word reasoning – Sloan and Ohlsson found that the system’s aggregate verbal IQ was equal to that of an average human 4-year-old. ‘I didn’t expect to see 4-year-old performance,’ says Sloan, who presented the results at the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence conference in Bellevue, Washington, last week. Havasi points out that this research only tested the system’s verbal ability and ignored parts of the test that covered spatial and symbolic reasoning.

She speculates that the latest version of ConceptNet, which has 17 million statements instead of the million available to the version tested, might score even higher. Sloan thinks that with better algorithms, ConceptNet could score as high as a 5- or 6-year-old.

Text 6. Photoshop Manual (abstract)

Learn how to navigate and use the Adobe Photoshop workspace. Use preset workspaces, or create custom workspaces by moving and manipulating windows and panels.

You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. Any arrangement of these elements is called a workspace. (The workspaces of different Adobe creative applications share similar appearances so that you can move between the applications easily.) You can adapt Photoshop to the way you work by selecting from several preset workspaces or by creating one of your own.

Start workspace

The Start workspace in Photoshop gives you quick access to your recent files, libraries, and presets. Depending on your subscription status, the Start workspace may also display content tailored for your requirements. You can also look for the right Adobe Stock asset for your project directly from within the Start workspace.

Photoshop displays the Start workspace at launch or whenever no documents are open.

Note: If necessary, customize the number of recent files displayed. Select Preferences > File Handling and then specify the desired value (0-100) in the Recent File List Contains... field.

78

Work with the Start workspace Toggle between tile and list views

Click the Tile icon () or the List icon (). Find a stock asset

Enter a keyword in the Search Stock field. Photoshop displays the search results from Adobe Stock in a new browser window.

Access your assets

Open a recently-opened file or a library. Else, create a new document using a preset.

Disable the Start workspace

1.Select Preferences > General.

2.Deselect Show Start Workspace When No Documents Are Open. Workspace overview

•The Application bar across the top contains a workspace switcher, menus (Windows only), and other application controls. On the Mac for certain products, you can show or hide it using the Window menu.

•The Tools panel contains tools for creating and editing images, artwork, page elements, and so on. Related tools are grouped.

•The Options bar Control panel displays options for the currently selected tool.

•The Document window displays the file you’re working on. Document windows can be tabbed and, in certain cases, grouped and docked.

•Panels help you monitor and modify your work. Panels can be grouped, stacked, or docked.

•The Application frame groups all the workspace elements in a single, integrated window that lets you treat the application as a single unit. When you move or resize the Application frame or any of its elements, all the elements within it respond to each other so none overlap. Panels don’t disappear when you switch applications or when you accidentally click out of the application. If you work with two or more applications, you can position each application side by side on the screen or on multiple monitors. If you are using a Mac and prefer the traditional, free-form user interface,

you can turn off the Application frame. Usability features

The Photoshop workspace is easy to use and includes a number of usability features:

• Different brightness levels: Choose Edit > Preference (Windows) or Photoshop > Preferences (Mac OS) and select a Color Theme swatch in the Interface section.

79

Note: To quickly decrease brightness, press Shift + 1; to increase brightness, press Shift + 2. (On Mac OS, it’s necessary to also press the FN key.)

•On-image displays: Stay informed as you use your favorite tools. On-image displays show selection dimensions, transformation angles, and more. To change the placement of the displays, choose an option from the Show Transformation Values in the Interface preferences.

•Maximized screen space: Click the button at the bottom of the toolbar to switch between Standard and Fullscreen display modes.

•Set UX color: You can customize the interface to sport one of the following color themes: Black, Dark Gray, Medium Gray and Light Gray. To do this, follow these steps:

1.Choose Edit > Preferences > Interface.

2.Choose the desired color theme.

Text 7. The Python Tutorial

Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.

The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python Web site, https://www.python.org/, and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation.

The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.

This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well.

This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in The Python Standard Library.

80